Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
16, Libertăţii Ave, sector 5, cod 050706, Bucharest, Romania
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
30 June 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
30 June 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
30 June 2025
3.1. Data description
All the indicators (population, vital statistics, migration and acquisition of citizenship) are produced according to the European Regulations provisions.
3.2. Classification system
The regional breakdown of the Member States in the regional demographic tables is done under the most recent NUTS classification. There are agreements between Eurostat and Candidate countries as well as between Eurostat and EFTA countries, for which statistical regions have been coded in a way that resembles NUTS.
3.3. Coverage - sector
Not applicable.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
x
x
x
3.4.1 Please indicate the definition of:
Population
The mother's residence
The data deaths
1.Usual Residence Population
2.Legal Residence Population
3.Registered Residence Population
4.Other
1.Usual Residence Population
2.Legal Residence Population
3.Registered Residence Population
4.Other
1.Usual Residence Population
2.Legal Residence Population
3.Registered Residence Population
4.Other
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
3.4.2 Please describe the national definition of
The number of population presented refers to usual resident population, at a definite date, according to international methodology and regulations in this field and comprises all the persons with usual residence in Romania, for a period of at least 12 months.
Usual residence represents the place where one person normally spends the daily rest period, without taking into account temporary absences for recreation, holidays, visits to the friends and relatives, businesses, medical treatments or religious pilgrimages. Usual residence can be the same with the permanent residence or can be different, in case of persons who choose to settle the usual residence in another locality than the domicile one from the country or from abroad.
Live-birth is a product of conception completely ejected or extracted from the mother's body, regardless of the pregnancy duration, who after this separation gives a sign of life (respiration, heart activity, beats cord or muscular of umbilical contractions dependent of will)
Deceased is the person whose vital functions definitively ceased after a certain time passed from his birth.
Immigrants are the persons who immigrate to Romania for a period of at least 12 months
Emigrants are the persons who emigrate abroad for a period of at least 12 months
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
3.4.3 Please provide details of the deviations of the national definition used from the usual residence definition.
No deviation from definition.
No deviation from definition.
No deviation from definition.
Not available.
Not available.
In computing data for usually resident population on 1 January 2025, we applied also the guidelines on the inclusion of refugees from Ukraine who benefit from temporary protection in the EU in the usually resident population.
Thus, we took into account both criteria for estimating usual residents:
those who have lived in their place of usual residence for a continuous period of at least 12 months before the reference time; or
those who arrived in their place of usual residence during the 12 months before the reference time with the intention of staying there for at least one year.
3.5. Statistical unit
Number of persons.
3.6. Statistical population
In case of survey as data source, please describe the target statistical population (one or more) which the data set refers to
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
Not a survey
Not a survey
Not a survey
Not a survey
Not a survey
3.7. Reference area
Data are available at national level and NUTS3 level.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Calendar year.
3.9. Base period
Not applicable.
Counts of statistical units.
The reference date for population data is the end of the reference period (calendar year). The reference period for vital events data is the calendar year in which the events occurred. The reference period for migration flow data is the calendar year in which the migration occurred.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Live-births and deaths were produced according to the Article 2 (e) of Regulation (EU) 1260/2013.
Statistical adjustmentalso includes records of births and deaths occurred abroad and in the country prior to the t moment and which were declared late in the civil status offices.
The indicators on international migration were produced using processed data from administrative sources, data received from the national statistical institutes of Spain and Italy, the Eurostat database on the population and international migration (mirror statistics).
The t point for usual resident population on 1st of January 2025 was the usually resident population of Romania on 1st of January 2024 towhich the following elements were added:
the natural increase of the population in 2024 (the number of live births minus the number of deceased persons);
the balance of the international migratory movement in 2024 determined as the difference between the number of immigrants (Romanian citizens, foreign citizens or persons without citizenship who established their usual residence in Romania) and the number of emigrants (Romanian citizens who established their usual residence abroad);
the balance of the internal migratory movement with change of legally residence in 2024, determined as the difference between the number of persons who arrived in a county and the number of persons who left it.
In computing data for usual population on 1st of January 2025 we also applied the guidelines on the inclusion of refugees from Ukraine who benefit from temporary protection in the EU in the usually resident population.
Thus, we took into account both criteria for estimating usual residents:
those who have lived in their place of usual residence for a continuous period of at least 12 months before the reference time; or
those who arrived in their place of usual residence during the 12 months before the reference time with the intention of staying there for at least one year.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
We assess data regarding population and migration by comparing with "Mirror statistics" data published by other country.
Coverage is according with REG No. 1260/2013 but slightly under/over coverage due to the data sources used for estimate the usual resident population.
Data regarding acquisition of citizenship are compiled from:
ANC (National Authority for Citizenship) data for persons who had usual residence in Romania and maintained the residence after acquired the Romanian citizenship;
the data received from DGEP (General Directorate of Population Record) for persons who obtained Romanian citizenship and establish their usual or permanent residence in Romania in the same year.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Fully.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
Not available.
12.3. Completeness
Fully.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Please report on the reasons for any unreliability of the data on:
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
Net migration
Possibly slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration and immigration (mainly for the returned and EU MS) needed to compute resident population
Possibly slightly under coverage estimation, due to tardive registration.
Possibly slightly under coverage estimation, due to tardive registration.
Possibly slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration and immigration (mainly for the returned and EU MS) needed to compute resident population
Possibly slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration. We used "mirror statistics" to estimate emigration figures.
Net migration is computed as immigration minus emigration, so there is a posible slightly over/under coverage estimation due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration and immigration
13.2. Sampling error
In case of survey as data source, please provide information on the part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated.
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
No sampling error (not a survey)
No sampling error (not a survey)
No sampling error (not a survey)
No sampling error (not a survey)
No sampling error (not a survey)
13.3. Non-sampling error
In case of survey as data source, please provide information on the error in survey estimates which cannot be attributed to sampling fluctuations.
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
No sampling error (not a survey)
No sampling error (not a survey)
No sampling error (not a survey)
No sampling error (not a survey)
No sampling error (not a survey)
14.1. Timeliness
According to Article 3 of the Commision Regulation (EU) No. 1260/2013 and the Commission Implementing Regulation(EU) No 205/2014, the member states will provide Eurostat with their latest national demographic data.
14.2. Punctuality
Not available.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
No case - Figures are on NUTS0.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Please provide information on the length of comparable time series (indicate the first reference year for which data are availble), reference periods at which series occur, the reasons for the breaks and treatments of them.
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
01 January 2003
Break in series starting with 2013, after this year figures included demographic events of persons with usual residence in Romania.
Break in series starting with 2013, after this year figures included demographic events of persons with usual residence in Romania.
2008
2008
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Not available.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Fully coherent.
Not available.
17.1. Data revision - policy
The data on population on January 1, released in June are provisional and they will be revised in December each year.
The data on live-births and deaths are semi-definitive and it will be revised in December each year.
17.2. Data revision - practice
The data on population on January 1, released in June are provisional and they will be revised in December each year.
The data on live-births and deaths are semi-definitive and it will be revised in December each year.
18.1. Source data
Please report on the data sources used for the first reference year and inform of any changes thereto, to produce:
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
The indicators on the resident population were produced using processed data from 2021 Census, administrative sources, data received from the national statistical institutes of Spain and Italy, the Eurostat database on the population and international migration as well as the results of an econometric model based on small-area estimation techniques with a view to assessing the size of international migration.
Administrative data source: Ministry of Interior, City Halls of all localities
Administrative data source: Ministry of Interior, City Halls of all localities
Data on immigrants flows were estimated based on multiple data sources, the main ones being: the data provided by national statistical offices of Italy and Spain, the "mirror statistics” on international migration (the emigrants to Romania declared by other countries representing immigrants for national statistics), data from administrative sources. It should be noted that mirror statistics are used to evaluate general trend of immigrants figures for the reference year.
Data on emigrants flows were estimated based on multiple data sources, the main ones being: the data provided by national statistical offices of Italy and Spain, the "mirror statistics” on international migration (the immigrants from Romania declared by the other Member State representing emigrants on Romanian statistics), It should be noted that mirror statistics are used to evaluate general trend of emigrants figures for the reference year.
Acquisition of citizenship
There are 2 institutions involved in the process of acquisition of citizenship having usual residence in Romania:
National Authority for Citizenship ANC- primary data source: total acquisitions of citizenship;
General Directorate of population record (from Ministry of Interior) DGEP – permanent/usual residence establishment.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Live-births and deaths are collected monthly.
Migration statistics - data are collected twice a year from administrative sources, and immigrants and emigrants are estimated annualy.
Acquisition of citizenship - annualy
Usually resident population: twice a year.
18.3. Data collection
Data on live-births and deaths are collected via statistical bulletins filled by the Public Community Services for Persons Records within the City Hall while performing the vital record and via Ministry of Interior.
Statistical bulletins are shipped monthly to the County Statistical Offices (DJS) where they are processed (encoded and inputted) into a database that is transmitted to the National Institute of Statistics of Romania (INS).
Part of the migrations statistics are obtained from administrative sources, from several bodies of the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Data concerns mainly the permanent emigrations, permanent immigrations and part of the temporary immigration, especially for those coming from third countries.
18.4. Data validation
Live births and deaths are validated in two steps: one at local level (DJS) and the second at the central level (INS).
At local (Regional statistical offices - DJS) level the following processing occurs:
encoding the statistical bulletins (text data is encoded in numeric format);
inputting the data within the statistical bulletins in a database;
monthly transmission of the database files to the INS;
collaborating both with INS and the Public Community Services to correct unclear data, inconsistencies and other errors;
At the central (INS) level the following final processing occurs:
received databases are imported in the main database;
checking the data for missing bulletins;
processing the data to identify errors and missing information:
missing data or bulletins not inputted are requested to the Public Community Services via the DJS. If the data is unavailable, it is inputted according to the instructions;
statistical inconsistence are verified as above, and it is kept as such if data is accounted for it;
inputting errors are corrected after consultation with the Public Community Services;
microdata checking for specific causes of deaths is performed by the Public Health Directorate.
Data on emigrants and immigrants flows were estimated based on multiple data sources, the main ones being: the data provided by national statistical offices of Italy and Spain, the "mirror statistics” on international migration (the immigrants from Romania declared by the other Member State representing emigrants on Romanian statistics and, the opposite, the emigrants to Romania declared by other countries representing immigrants for national statistics), econometric model based on small area estimation (SAE) techniques, data from administrative sources. It should be noted that mirror statistics are used to evaluate general trend of emigrants and immigrants figures for the reference year.
18.5. Data compilation
Live births and deaths data are collected and validated at central level (INS) monthly and are released as provisional, 40 days after the reference month. Provisional data are allocated to months by the date of registration.
By April - the year following the reference one, semi definitive date - including late registration of events occurred in the refence year N but registered in January – year N + 1 are produced. Semi definitive data are allocated to months by the date of occurrence and are disseminated only nationally.
At the end of the year following the reference one, final data - including late registration of events occurred in the refence year N but registered by September – year N + 1 are produced. Final data are disseminated nationally and at Eurostat.
Revised data – including late registration of events occurred in the refence year N but registered by April – year N + 3 data are produced 3 years after the end of the reference one. Revised data are disseminated nationally and at Eurostat.
18.6. Adjustment
Not applicable.
In computing data for usual resident population on 1 January 2025, we applied also the guidelines on the inclusion of refugees from Ukraine who benefit from temporary protection in the EU in the usually resident population.
Thus, we took into account both criteria for estimating usual residents:
those who have lived in their place of usual residence for a continuous period of at least 12 months before the reference time; or
those who arrived in their place of usual residence during the 12 months before the reference time with the intention of staying there for at least one year.
Regarding the persons from Ukraine granted temporary protection, criterion b) was considered.
All the indicators (population, vital statistics, migration and acquisition of citizenship) are produced according to the European Regulations provisions.
30 June 2025
x
x
x
3.4.1 Please indicate the definition of:
Population
The mother's residence
The data deaths
1.Usual Residence Population
2.Legal Residence Population
3.Registered Residence Population
4.Other
1.Usual Residence Population
2.Legal Residence Population
3.Registered Residence Population
4.Other
1.Usual Residence Population
2.Legal Residence Population
3.Registered Residence Population
4.Other
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
3.4.2 Please describe the national definition of
The number of population presented refers to usual resident population, at a definite date, according to international methodology and regulations in this field and comprises all the persons with usual residence in Romania, for a period of at least 12 months.
Usual residence represents the place where one person normally spends the daily rest period, without taking into account temporary absences for recreation, holidays, visits to the friends and relatives, businesses, medical treatments or religious pilgrimages. Usual residence can be the same with the permanent residence or can be different, in case of persons who choose to settle the usual residence in another locality than the domicile one from the country or from abroad.
Live-birth is a product of conception completely ejected or extracted from the mother's body, regardless of the pregnancy duration, who after this separation gives a sign of life (respiration, heart activity, beats cord or muscular of umbilical contractions dependent of will)
Deceased is the person whose vital functions definitively ceased after a certain time passed from his birth.
Immigrants are the persons who immigrate to Romania for a period of at least 12 months
Emigrants are the persons who emigrate abroad for a period of at least 12 months
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
3.4.3 Please provide details of the deviations of the national definition used from the usual residence definition.
No deviation from definition.
No deviation from definition.
No deviation from definition.
Not available.
Not available.
In computing data for usually resident population on 1 January 2025, we applied also the guidelines on the inclusion of refugees from Ukraine who benefit from temporary protection in the EU in the usually resident population.
Thus, we took into account both criteria for estimating usual residents:
those who have lived in their place of usual residence for a continuous period of at least 12 months before the reference time; or
those who arrived in their place of usual residence during the 12 months before the reference time with the intention of staying there for at least one year.
Number of persons.
In case of survey as data source, please describe the target statistical population (one or more) which the data set refers to
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
Not a survey
Not a survey
Not a survey
Not a survey
Not a survey
Data are available at national level and NUTS3 level.
The reference date for population data is the end of the reference period (calendar year). The reference period for vital events data is the calendar year in which the events occurred. The reference period for migration flow data is the calendar year in which the migration occurred.
Please report on the reasons for any unreliability of the data on:
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
Net migration
Possibly slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration and immigration (mainly for the returned and EU MS) needed to compute resident population
Possibly slightly under coverage estimation, due to tardive registration.
Possibly slightly under coverage estimation, due to tardive registration.
Possibly slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration and immigration (mainly for the returned and EU MS) needed to compute resident population
Possibly slightly over/under coverage estimation, due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration. We used "mirror statistics" to estimate emigration figures.
Net migration is computed as immigration minus emigration, so there is a posible slightly over/under coverage estimation due to lack of strong sources for exact figures on emigration and immigration
Counts of statistical units.
Live births and deaths data are collected and validated at central level (INS) monthly and are released as provisional, 40 days after the reference month. Provisional data are allocated to months by the date of registration.
By April - the year following the reference one, semi definitive date - including late registration of events occurred in the refence year N but registered in January – year N + 1 are produced. Semi definitive data are allocated to months by the date of occurrence and are disseminated only nationally.
At the end of the year following the reference one, final data - including late registration of events occurred in the refence year N but registered by September – year N + 1 are produced. Final data are disseminated nationally and at Eurostat.
Revised data – including late registration of events occurred in the refence year N but registered by April – year N + 3 data are produced 3 years after the end of the reference one. Revised data are disseminated nationally and at Eurostat.
Please report on the data sources used for the first reference year and inform of any changes thereto, to produce:
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
The indicators on the resident population were produced using processed data from 2021 Census, administrative sources, data received from the national statistical institutes of Spain and Italy, the Eurostat database on the population and international migration as well as the results of an econometric model based on small-area estimation techniques with a view to assessing the size of international migration.
Administrative data source: Ministry of Interior, City Halls of all localities
Administrative data source: Ministry of Interior, City Halls of all localities
Data on immigrants flows were estimated based on multiple data sources, the main ones being: the data provided by national statistical offices of Italy and Spain, the "mirror statistics” on international migration (the emigrants to Romania declared by other countries representing immigrants for national statistics), data from administrative sources. It should be noted that mirror statistics are used to evaluate general trend of immigrants figures for the reference year.
Data on emigrants flows were estimated based on multiple data sources, the main ones being: the data provided by national statistical offices of Italy and Spain, the "mirror statistics” on international migration (the immigrants from Romania declared by the other Member State representing emigrants on Romanian statistics), It should be noted that mirror statistics are used to evaluate general trend of emigrants figures for the reference year.
Acquisition of citizenship
There are 2 institutions involved in the process of acquisition of citizenship having usual residence in Romania:
National Authority for Citizenship ANC- primary data source: total acquisitions of citizenship;
General Directorate of population record (from Ministry of Interior) DGEP – permanent/usual residence establishment.
Twice a year (provisional data, final data); every 2 years, revised data (if it is the case).
According to Article 3 of the Commision Regulation (EU) No. 1260/2013 and the Commission Implementing Regulation(EU) No 205/2014, the member states will provide Eurostat with their latest national demographic data.
No case - Figures are on NUTS0.
Please provide information on the length of comparable time series (indicate the first reference year for which data are availble), reference periods at which series occur, the reasons for the breaks and treatments of them.
Population
Live births
Deaths
Immigrants
Emigrants
01 January 2003
Break in series starting with 2013, after this year figures included demographic events of persons with usual residence in Romania.
Break in series starting with 2013, after this year figures included demographic events of persons with usual residence in Romania.
