Euro area job vacancy rate at 2.7%
Overview
In the fourth quarter of 2023, the job vacancy rate was 2.7% in the euro area, down from 2.9% in the previous quarter and 3.1% in the fourth quarter of 2022, according to figures published by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union. The job vacancy rate in the EU was 2.5% in the fourth quarter of 2023, down from 2.6% in the previous quarter and from 2.8% in the fourth quarter of 2022.
In the euro area, the job vacancy rate in the fourth quarter of 2023 was
2.5% in industry and construction, and
3.0% in services.
In the EU, the rate was
2.3% in industry and construction, and
2.7% in services.
Job vacancy rate by Member States
Among the Member States for which comparable data are available (see country notes), the highest job vacancy rates in the fourth quarter of 2023 were recorded in Belgium (4.4%), Netherlands (4.2%), Austria (4.1%) and Germany (3.9%). By contrast, the lowest rates were observed in Bulgaria and Romania (0.7% in both of them), Spain and Poland (0.8% in both of them), Ireland (1.0%) and Slovakia (1.1%).
Compared with the same quarter of the previous year, the job vacancy rate increased in five Member State, remained stable in three Member States and decreased in nineteen Member States. The largest increases were observed in Cyprus (+0.9 pp), Greece (+0.8 pp) and Malta (+0.4 pp). The largest decreases were recorded in Austria (-1.0 pp), Luxembourg (-0.9 pp), Czechia (-0.8 pp).
Breakdown by economic activity
The figure below presents the job vacancy rates of the EU and the euro area by economic activity, in the fourth quarter of 2023. Data are displayed for the business economy, for which data are available from all EU countries. The highest job vacancy rates, for both the EU and the euro area, were recorded in:
Section N: "Administrative and support service activities" that includes temporary employment agencies (4.4% in the euro area, 4.2% in the EU),
Section F: "Construction" (3.8% in the euro area, 3.4% in the EU),
Section M: "Professional, scientific and technical activities" (3.4% in the euro area, 3.1% in the EU),
Section J: "Information and communication" (3.3% in the euro area, 3.0% in the EU) and
Section I: "Accommodation and food service activities" (3.0% in the euro area, 2.9% in the EU).
Tables
Job vacancy rates – whole economy (%) – not seasonally adjusted – |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022Q4 |
2023Q1 |
2023Q2 |
2023Q3 |
2023Q4 |
|
Euro area |
3.1 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
EU |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
Belgium |
4.5 |
4.7 |
4.6 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
Bulgaria |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
Czechia |
4.2 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.4 |
Germany |
4.4 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
4.1 |
3.9 |
Estonia |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
2.0 |
1.6 |
Ireland |
1.3 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
1.0 |
Greece |
0.9 |
1.5 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
Spain |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
Croatia |
1.4 |
2.1 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.4 |
Cyprus |
1.9 |
2.8 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
Latvia |
2.5 |
2.7 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.5 |
Lithuania |
1.7 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
Luxembourg |
2.4 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
1.5 |
Hungary |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
Malta |
2.5 |
2.6 |
2.7 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
Netherlands |
4.5 |
4.7 |
4.7 |
4.5 |
4.2 |
Austria |
5.1 |
5.2 |
4.9 |
4.6 |
4.1 |
Poland |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
Portugal |
1.5 |
1.3 |
1.5 |
1.4 |
1.3 |
Romania |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
Slovenia |
2.5 |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.2 |
Slovakia |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
Finland |
2.0 |
3.3 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
1.8 |
Sweden |
2.6 |
3.7 |
3.2 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
Iceland |
2.6 |
3.6 |
2.5 |
2.8 |
2.0 |
Norway |
3.4 |
4.3 |
4.1 |
3.5 |
3.1 |
Switzerland |
2.2 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
: data not available Source dataset: jvs_q_nace2
|
|||||
Job vacancy rates – restricted coverage* (%) – not seasonally adjusted – |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2022Q4 |
2023Q1 |
2023Q2 |
2023Q3 |
2023Q4 |
|
Denmark |
3.0 |
2.9 |
2.9 |
2.6 |
2.3 |
France |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
Italy |
1.9 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
* see "country notes" under Methods and definitions : data not available Source dataset: jvs_q_nace2
|
|||||
Job vacancy rates by main economic activity branches (%) – not seasonally adjusted – |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry and construction |
Services |
|||||||||
2022Q4 |
2023Q1 |
2023Q2 |
2023Q3 |
2023Q4 |
2022Q4 |
2023Q1 |
2023Q2 |
2023Q3 |
2023Q4 |
|
Euro area |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
3.4 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
EU |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
3.1 |
3.2 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
Belgium |
4.2 |
4.5 |
4.4 |
4.4 |
3.8 |
5.9 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
6.0 |
5.8 |
Bulgaria |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.6 |
Czechia |
5.2 |
4.9 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
4.1 |
5.4 |
5.1 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
4.6 |
Denmark |
2.9 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
3.0 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
Germany |
4.1 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.5 |
5.2 |
4.8 |
4.7 |
4.8 |
4.6 |
Estonia |
1.1 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
2.3 |
1.6 |
Ireland |
1.0 |
1.1 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
0.7 |
1.4 |
1.4 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
Greece |
1.7 |
1.8 |
1.7 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
0.9 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
1.8 |
Spain |
0.4 |
0.5 |
0.6 |
0.5 |
0.5 |
0.7 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
Croatia |
1.1 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
Italy |
2.1 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
2.9 |
2.4 |
2.1 |
1.8 |
Cyprus |
1.2 |
2.2 |
1.6 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
3.5 |
3.8 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
Latvia |
2.5 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.4 |
2.5 |
2.1 |
Lithuania |
1.5 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
1.8 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
Luxembourg |
1.2 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
0.9 |
3.6 |
3.1 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.1 |
Hungary |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
2.4 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.1 |
Malta |
2.6 |
2.3 |
2.6 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.1 |
3.3 |
3.4 |
Netherlands |
4.9 |
5.0 |
5.2 |
5.0 |
4.7 |
4.9 |
5.1 |
5.1 |
4.7 |
4.4 |
Austria |
5.2 |
5.8 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
3.9 |
6.6 |
6.6 |
6.3 |
6.0 |
5.4 |
Poland |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
1.0 |
0.8 |
Portugal |
1.2 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.3 |
1.2 |
2.5 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.0 |
Romania |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.6 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.7 |
Slovenia |
2.8 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
2.7 |
3.1 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.3 |
2.7 |
Slovakia |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
0.8 |
0.8 |
0.9 |
Finland |
1.5 |
2.2 |
1.2 |
1.1 |
1.1 |
2.6 |
4.1 |
2.7 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
Sweden |
2.2 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
2.8 |
3.6 |
3.2 |
2.5 |
2.4 |
Iceland |
3.6 |
4.2 |
4.4 |
4.5 |
3.4 |
3.8 |
5.1 |
3.1 |
3.0 |
2.4 |
Norway |
2.5 |
3.1 |
3.4 |
2.9 |
2.5 |
4.0 |
5.6 |
4.8 |
3.9 |
3.3 |
Switzerland |
2.5 |
2.8 |
2.8 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
: data not available Source dataset: jvs_q_nace2
|
||||||||||
Job vacancy rates by main economic activity branches (%), restricted coverage* – not seasonally adjusted – |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Industry and construction |
Services |
|||||||||
2022Q4 |
2023Q1 |
2023Q2 |
2023Q3 |
2023Q4 |
2022Q4 |
2023Q1 |
2023Q2 |
2023Q3 |
2023Q4 |
|
France |
2.4 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
* see "country notes" under Methods and definitions : data not available Source dataset: jvs_q_nace2
|
||||||||||
Job vacancy rates NACE Rev. 2 sections, % – not seasonally adjusted – |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Euro area |
|||||
2022Q4 |
2023Q1 |
2023Q2 |
2023Q3 |
2023Q4 |
|
B: Mining and quarrying |
1.5 |
2.8 |
1.5 |
1.5 |
1.3 |
C: Manufacturing |
2.4 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |
1.8 |
2.0 |
1.8 |
1.6 |
2.0 |
E: Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.2 |
1.8 |
1.9 |
F: Construction |
4.2 |
4.2 |
4.0 |
3.9 |
3.8 |
G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.6 |
2.5 |
2.5 |
H: Transportation and storage |
2.8 |
2.9 |
2.8 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
I: Accommodation and food service activities |
3.7 |
4.5 |
3.9 |
3.3 |
3.0 |
J: Information and communication |
4.1 |
3.8 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
3.3 |
K: Financial and insurance activities |
2.0 |
2.0 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
L: Real estate activities |
2.1 |
2.0 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
M: Professional, scientific and technical activities |
4.1 |
3.9 |
4.1 |
4.3 |
3.4 |
N: Administrative and support service activities |
4.8 |
4.8 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
4.4 |
|
|||||
Job vacancy rates NACE Rev. 2 sections, % – not seasonally adjusted – |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EU |
|||||
2022Q4 |
2023Q1 |
2023Q2 |
2023Q3 |
2023Q4 |
|
B: Mining and quarrying |
1.0 |
1.6 |
1.1 |
1.0 |
0.9 |
C: Manufacturing |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.1 |
2.1 |
1.9 |
D: Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.7 |
1.6 |
1.9 |
E: Water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities |
1.8 |
1.9 |
1.9 |
1.6 |
1.7 |
F: Construction |
3.8 |
3.8 |
3.6 |
3.5 |
3.4 |
G: Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.3 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
H: Transportation and storage |
2.7 |
2.7 |
2.6 |
2.4 |
2.3 |
I: Accommodation and food service activities |
3.4 |
4.2 |
3.7 |
3.1 |
2.9 |
J: Information and communication |
3.8 |
3.5 |
3.3 |
3.2 |
3.0 |
K: Financial and insurance activities |
1.9 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
2.0 |
1.9 |
L: Real estate activities |
2.1 |
2.2 |
2.2 |
1.9 |
2.0 |
M: Professional, scientific and technical activities |
3.9 |
3.6 |
3.7 |
3.9 |
3.1 |
N: Administrative and support service activities |
4.6 |
4.5 |
4.3 |
4.1 |
4.2 |
|
|||||
Notes for users
Revisions and timetable
Compared with the rates published in News Release of 18 December 2023, the job vacancy rate for the third quarter of 2023 remained unchanged in the euro area and in the EU.
Country notes
Denmark, France and Italy: data are not strictly comparable. In Denmark, only units within the business economy (NACE Rev 2 sections B to N) are surveyed. In France, only business units with 10 employees or more are surveyed. Moreover, in the case of public administration, education and human health (NACE Rev. 2 sections O, P and Q), public institutions are not covered in France and Italy.
Methods and definitions
The job vacancy rate (JVR) measures the proportion of total posts that are vacant, expressed as a percentage:
JVR = (number of job vacancies) / (number of occupied posts + number of job vacancies).
A job vacancy is defined as a paid post (newly created, unoccupied or about to become vacant) for which the employer is taking active steps to find a suitable candidate from outside the enterprise concerned and is prepared to take more steps and which the employer intends to fill either immediately or in the near future. Under this definition, a job vacancy should be open to candidates from outside an enterprise. However, this does not exclude the possibility of the employer recruiting an internal candidate for the post. A vacant post that is open only to internal candidates should not be treated as a job vacancy. An occupied post is a paid post within an organisation to which an employee has been assigned.
Job vacancy rates cover NACE Rev. 2 sections B to S. This aggregate is referred to as “Whole economy” for the sake of simplification, even if sections A: ‘Agriculture, forestry and fishing’, T: ‘Activities of households as employers; undifferentiated goods and services producing activities of households for own use’ and U: ‘Activities of extraterritorial organisations and bodies’ are excluded. Sections B to S include the industry (B to E), construction (F) and services (G to N) sectors together with (mainly) non-market services (O to S).
The job vacancy rates for the EU and euro area aggregates are based on Member States data, including estimates for recent periods when values are not yet available. If national data are only available for a sub-population, for example excluding smaller units or some activities, this sub-population is used in the computation of the job vacancy rate for the aggregates.
Geographical information
Euro area (EA20): Belgium, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal, Slovenia, Slovakia and Finland.
European Union (EU27): Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Germany, Estonia, Ireland, Greece, Spain, France, Croatia, Italy, Cyprus, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Hungary, Malta, the Netherlands, Austria, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovenia, Slovakia, Finland and Sweden.
For more information
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Agnieszka LITWINSKA
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E-mail: agnieszka.litwinska@ec.europa.eu
Javier ALCANTARA ORTEGA
Phone: (+352) 4301-35 183
E-mail: javier.alcantara@ec.europa.eu