Methodology - Environment
Environment
- Overview
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expand/collapse
Data
- Biodiversity
- Emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants
- Energy accounts
- Environmental protection expenditure
- Environmental taxes and subsidies
- Growth and jobs in the environmental economy
- Hazardous substances
- Material flows and resource productivity
- Waste
- Water
- Publications
- Methodology
- Legislation
- Links
Methodology
Reference documents on environmental accounts
- System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012, Central Framework
- System of Environmental-Economic Accounting 2012 — Applications and Extensions
- System of Environmental-Economic Accounting — Ecosystem Accounting 2021
- European Strategy for Environmental Accounts 2019 - 2023
- Mid-term review of the European Strategy for Environmental Accounts 2019-2023
Catalogue of pilot study reports
Eurostat offers grants to carry out methodological work and data collection beyond the scope of the EU regulation 691/2011 on environmental accounts. The results of these grants are available in the catalogue of pilot study reports.
Air emissions accounts
Annual air emissions accounts
- Air emissions accounts questionnaire 2022 (ver. 19 May 2022)
- Validation rules for air emissions accounts 2022
- Short AEA guidelines on residence adjustments for water and air transport (visual schemes) 2021
- Technical Note EEEA/2017/01: Allocating emissions of fluorinated gases to NACE industries in air emissions accounts
- Technical note (2016/01): Assigning air emissions and energy use to NACE L68 'Real estate activities'
- Manual for air emissions accounts, 2015 edition
- Annex I (Correspondence between CRF/NFR - NACE Rev. 2) to Manual for Air Emissions Accounts (2015 edition)
- Correspondence between SNAP97 - CRF/NFR - NACE rev.2), 2012 edition
Quarterly air emissions accounts
Input-output modelling and tools - air emissions
- Consumption-based accounting tool – March 2022
- Creating consolidated and aggregated EU27 Supply, Use and Input- Output Tables, adding environmental extensions (air emissions), and conducting Leontief- type modelling to approximate carbon and other 'footprints' of EU27 consumption for 2000 to 2006
- Decomposition analysis of carbon dioxide-emission changes in Germany - Conceptual framework and empirical results, 2003
- Methodological note on FIGARO - CO2 estimates – December 2022
Material flows and resource productivity
- EW-MFA validation rules 2023
- Economy-wide Material Flow Accounts (EW-MFA), Handbook 2018 edition
- How to compile DPO and Balancing items - 13Sept2016 draft
- Economy- wide material flow accounts and derived indicators - A methodological guide, 2001 edition
- Technical note EEEA/2017/02: Further clarifying the conceptual treatment of physical imports and exports in economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA)
- Economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) 2023 questionnaire
- Economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) - annexes of the 2023 questionnaire
Input-output modelling and tools - raw material equivalents
- Country RME tool – October 2022
- Handbook country RME tool – January 2023
- Input data country RME tool – October 2022
- Documentation of the EU RME model – October 2022
- Eurostat EEEA technical note (2018) - Secondary materials in European MFA-RME
- Disaggregating input-output tables for the calculation of raw material footprints
Physical energy flow accounts
- PEFA tools - update 11 May 2022
- Video tutorial explaining the use of the PEFA builder (V 5.6), part 1
- Video tutorial explaining the use of the PEFA builder (V 5.6), part 2
- Installation instructions for the video tutorial (V 5.6)
- Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) questionnaire 2022
- PEFA quality report template 2022
- Summary PEFA quality reports 2021
- Validation rules for physical energy flow accounts (PEFA)
- Short PEFA guidelines on residence adjustments for water and air transport (visual schemes) 2021
- PEFA guidelines for data collection 2018
- PEFA guidelines for data collection 2017
- Technical note (2016/01): Assigning air emissions and energy use to NACE L68 'Real estate activities'
- Physical Energy Flow Accounts (PEFA) Manual 2014
- Defining PEFA bridging items vis-a-vis to energy statistics (Technical note 2019)
- Recording of 'intra-establishment energy flows' in physical energy flow accounts (Technical note 2019)
- Technical note (2016/01): Assigning air emissions and energy use to NACE L68 'Real estate activities'
Input-output modelling and tools
Air emissions
- Consumption-based accounting tool – March 2022
- Creating consolidated and aggregated EU27 Supply, Use and Input- Output Tables, adding environmental extensions (air emissions), and conducting Leontief- type modelling to approximate carbon and other 'footprints' of EU27 consumption for 2000 to 2006
- Decomposition analysis of carbon dioxide-emission changes in Germany - Conceptual framework and empirical results, 2003
- Methodological note on FIGARO - CO2 estimates – December 2022
Raw material equivalents
- Country RME tool – October 2022
- Handbook country RME tool – January 2023
- Input data country RME tool – October 2022
- Documentation of the EU RME model – October 2022
- Eurostat EEEA technical note (2018) - Secondary materials in European MFA-RME
- Disaggregating input-output tables for the calculation of raw material footprints
Monetary environmental accounts
Environmental taxes and transfers
Environmental taxes
- Environmental taxes by economic activities questionnaire 2023
- Environmental taxes - A statistical guide, 2013 edition
Environmental subsidies and other transfers
- Environmental subsidies and similar transfers questionnaire 2022
- Environmental subsidies and similar transfers - Guidelines, 2015 edition
Potential environmentally damaging subsidies
Environmental protection expenditure accounts (EPEA)
Resource management expenditure accounts (ReMEA)
Environmental goods and services sector (EGSS)
Waste
Water statistics and accounts
Biodiversity
Ecosystem accounts
Methodological handbooks
- Final draft of the revised System of Environmental-Economic Accounting —Ecosystem Accounting as presented to the UN Statistical Commission in March 2021
- System of Environmental- Economic Accounting 2012, Experimental Ecosystem Accounting (SEEA EEA)
- Technical recommendations in support of the SEEA EEA 2019
Technical reports
- Pilot aggregated EU ecosystem services accounts, and appendices
- JRC Technical report - Implementing an EU system of accounting for ecosystems and their services
- JRC Technical Report: Ecosystem services accounting - Part I. Outdoor recreation and crop pollination
- JRC Technical Report: Ecosystem services accounting - Part II. Pilot accounts for crop and timber provision, global climate regulation and flood control
- EEA Report: Natural capital accounting in support of policymaking in Europe – A review based on EEA ecosystem accounting work
- MAES Technical Report: An analytical framework for mapping and assessment of ecosystem condition in the EU
- Linking accounts for ecosystem services and benefits to the economy through bridging (LISBETH)
Scientific articles
- JRC (et al.): Sustainability assessment and causality nexus through ecosystem service accounting: The case of water purification in Europe
- JRC (et al.): Physical and monetary ecosystem service accounts for Europe: A case study for in-stream nitrogen retention
- JRC (et al.): The role of enabling actors in ecosystem service accounting
- JRC (et al.): How ecosystem services are changing: an accounting application at the EU level
- JRC (et al.): Accounting for changes in flood control delivered by ecosystems at the EU level
Background reading and further links
Forest accounts
- European Forest Accounts (EFA) questionnaire
- EFA validation rules and checks (v. June 2022)
- EFA Explanatory notes (v. June 2021)
- Gapfilling EFA timber stocks and flows using Carbon Budget Model
- The European Framework for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Forests - IEEAF
- The European Framework for Integrated Environmental and Economic Accounting for Forests - Pilot Studies
- Valuation of European forests - Results of IEEAF test applications; 2000
- Manual on the economic accounts for Agriculture and Forestry EEA/EAF 97, Rev. 1.1
- Natural resource accounts for forests - 1999 data; 2002
- Accounts for recreational and environmental functions of forests - Results of pilot applications; 2002
- The specific account of forestry and logging in France
- Other reference documents
Hazardous substances
- The REACH baseline study – A tool to monitor the new EU policy on chemicals - REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and restriction of Chemicals) (June 2009)
- The REACH baseline study – 5 years update – Comprehensive study report (Sept. 2012)
- The REACH baseline study – 5 years update – Summary (Sept. 2012)
- Chemicals - monitoring REACH with indicators (2012)
- Compilation of chemical indicators — Development, revision and additional analyses (2016)