Population

AL, BE, BG, CY, DE, EE, EL, ES, FI, FR, GE, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, ME, MK, MT, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, BA, RS, UK

AD, CH, LI, FI, TR

AD, AT, CZ, DE, DK, ES, IS, LU, NL, NO, SE, TR, MC

Live births

AL, BE, BG, CY, DE, EE, EL, ES, FI, FR, GE, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, ME, MK, MT, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, BA, RS, UK^[4]

AD, CH, LI, FI, TR

AD, AT, CZ, DE, DK, ES, IS, LU, NL, NO, SE, MC

Deaths

AL, BE, BG, CY, DE, EE, EL, ES, FI, FR, GE, HR, HU, IE, IT, LT, LV, ME, MK, MT, PL, PT, RO, SI, SK, BA, RS, UK^[5]

AD, CH, LI, FI, TR

AD, AT, CZ, DE, DK, ES, IS, LU, NL, NO, SE, MC

BE

All the statistical validation process is oriented towards the assurance of quality (internal coherence controls, cross-checks when available...)

BG

Quality of data is assured through procedures for data validation, editing, coding and verifying. The procedures are performed following clearly prescribed rules.

CZ

The system of checks for inconsistent data was developed. The coverage of sent statistical notifications is monitored.

DK

The register on population statistics is based on daily updates from the Danish Population Register. All occurrences on the resident population such as internal and external migration, births, deaths, marriages and divorces are registered in the Population Register. Statistics Denmark waits 30 days after a reference date before producing the population data, in order to ensure the updates from delayed registrations.

DE

The intercensal population updates use the results of the last census as a basis and the results of the national migration statistics and of the vital statistics for the update (component method). All the data included in the calculation of total population were previously subject to a variety of measures to ensure the reliability of the results. The administrative data collected from population registers and from vital registers for the migration statistics and for vital statistics are subject to continuous plausibility checks and are checked for double counting or missing data deliveries. If a data provider detects errors in its data and corrects them, the correction is sent and taken into account in the intercensal population update.

EE

To assure the quality of processes and products, Statistics Estonia applies the EFQM Excellence Model, EU Statistics Code of Practice and the ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF). Statistics Estonia is also guided by the requirements provided for in § 7. „Principles and quality criteria of producing official statistics” of the Official Statistics Act.

IE

The principle source of the migration estimates which in turn feed into progress population quarterly estimates, using the most recent census as a base year, is the Labour Force Survey (LFS).

The survey interviewers receive continuous training and the data returns undergo quality and validation checks.

The inter Census population estimates are subject to revision following the publication of the Census of population, the Census of Population is conducted every 5 years. The latest Census of population was scheduled for April 2021 but was postponed until April 2022 due to the pandemic, defacto population results from the Census are schedule to be published throughout 2023. Detailed usual resident results became availabe during Summer 2023. These results were analysed extensively and the intercensal period (2017 - 2021) was revised. Using the POPSTAT infastructure, POP, IMM and EMI hypercubes for the period were revised and transmitted to Eurostat using EDAMIS.

EL

The Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) aims to ensure and further improve the quality of statistics produced and maintain the confidence of users in them. This is achieved through the Quality Policy of ELSTAT which is posted on the website of ELSTAT and is available at the following link: http://www.statistics.gr/en/policies.

Statistics are prepared in line with the principles of the European Statistical Code of Practice.

ES

Quality assurance framework for the INE statistics is based on the ESSCoP, the European Statistics Code of Practice, made by EUROSTAT. The ESSCoP is made up of 15 principles, gathered in three areas: Institutional Environment, Processes and Products. Each principle is associated with some indicators which make possible to measure it. In order to evaluate quality, EUROSTAT provides different tools: the indicators mentioned above, self-assessment based on the DESAP model, peer review, user satisfaction surveys and other proceedings for evaluation.

FR

Population: see in English:https://www.insee.fr/en/information/2517226 and in French https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/source/s1321#documentation
Births: Quality checks are done about double counts, exhaustivity (for instance by comparing with social security data), consistency...
Deaths: Quality checks are done about double counts, exhaustivity, inconsistencies, errors... INSEE compares the death certificates with bulletins in order to check the exhaustiveness of the bulletins received. INSEE tries then to recover missing bulletins 7 bis from municipalities.

HR

"Implementation of Total Quality Management in Croatian Bureau of Statistics″ (CBS, Zagreb, 2015) and ″Handbook for Calculation of Quality Indicators″ (CBS, Zagreb, 2015) available on the website of the Croatian Bureau of Statistics:

https://dzs.gov.hr/highlighted-themes/quality/quality-management-system/684

IT

Population change and stock data are checked before being uploaded into the database and disseminated to the public. The validation rules are established to ensure the data consistency and the comparability along times of indicators.

CY

The quality of statistics in CYSTAT is managed in the framework of the European Statistics Code of Practice which sets the standards for developing, producing and disseminating European Statistics as well as the ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF). CYSTAT endorses the Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System. In addition, CYSTAT is guided by the requirements provided for in Article 12 of the Statistics Law No. 15(I) of 2000 as well as Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics, which sets out the quality criteria to be applied in the development, production and dissemination of European statistics.

Related links:

• European Statistics Code of Practice: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/4031688/8971242/KS-02-18-142-EN-N.pdf
• ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF): http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/64157/4392716/ESS-QAF-V1-2final.pdf/bbf5970c-1adf-46c8-afc3-58ce177a0646
• Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/4031688/8188985/KS0217428ENN_corr.pdf/116f7c85-cd3e-4bff-b695-4a8e71385fd4
• Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021: https://www.cystat.gov.cy/en/StaticPage?id=1074
• Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (consolidated text): http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:02009R0223-20150608&qid=1504858409240&from=EN

LV

CSB of Latvia had developed a methodology to evaluate usual resident population. Reason - Latvia has Population Register, however, according to the 2011 Census results the difference between number of population in the Population Register and according to the Census results was 155 thsd. or 7 % - the level of non-registered migration is very high.

New method is based on Population Register and data from other administrative data sources (all data sources include personal ID codes; codes are used to merge data). The aim of the method is to estimate the status of actual place of residence at the beginning of the year for each individual registered in the Population Register. Logistic regression model has been developed.

To evaluate quality of estimation, individual data from household surveys, Microcensus (2015) and External Migration Survey (2017-2018) are used.

Population and key demographic indicators | Oficiālās statistikas portāls

LT

Quality of statistical information and its production process is ensured by the provisions of the European Statistics Code of Practice and ESS Quality Assurance Framework.

In 2007, a quality management system, conforming to the requirements of the international quality management system standard ISO 9001, was introduced at Statistics Lithuania. The main trends in activity of Statistics Lithuania aimed at quality management and continuous development in the institution are established in the Quality Policy.

Monitoring of the quality indicators of statistical processes and their results and self-evaluation of statistical survey managers is regularly carried out in order to identify areas which need improvement and to promptly eliminate shortcomings.

More information on assurance of quality of statistical information and its preparation is published in the Quality Management section on the Statistics Lithuania website.

LU

As STATEC receives individual forms for birth and death directly from the different municipalities where the events occur great quality can be assured. We also compare our figures with those of Population Register (for deaths).

HU

Statistics are prepared in line with the principles of the European Statistical Code of Practice. The Hungarian Statistical Office has a publicly available Quality policy. For the statistical production process Quality principles were prepared in line with the EUROSTAT requirements and recommendations. As for product quality Eurostat Quality reports are filled in for certain statistics as well as the calculation of quality indicators. A documentation sheet is filled in annually for all subject-matter statistics covering main methodological information.

MT

Many efforts are made by NSO in order to ensure the production of demographic statistics at high quality standards. Measures that are implemented during the analysis stage include:
- thorough checks on the administrative registers used for the compilation of vital events;
- thorough checks on the administrative data used for the compilation of migration flows;
- checks for double counting;
- validation and cross-checking of results with auxiliary sources and past year's data, including census results.

NL

Not available.

AT

See metadata information under Point 10

PL

Sets of data on population do not include duplicated and inconsistent records.  Correctness of data on births, deaths, and migration is guaranteed by Civil Status Offices and registration offices. Additionally, it is controlled by Statistics Poland.

PT

Not available.

RO

Live-births and deaths were produced according to the Article 2 (e) of Regulation (EU) 1260/2013.
Statistical adjustment  also includes records of births and deaths occurred abroad and in the country prior to the t moment and which were declared late in the civil status offices.

The indicators on international migration were produced using processed data from administrative sources, data received from the national statistical institutes of Spain and Italy, the Eurostat database on the population and international migration as well as the results of an econometric model based on small-area estimation techniques with a view to assessing the size of international migration.

The usually resident population of Romania on 1 January 2022 was calculated based on the population with usual residence in Romania at the critical moment of the 2021 Population and Housing Census (1 December 2021), to which the following elements were added:

the natural increase of the population from 1 December 2021 to 31 December 2021 (the number of live births minus the number of deceased persons) ;

–        the balance of the international migratory movement from 1 December 2021 to 31 December 2021, determined as the difference between the number of immigrants (Romanian citizens, foreign citizens or persons without citizenship who established their usual residence in Romania) and the number of emigrants (Romanian citizens who established their usual residence abroad);

–        the balance of the internal migratory movement with change of legally residence from 1 December 2021 to 31 December 2021, determined as the difference between the number of persons who arrived in a county and the number of persons who left it;

 The staring point for usual resident population on 1 January 2023 was the usually resident population of Romania on 1 January 2022 to  which the following elements were added:

–        the natural increase of the populationin 2022 (the number of live births minus the number of deceased persons) ;

–        the balance of the international migratory movement in 2022 determined as the difference between the number of immigrants (Romanian citizens, foreign citizens or persons without citizenship who established their usual residence in Romania) and the number of emigrants (Romanian citizens who established their usual residence abroad);

–        the balance of the internal migratory movement with change of legally residence in 2022, determined as the difference between the number of persons who arrived in a county and the number of persons who left it.

 - The balance of the internal migratory movement with the establishment of the usual residence.

In computing data for usual population  on 1 January 2023  we applied also the guidelines on the inclusion of refugees from Ukraine who benefit from temporary protection in the EU in the usually resident population.

Thus, we took into account both criteria for estimating usual residents:

 a) those who have lived in their place of usual residence for a continuous period of at least 12 months before the reference time; or

b) those who arrived in their place of usual residence during the 12 months before the reference time with the intention of staying there for at least one year.

 Regarding the persons from Ukraine granted temporary protection, criterion b) was considered.

The balance of the internal migratory movement with the establishment of the usual residence on 1 January 2023.

SI

Data prepared in accordance with European Statistics Code of Practise. More: http://www.stat.si/StatWeb/en/FundamentalPrinciples/CodeOfPract

SK

The Quality Declaration expresses basic visions and commitments of the President and Top-Management of the SO SR to Quality Policy of the SO SR, as well as to increase effectiveness and efficiency of the Integrated Quality Management System of the SO SR. Quality policy is based on the mission of the SO SR to provide high quality and objective statistical products and services by keeping confidentiality of statistical data and by minimising burden on interested parties using effectively existing resources with the aim to support improvement of the information and intellectual capital of customers.

Statistics is produced in accordance with relevant EU legislation, in line with the principles of the European Statistical Code of Practice. Live births and deaths are defined in accordance with Article 2 of Regulation (EU) No 1260/2013 and immigrants and emigrants in accordance with Article 2.1 of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007.

The Statistical Office of the SR holds certificates in the areas:

• quality management system
• information security management system

The SO SR produces technical projects describing the data processing, including a description of the statistical controls and algorithms within the Integrated Statistical Information System. The system of automatic checks and algorithms for consistency and completeness of collected data has been developed.

FI

The Digital and Population Data Service Agency has charged Statistics Finland with the task of conducting a sample survey on correctness of address information. Around 11,000 people are asked whether their address in the Population Information System is correct. In the most recent survey in 2012, the address was correct for 98.9 per cent of the respondents.

Population development is produced from two statistical systems: population structure and population change systems. These two systems are governed by two different organisations namely the Digital and Population Data Service Agency and National Statistical Office. The target is that the difference between population number at the beginning and at the end of the year must be the same as the population increase from the population change system or that it is very small. From 1990 to 2021 population has increased from around 5 million to 5,5 million and the correction for the population increase has changed approximately annually from  -1 600 to +1 500. The result is very good.

SE

Quality assessment is carried out together with external quality experts. The results from the assessment provide input to quality improvements.

UK

Quality and Methodology Information report for population estimates published at: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates 　
Quality and Methodology Information report for births in England and Wales published at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/livebirths/qmis/birthsqmi　
Quality and Methodology Information report for deaths in England and Wales published at: http://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/qmis/mortalitystatisticsinenglandandwalesqmi　
Quality documentation for births, deaths, marriages and divorces in Scotland published at:  http://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/general-background-information/quality-of-national-records-of-scotland-nrs-data-on-vital-events
Quality and Methodology document for international migration: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/methodologies/longterminternationalmigrationqmi

IS

Not available.

LI

In addition to the automatic checks of the data, the publication is controlled by a second person according to the 4-eyes principle based on predefined rules..

NO

In addition to the controls done by the National Register, Statistics Norway performs checks for statistical purposes.

Some errors made during the collecting and processing of the data are unavoidable and include coding, revision and data processing errors etc. Extensive efforts have been made to minimize these errors, and we regard these types of errors to be relatively insignificant.

The quality of the basic data from the National Population Register is generally very good for statistical purposes. Two drawbacks are nevertheless late or missing notifications and registration of emigration.

CH

Quality commitment: Quality commitment | Federal Statistical Office (admin.ch)

FSO quality, process and risk management policy: Tools | Federal Statistical Office (admin.ch)

BA

BHAS follows the recommendations on organization and quality management given in the European Statistics Code of Practice (CoP) and implements the guidelines given in the European Statistical System Quality Assurance Framework (QAF). More, regarding quality assurance, all procedures that describe the quality policy in BHAS can be found in the document: Quality Management Policy and Program in the Agency for Statistics of BiH.

Link: https:https://bhas.gov.ba/data/Dokumenti/Kvalitet/QM_Policy_and_Programme_BHAS.pdf

ME

Bearing in mind that as a data source using data from administrative register, the basic issue in ensuring quality compliance is the definition and coverage. Statistical office during preparation of Agreement with Ministry of Interior addressed the special attention to these issues.

MK

The commitment of the SSO to ensuring quality of products and services is described in the Law on State Statistics, the Strategy of the State Statistical Office (http://www.stat.gov.mk/ZaNas_en.aspx?id=6) and the Quality Policy of the State Statistical Office (http://www.stat.gov.mk/pdf/Politika_za_kvalitet_en.pdf), as well as in the continuous efforts for harmonisation with the European Statistics Code of Practice. The main aspects and procedures for quality management in the phases and sub-phases of the Statistical Business Process Model, as well as the good practices for ensuring quality are documented in the internal document called “Guide for ensuring quality of statistical processes”. Input and output metadata, as well as relevant quality indicators for certain sub-processes are described in the document “Guide for survey managers”.

AL

INSTAT is committed to ensure the highest quality with respect to the compilation of statistical information. In accordance with the Statistics Law, INSTAT use statistical methods and processes in compliance with internationally recognized scientific principles and standards conduct ongoing analyses of the statistics with a view to quality improvements and ensure that statistics are as up to-date. In performing its tasks it follows the general principles of quality management from the European Statistics Code of Practice. INSTAT declares that it takes into account the following principles: impartiality, quality of processes and products, user orientation, employee orientation, effectiveness of statistical processes, reducing the workload for respondents. Quality controls and validation of data are actions carried out throughout the process. The staff is involved in different stages of index calculation, such as the data collection, data control, data input and other necessary control are all well trained. This helps the staff to know the enterprises and their responsibilities and keep an updated collaboration.

RS

Data is validated before publishing in SORS.

TR

TurkStat Quality Assurance Framework is available at website of the TurkStat.

https://www.tuik.gov.tr/Kurumsal/Tuik_Kalite_Guvence_Cercevesi_Belgesi

Instutional Quality Reports are also available at the metadata section of the related press release

https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Kategori/GetKategori?p=nufus-ve-demografi-109&dil=2

GE

To assure the quality of processes and products, Geostat applies EU Statistics Code of Practice and UN Fundamental Principles of Official Statistics and the ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF).

Geostat is also guided by the requirements provided for in article 4. “Basic principles of official statistics” of the Law on Official Statistics.

BE

Possible small underestimation due to delay in the registration - remaining small over or under estimation of the number of asylum seekers - illegal population not taken in consideration. 

see 'population'

see 'population'

see 'population'

see 'population'

BG

No reasons for any unreliability of the data.

No reasons for any unreliability of the data.

No reasons for any unreliability of the data.

No reasons for any unreliability of the data.

No reasons for any unreliability of the data.

CZ

See columns live births, deaths, immigrants, emigrants.

Live births of the parent with Czech citizenship having registered residence in the CR taking place abroad are registered if the parent(s) of the child requires registration in the CR.

Deaths of Czech citizens having a registered residence in the CR taking place abroad are registered if the bereaved require registration in the CR.

Voluntary registration of persons from EU countries

Late deregistration of some emigrants and not carrying out deregistration of persons with Czech citizenship in some cases. 

DK

 no unreliability

 no unreliability

 no unreliability

 no unreliability

 no unreliability

DE

Population data are generally reliable. See immigrants and emigrants for main source of error

Not available.

Not available.

Incorrect information on last place of residence

To ensure quality, data is collected after the population register checked whether the last residence was in Germany

Emigrants not deregistrating

Administrativ deregistrations are taken into account

EE

Late or non-registration of migration can lead to over or undercounting of the usually resident population.

Therefore, a statistical model based on a signs-of-life approach is used to determine the usual residence population and to adjust for late or non-registration migration. 

See more 18.6. Adjustment.

none

none

 See Population

 See Population

IE

Please see note below on Population and Migration Estimates.

Population and Migration Estimates

The population and migration estimates are subject to revision following the publication of the Census of population.  Ireland conducts a Census every 5 years and the most recent detailed results are available from April 2022.  Following the publication of Census 2016 the 2022 population estimate required an upward adjustment of 52,300 (see table below). Note that this table details information on the revisions to the April reference time and for the first time includes people from households that were fully absent temporarily and outside Irealnd on Census night. 

 See national metadata for more information. 

Births must be registered within 3 months.

Deaths must be registered within 3 months but there may be delays if a corenor is involved.

Please see note below on Population and Migration Estimates.

Please see note below on Population and Migration Estimates.

EL

Estimation of immigrants and emigrants difficulties have potential effects on the results.

 Provisional results

 Provisional results

Since there are no reliable administrative sources immigration is estimated taking into account GDP annual change and immigration of the year before. Documantation is available. According to the definition, a part of the refugees who have stayed in the country is included.

Emigration is not yet available and last year's figure is used

ES

Population is compiled in the Continuous population statistics, based on the information provided by the administrative data of the Municipal Register and by other statistics already compiled, such as the population censuses and the statistics relating to births and deaths, and therefore, the accuracy of its results depends on the accuracy of the information sources used. 

Delays in the delivery of the information from some Civil Registers and lack of information in some variables from the register bulletin. This produces a non-response rate of approximately 0,1%

This non-response is treated through information from the Ministry of Justice

Delays in the delivery of the information from some Civil Registers and lack of information in some variables from the register bulletin. This produces a non-response rate of approximately 0,1%

This non-response is treated through information from the Ministry of Justice

Not applicable

Not applicable

FR

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

HR

There are no particular reasons for any unreliability of the data on population except the under-coverage in net migration.

There are no particular reasons for any unreliability of the data on live births.

There are no particular reasons for any unreliability of the data on deaths.

Return immigration of nationals is not covered when emigration is not reported.

Emigration of nationals is not covered if they do not report their departure abroad.

IT

None.

None.

None.

None.

None.

CY

Since births and deaths are registered events which are almost 100% covered, any divergence between the estimated population and the actual population (in the mid-Census period) might be the result of the errors on the estimates of immigrants and emigrants. Such errors are explained in point 13.3 below..

Not applicable

Not applicable

There is the possibility of coverage error as well as the under-representation of the full population of immigrants in the sample.

There is the possibility of coverage error as well as the under-representation of the full population of emigrants in the sample.

LV

data are reliable

data are reliable

data are reliable

data are reliable

data are reliable

LT

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

LU

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

HU

There may be differences between the population estimates and the population count of the next census, due to differing methods of data collection.

Live births data are fully comprehensive and reliable. The proportion of unknown data of mothers is low (except for their occupation). This share among fathers is higher, especially in case  of extramarital live births. On live births abroad only basic data are available.

Data related to deaths in Hungary are fully comprehensive and accurate. Deaths of persons with address in Hungary occured abroad are also registered, but in a less detailed manner.

Immigration data of foreign and national citizens is comprehensive and reliable, containing all persons legally entering and residing in the country. Return migration of nationals might be underestimated due to the lack of registration.

Data of national emigrants might be underestimated due to the lack of deregistration.

MT

Possible sources of errors:

- under-reporting in administrative registers mainly due to late registrations

over-coverage due to possible inconsistencies with the usual residence definition;

- double counting of persons enlisted in more than one register;

- inaccuracies in the mathematical models used in order to estimate migration components not available in the registers.

Possible sources of errors:

- under-reporting in administrative registers mainly due to late registrations;

- over-coverage due to possible inconsistencies with the usual residence definition;

- double counting of persons enlisted in more than one register.

Possible sources of errors:

- under-reporting in administrative registers mainly due to late registrations;

- over-coverage due to possible inconsistencies with the usual residence definition;

- double counting of persons enlisted in more than one register.

Possible sources of errors:

- under-reporting in administrative registers mainly due to late registrations;

- over-coverage due to possible inconsistencies with the usual residence definition;

- double counting of persons enlisted in more than one register;

- inaccuracies in the mathematical models used in order to estimate migration components not available in the registers.

Possible sources of errors:

- under-reporting in administrative registers mainly due to late registrations;

- over-coverage due to possible inconsistencies with the usual residence definition;

- double counting of persons enlisted in more than one register

- inaccuracies in the mathematical models used in order to estimate migration components not available in the registers.

NL

In a limited number of cases the data received by Statistics Netherlands are incomplete. In such cases the missing data are estimated.

 Not available.

 Not available.

 Not available.

 Not available.

AT

Non-registered population not included.

Inclusion of nationals and EU-citizens not having de-registered when emigrating abroad. However, this group is partially covered by calculations for the annual population figure for federal tax sharing. If analysis of different registers show that people are no other register than the population register, these are identified as potential nominal members. The share of these having been identified as actually not being present at the last census, is assumed to have migrated abroad and thus excluded from the population. Inclusion of nationals and EU-citizens not having de-registered when emigrating abroad. However, this group is partially covered by calculations for the annual population figure for federal tax sharing. If analysis of different registers show that people are no other register than the population register, these are identified as potential nominal members. The share of these having been identified as actually not being present at the last census, is assumed to have migrated abroad and thus excluded from the population.

Non-registered immigrants not included.

Missing de-registrations.

However, these are partially covered by administrative checks of people with expired residence permits (third country nationals only). In addition, calculations for the annual population figure for federal tax sharing also identify nominal members, which are assumed to have migrated abroad and thus counted as additional emigrations.

PL

 Reliable data

Reliable data

Reliable data

Reliable data according to the administrative sources

Reliable data according to the administrative sources

PT

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

RO

Possible slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration and immigration (especially for the returns and EU member states) needed to compute resident population.

Possible slightly under coverage estimation, due to tardive registration.

Possible slightly under coverage estimation, due to tardive registration.

Possible slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on immigration (especially for the returns and EU member states) 

Possible slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration. We used "mirror statistics" to estimate emigration figures.

SI

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

SK

See columns live births, deaths, immigrants, emigrants

No reason

No reason

Some persons fail to register with competent bodies upon their arrival to the country (EU citizens, because of the freedom of movement, including return migration of SR citizens)

Some persons fail to deregister from competent bodies before leaving for the permanent residence abroad.

FI

According to residence act of municipality 1994, persons moving abroad for at least 12 months should inform local register office of their move but they do not always do this. Asylum seekers are excluded, refugees are included.

Asylum seekers are excluded, refugees are included.

Asylum seekers are excluded, refugees are included.

Persons staying illegally in the country. Asylum seekers are excluded, refugees are included.

According to residence act of municipality 1994, persons moving abroad for at least 12 months should inform register office of their move but they do not always do this. Asylum seekers are excluded, refugees are included.

SE

There are no particular reasons for unreliability of the data on population.

There are no particular reasons for unreliability of the data on live births.

There are no particular reasons for unreliability of the data on deaths.

There are no particular reasons for unreliability of the data on immigrants.

There are no particular reasons for unreliability of the data on emigrants.

UK

Quality and Methodology Information is published on the ONS website at:　

Population estimates　

Uncertainty estimates provide users with further information about the quality of the mid-2002 to mid-2015 population estimates:　

Measures of statistical uncertainty summary

Quality and Methodology Information for England and Wales published at:

Births QMI　

Quality documentation for Scotland published at:　

Quality of National Records of Scotland (NRS) Data on Vital Events

Quality and Methodology document for England and Wales published at:

Mortality statistics in England and Wales QMI　　

Quality documentation for Scotland published at:

Quality of National Records of Scotland (NRS) Data on Vital Events

Quality and Methodology Information report for long-term international migration estimates published at:

Long term international migration QMI

Quality and Methodology Information report for long-term international migration estimates published at:

Long term international migration QMI

IS

There are three sources of errors to figures in the National Register of Persons on 31 December: late notifications of change of residence, late death certificates, and late birth reports. In a survey of delayed reports over the past five years it emerged that the greatest uncertainty was caused by late notifications of change of residence, due to which an average of 80 persons are under- or overestimated in the National Register of Persons on 31 December. Late death certificates cause the number of persons to be overestimated by around 10 persons in the National Register of Persons on 31 December, while late birth reports cause the number of persons to be underestimated by one individual about every two years.

Delayed birth reports were for a short period the main cause of errors in birth figures. In a review of delays to birth reports over the last five years it emerged that no birth report was missing.

Information on the number of deaths published in the tables of Statistics Iceland is accurate; it can be considered certain that information on all deaths reaches Statistics Iceland.

Late registration of change of residence is the main cause of errors in migration figures.

Migration is calculated for each month and thus a final figure is available for each month on its own; the figures for that month are not changed at any point after that. If a change of residence is registered a month or more late it is added to the month during which it was received.

When considering all moves over the past five years (from 1996-2000) only around 55% of registrations were received within a month of moving. After two months 96% of all registrations had been received by Statistics Iceland and within six months 98% had been received.

Errors in published migration data appear due to delays in registration of change of residence.

Late registration of change of residence is the main cause of errors in migration figures.

Migration is calculated for each month and thus a final figure is available for each month on its own; the figures for that month are not changed at any point after that. If a change of residence is registered a month or more late it is added to the month during which it was received.

When considering all moves over the past five years (from 1996-2000) only around 55% of registrations were received within a month of moving. After two months 96% of all registrations had been received by Statistics Iceland and within six months 98% had been received.

Errors in published migration data appear due to delays in registration of change of residence.

NO

Some errors made during the collecting and processing of the data are unavoidable and include coding, revision and data processing errors etc. Extensive efforts have been made to minimize these errors, and we regard these types of errors to be relatively insignificant.

Dropout errors will be found to the extent there are persons staying in Norway not being registered as residents according to the regulations. We refer to point 4.1. Definitions of the main concepts and variables.

None because all the material rather than samples is used.

The quality of the basic data from the National Population Register is generally very good for statistical purposes. One minus is nevertheless residence registration - in part because too many are registered as residents, but also because certain groups are registered as having another domicile than where they actually live. This is particularly true because according to the rules unmarried students are listed as residing with their parent(s).

 The quality of the death  reports is generally very good and there is very little delay in the reporting process.

Missing or delayed emigration notifications make the statistics less reliable in the short run.  In the long run all emigrants will be discovered and registers as such.

Emigration to a Nordic country is caught by the country of immigration and reported to Norway.

CH

The source for data on vital events, migration and population stock data are population registers and civil status registers. They cover the whole population, with the possible exception of parts of the roofless, vagrant and nomad population.

 Not available.

 Not available.

 Not available.

 Not available.

BA

Not available

Since the data on births expressed in two surveys (first results and final results of data on births), which means that each case is recorded in the survey First results and then processed in the framework of survey on births, it is considered that the information on the final number of live births for the reference year is reliable and accurate.

Since the data on deaths expressed in two surveys (first results and final results of data on deaths), which means that each case is recorded in the survey First results and then processed in the framework of survey on deaths, it is considered that the information on the final number of deaths for the reference year is reliable and accurate.

Not available

Not available

ME

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

MK

Data accuracy is ensured by working on decreasing sampling and/or non-sampling errors, as well as with additional data comparisons and analysis before dissemination.

See population.

See population.

See population.

See population.

AL

Measuring migration  

Births taking place abroad, but not usual resident abroad.

Deaths taking place abroad but not usual resident abroad.

Based on LFS and last population projection data.

Based on LFS and last population projection data.

RS

Due to lack of data on international migration, which should certainly be included in calculation of annual population estimates, it may be supposed that population estimates are not completely reliable data. But, the experience shows that population estimates from the intercensus period follows the trend of population.

Since the data on birth expressed in two surveys SORS (first results and data on birth), which means that each case is recorded in the survey First results and then processed in the framework of survey on birth, it is considered that the information on the final number of live births for the reference year is reliable and accurate. 

Since the data on death expressed in two surveys SORS (first results and data on death), which means that each case is recorded in the survey First results and then processed in the framework of survey on death, it is considered that the information on the final number of deaths for the reference year is reliable and accurate. 

 Not available.

 Not available.

TR

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

Not applicable

GE

Number of population is based on the 2014 General Population Census data and vital statistical data from PSDA and Migration data from MIA. 

Improvement in data quality was greatly facilitated by the introduction of the online registration system. Additional controls and validations were added to the system, for example, mothers’ age (15-49 years). 

Improvement in data quality was greatly facilitated by the introduction of the online registration system.

Administrative sources

Administrative sources

AD

Information of administrative origin, for which all the records are processed.
Population estimates are the result of contrasting various records, from which the entire population is covered.
The creation of the statistical population register must guarantee integrity between all the sources defined in it, and resolve possible coverage errors.

MC

No reasons for any unreliability of the data.

BE

The Belgian population register 'suffers' from a limited number of shortcoming mainly late registrations. This results in a statistical adjustment of several of thousand persons - however on a population totalling more than 11000000 persons. There is scientifically agreement in Belgium that this is an acceptable bias.      

BG

Еstimates (based on NSI sample survey on trips of Bulgarians abroad and visitors to Bulgaria) are done in production of breakdowns of emigrants by destination countries.

Since 2015, estimates and assumptions on volume of emigrants are done to improve figures produced both for emigration and population number.

CZ

Only population figures from a year in which a population census was held are recalculated following census results.

DK

There is a statistical adjustment of the population due to two things; first, annulments of deaths, immigrations and emigrations, and second, missing and recovered people.

DE

Not applicable.

EE

Since 2016, the usual resident population has been determined using signs-of-life-based methodology called the residency index. The residence index is used to find the probability of living in Estonia for each person. The features necessary to identify each person are found by using the different registers in a specific priority order. 

Residency index methodology in more detail is available here: Implementation of the residency index in demographic statistics 

In short: The method is based on the idea that each potential inhabitant of Estonia is assigned an index which shows the person’s likelihood of being a permanent inhabitant of Estonia, i.e. a resident. The value of the index ranges between 0 and 1. The greater the index value, the more likely it is that a person is a resident of Estonia. A threshold is used to make the distinction between definite residents and definite non-residents: those whose index value is above the threshold are considered residents. In order to calculate the index, approximately 20 Estonian administrative registers and sub-registers are used, including the Estonian Education Information System, the State Pension Insurance Register, the health insurance database, etc. Each register or sub-register gives a person one so-called sign of life. The signs of life are not equal; thus, each sign of life has been assigned a weight. 

All persons whose index was 0 at the beginning of the year and 1 at the end of the year are recorded as persons having been born or immigrated to Estonia in the respective year. In the opposite situation, where a person’s index was 1 at the beginning of the year and 0 at the year end, the person is considered as having died or emigrated in the respective year. In order to distinguish emigration from births and deaths, register data are used and supplemented with the data of the Police and Border Guard Board. 

A register-based alternative would be to base the census population on the Population Register and define the statistical population as the registered population. This would however underestimate the migration in annual population statistics as a significant amount of immigration and emigration is not registered in the Population Register (meaning that people move abroad but do not update their address/country of residence in the Population Register or vice versal people move to Estonia and do not register their place of residence in the Population Register). 

IE

Population and Migration Estimates are subject to revisions once the definitive results from the census is available. 

EL

No adjustments.

ES

No dajustment has been done.

FR

Due to an improvment in the questionnary, population data in 2016 (and after) are not comparable to previous population data. An adjustment has been introduced to allow time comparison.

Adjustment is provisionally estimated at national level to :  -65330 in 2015 ;  -82982 in 2016 ; -100000 in 2017 ; -101000 in 2018 ; -101000 in 2019. Adjustment is provisionally estimated at national level to :  -65330 in 2015 ;  -82982 in 2016 ; -100000 in 2017 ; -101000 in 2018 ; -101000 in 2019.

Differences in the field for France : Data published by INSEE do not take into account data of Saint-Martin and Saint-Barthelemy islands, which are not included in Guadeloupe any more since 2007.

All data before 2013 (2012 and before) submitted to Eurostat contains France metropolitan, four French overseas departments (Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana and Reunion) including Saint Martin and and Saint Barthelemy in Guadeloupe.

All data after 2012 (2013 and after) submitted to Eurostat contains France metropolitan, four French overseas departments (Martinique, Guadeloupe, French Guiana and Reunion) including Saint Martin in Guadeloupe.

Statistics of population include Mayotte since 31 December 2013. As the population on 31 December 2012 does not include this island, an other adjustment is therefore needed. The adjustment in 2013 is equal to the population on Mayotte estimated on 31 December 2012.

HR

Census data are collected and processed in line with the Conference of European Statisticians Recommendations for the 2010 Censuses of Population and Housing as well as with the regulations (EC) No 763/2008 and 1201/2009 of the European Parliament and the Council.

 Data on live births and deaths are collected and processed in line with the Regulation (EU) No 1260/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European demographic statistics.

 Data on migration are collected and processed in line with the UN Recommendations on Statistics of International Migration and the Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 July 2007 on Community statistics on migration and international protection.

IT

The statistical adjustments will be validated in the final demographic balance, following the validation Permanent Census data, at the end of the 2024.

CY

Not applicable

LV

In the Population Register (prev. Population Register) there are data also on short time immigrants - those migrants are excluded from the population database.

International definitions are used also at national level.

LT

Not applicable.

LU

Other reasons statistical adjustments (registration and deregistration due to reasons different from births, deaths, immigrations and emigrations).

HU

The reason for the statistical adjustment is that population and vital statistics data are compiled from several separate data sources (i.e. civil registrars, health institutions, HCSO statistical data collection on vital events, Population register, National Directorate-General for Aliens Policing, National Health Insurance Fund), which are not fully harmonized.

MT

Not applicable.

NL

Not available.

AT

Details provided in national documentation. See 10.

PL

Not applicable.

PT

Not applicable.

RO

Live births and deaths are reviewed in December of the year following the reference year and they are released as definitive (final) data.

Emigration and immigration are estimated based on "mirror statistics" and adjusted based on the trends of LFS.

SI

Not applicable.

SK

-

FI

Population correction (immigration/emigration):

Population correction is the difference of total change and population increase. Corrections are mainly adjustments made later to errors occurring in handling of notices of removal.

Statistical adjustments are mainly missing notifications on emigration. We would like to enhance that population structure system and population change system are independent and separate systems.

In general, the move has taken place a very long time ago, in which case changing the information by a notice of removal would not make sense, or the person is known to have moved at some point but no information has been obtained on the target domicile.

In material sent to Eurostat age is modified to mean age at the end of the year.

SE

The statistical adjustment refers to vital events that happened during previous years. The events were not registered in time to be included in the annual population figure for the previous year. However, no previous figures are adjusted.   

UK

No statistical adjustment is carried out to adjust population definitions to standard definitions. However, the method of calculating 1 January populations from the mid-year populations calculated as standard means that components of change (migration and natural change), which are supplied on a true calendar year basis, do not correspond precisely with the change in population estimates.

IS

No adjustments are made. Deviations between natural increase and net immigration and the population growth are not adjusted in the statistics.

LI

No adjustments necessary.

NO

Deviations between natural increase and net immigration and the population growth are not adjusted in the statistics. Deviations are due to lack of incoming messages on births, deaths and migrations. The deviation in the population accounts is due to belated reports, annulments, corrections etc.]

CH

Data are not adjusted.

BA

Not applicable.

ME

Not applicable.

MK

Data adjustment is not performed.

AL

Adjustments are done for the number of emigration and immigration data collected through LFS survey for which the age structure was corrected considering the last population projection data.

RS

Not applicable.

TR

Not applicable.

GE

Not available.

AD

The data published in the website does not present any stational adjustment, however, press releases do.