Digital technologies are transforming the world we live and work in. They touch many different aspects of our lives, from everyday tasks like making phone calls and shopping to how businesses and public services operate. Digital transformation is one of the key priorities for the EU. The digital decade initiative sets out the EU targets that will guide digital transformation until 2030.

This publication provides easy to understand statistics on information and communication technologies (ICT) and the way people and businesses use digital technologies.

Before you start reading, why don't you guess how online shopping has changed in the last years? Test your knowledge

Digital transformation

Read about what digital transformation is and how it is developing. What are the digital skills of European citizens and professionals? How do businesses adopt digital technologies? How do people use public and other services online?

Digital skills

Technological change requires people and businesses to acquire new digital skills and competencies.

According to the EU target, at least 80% of all adults should have minimum basic digital skills by 2030. To have at least basic overall digital skills, people must know how to do at least one activity in each of five different competence areas.

Nearly half of EU citizens lack basic digital skills

While nearly 90% of people in the EU use the internet at least once a week, only 54% had basic or above basic digital skills in 2021.

Across the EU countries, the share of people with basic or above basic digital skills in 2021 was highest in Finland and the Netherlands (both 79%), ahead of Ireland (70%) and Denmark (69%).

Only 4% of graduates in the EU are in the ICT field

As business operations evolve, the need for ICT professionals increases. In 2021, around 180 000 students graduated in ICT in the EU, representing 4% of all graduates. The proportion of graduates in ICT was highest in Estonia (10%) and Ireland (8%), in contrast to 2% in Italy and 3% in Portugal, Belgium and Cyprus.

Overall, there are more men than women with a degree in ICT studies. At EU level, men with a degree in ICT represented 8% of all male graduates, while only 2% of female graduates had a degree in ICT. Estonia (18%), Finland and Malta (both 14%) had the largest shares of ICT graduates among male graduates, while Estonia (5%), Ireland and Romania (both 4%) had the largest shares among female graduates.

ICT specialists make up nearly 5% of people employed in the EU

According to the EU digital targets, at least 20 million ICT specialists should be employed in the EU by 2030 with a balanced participation between men and women.

In 2022, over 9 million people in the EU worked as ICT specialists, representing almost 5% of total employment. The share of ICT specialists in the EU has been increasing over the last decade, rising by 1.4 percentage points (pp) since 2012.

Among the EU countries, the share of employed ICT specialists was highest in Sweden (9%), Luxembourg and Finland (both 8%). The smallest shares were observed in Greece and Romania (both 3%).

Looking at the share of women in ICT shows that, despite a slight increase of the share of female ICT specialists over the last decade, male ICT specialists largely outnumber their female counterparts (81% men compared with 19% women in 2022).

The highest shares of women working in ICT were observed in Bulgaria (29%), Romania and Estonia (both 25%), while the smallest shares were found in Czechia (11%) and Hungary (14%).

1 in 5 EU businesses train their staff to develop ICT skills

Digital skills can be acquired in different settings, such as in schools, privately or at work. Businesses can play a significant role in enhancing their personnel's ICT skills.

In 2022, 22% of EU businesses provided training to their staff to develop or enhance their ICT skills. Finland (40%), Sweden (34%), Denmark and Belgium (both 33%) are the frontrunners in the EU, with the highest shares of enterprises providing ICT training to their staff.

When looking at the business' size, this share reached 70% for large businesses, compared with 21% for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs).

Technology uptake in businesses

Integrating digital technologies into all areas of a business enables companies to improve their products and services, and to gain competitiveness, for example by shifting their sales online.

The EU has set itself 2 main goals for the digital transformation of businesses by 2030: more than 90% of SMEs should reach at least a basic level of digital intensity, and 75% of EU companies should use cloud computing services, perform big data analysis or use artificial intelligence.

The digital intensity of businesses is monitored by the digital intensity index (DII), which measures the use of 12 different digital technologies by businesses, for example using artificial intelligence or making e-sales.

The index scores businesses depending on how many digital technologies they use:

• 0-3: very low
• 4-6: low
• 7-9: high
• 10-12: very high

A minimum score of 4 means that the business has a basic level of digital intensity. Therefore, a basic level includes all businesses with a low, high and very high level of digital intensity, excluding the very low level.

Nearly 70% of EU SMEs reach basic digital intensity

In 2022, 70% of all EU businesses reached a basic level of digital intensity. The share for SMEs was 69%, around 20 percentage points (pp) below the EU 2030 target, while for large businesses it stood at 98%.

Large businesses had a bigger share for very high (30%) and high digital intensity (54%) compared with only 4% of SMEs with a very high level and 27% with a high level of digital intensity. Most of the SMEs recorded low (38%) or very low (31%) digital intensity levels.

The proportion of SMEs with a basic level of digital intensity ranged from 41% in Greece and 47% in Bulgaria to 89% in Denmark and 90% in Finland.

41% of EU businesses use the cloud, mostly for e-mails

Cloud computing services enable businesses to access computing resources hosted by third parties on the internet, instead of building or expanding their own IT infrastructure. This represents a significant advantage for enterprises, since setting up their own infrastructure would entail hardware and software development.

In 2021, 41% of businesses in the EU bought cloud computing services. Large businesses are more likely to opt for cloud solutions compared with SMEs. In 2021, 72% of large businesses bought cloud services, while 40% of SMEs did.

Of the businesses using cloud computing, the majority (79%) relied on the cloud to host their e-mail systems, 66% used it for storing files and 61% for office software, such as the word processor and spreadsheets.

The uptake of the cloud varies significantly across the EU countries, with the highest shares in Finland and Sweden (both 75%), the Netherlands and Denmark (both 65%).

8% of EU businesses use AI technologies

A smart technology, which is developing quickly, is artificial intelligence (AI). AI gives machines and systems the capability to learn and make decisions with some degree of autonomy to achieve specific goals.

In 2021, 8% of businesses in the EU used AI. As with cloud computing, its use was more common in large businesses (28%) than in SMEs (7%).

Among the EU countries, the use of AI technologies ranged from 1% in Romania and 3% in Greece, Cyprus, Estonia, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria to 17% in Portugal and 24% in Denmark.

E-government

Today, people rely more and more on the internet also for many administrative procedures. E-government solutions can offer a wide range of benefits for both governments and citizens, including more efficiency and services. One of the advantages is, for example, that it enables citizens to obtain information from public authorities at any moment.

According to the EU digital decade targets all key public services for businesses and citizens should be fully online by 2030.

In 2022, 42% of EU people who used the internet in the previous 12 months used it to obtain information from public authorities' websites. This share varies considerably across the EU countries. In 13 EU Member States, over 50% of people used such websites to get information, with Finland (79%), Denmark (74%) and the Netherlands (73%) leading the group.

People of all ages use public authorities' websites to obtain information. In the EU, however, the share was highest among those aged 25 to 64 years (45%), followed by 16-24 years old (37%) and 65-74 years old (33%).

People online

As everyday life becomes more and more virtual, people are increasingly using the internet for different types of activities. What are we using the internet for? What are our shopping habits and which internet-connected devices are we using?

Online activities

In 2022, 90% of people in the EU reported that they had used the internet in the previous 3 months. Taking a closer look at what they did online shows that the internet was mainly used to communicate with others, for example for sending or receiving e-mails (86% of internet users) and instant messaging (80%).

The following online activities were also very popular amongst internet users:

• 77% relied on the internet to find information about goods and services; 
• 73% used it for making phone or video calls;
• 72% watched internet-streamed TV or videos;
• 71% read online news site or newspapers;
• 66% did online banking;
• 65% participated in social networks;
• 60% listened to music online;
• 58% searched for health information online.

2 in 3 internet users do their banking online

Looking more closely at internet banking, 66% of internet users used online banking services in 2022 compared with 53% in 2012. Online banking is mostly popular among people aged 25 to 64 years (70%), compared with 59% of those aged 16 to 24 and 54% of the 65 to 74 year olds. Among EU countries, internet banking is most commonly used in Finland (97%), Denmark and the Netherlands (both 96%).

Play with the visualisation below to see how your country compares to others in different online activities.

Online shopping

People also use the internet to buy goods and services.

Over the last few years, internet shopping has become very popular. In 2022, 75% of people in the EU reported that they had bought or ordered goods or services online, up from 55% in 2012.

Buying online offers a number of advantages: the convenience of being able to browse products from the comfort of home, online shops that are open 24/7, a wider range of choice and easier price comparability.

In 2022, the share of internet users who bought goods or services over the internet in the previous 12 months ranged from 49% in Bulgaria to 90% in Denmark and 92% in the Netherlands.

E-commerce was most popular among people aged 16 to 24 years (81%), compared with those aged 25-64 (77%). Meanwhile, just over half (51%) of 65 to 74 year olds also shopped online in 2022. Slovakia (97%), Denmark and Malta (both 94%) had the largest share of 16 to 24 year olds shopping online.

Clothes are the most popular online purchases

In 2022, among people who had purchased online in the previous 3 months, 68% bought clothes, shoes or accessories.

Online shoppers also bought the following goods and services:

• 31% streamed or downloaded films and series;
• 30% ordered deliveries from restaurants;
• 30% rented accommodation, such as a room, apartment or house, via a website or app;
• 29% bought tickets to cultural or other events;
• 28% purchased transport service;
• 27% bought cosmetics.

Looking at the purchase of clothes, shoes and accessories, Bulgaria recorded the highest share of online shoppers who ordered clothes (81%), ahead of Romania (77%) and Cyprus (76%). In contrast, the smallest proportions were found among online shoppers in Estonia (55%) and Latvia (56%).

1 in 3 online shoppers encountered problems when shopping online

While online shopping comes with a number of benefits, customers can also face problems when buying online.

In 2022, among people who had purchased online in the previous 3 months, 33% encountered problems when shopping online via a website or app. In the EU countries, over half of online shoppers experienced problems in Malta (66%), Luxembourg (59%), the Netherlands (56%) and Austria (53%). In contrast, Portugal had the lowest proportion of online shoppers facing problems when buying online (6%), followed by Poland (17%) and Bulgaria (19%).

The most common problem experienced by e-buyers in the EU was slower delivery speed than indicated, with 21% of e-buyers reporting this problem. For 9% of online shoppers the website was too difficult to use or did not work satisfactorily, while 8% indicated wrong or damaged goods or services as the main problem encountered.

Internet of Things

We are increasingly using a variety of devices that are connected to the internet. For example, we use smart home appliances such as robot vacuum cleaners and smart gas or electricity meters to manage our energy consumption in the home.

This network of devices, sensors or systems that are interconnected and can communicate with each other via the internet is referred to as the ‘Internet of Things’ (IoT).

2 out of 3 internet users use internet-connected home entertainment

In 2022, 72% of internet users in the EU used internet-connected devices or systems. Of these:

• 64% used smart home entertainment solutions such as internet-connected TV, game consoles, home audio systems and smart speakers;
• 29% were wearing a smart watch, a fitness band or a similar wearable;
• 11% used smart meters for gas, electricity and smart lights for energy management in the home;
• 10% used smart home appliances such as robot vacuums, fridges, ovens and coffee machines;
• nearly 10% used internet-connected home alarm systems and other safety and security solutions for their home.

Across the EU countries, the proportion of internet users making use of IoT solutions ranged from 44% in Bulgaria and 52% in Romania to 92% in Malta and 95% in the Netherlands.

Taking a closer look at IoT devices for at-home entertainment, in 24 EU countries more than half of internet users benefited from smart home entertainment solutions in 2022, with Malta (88%), Ireland (80%) and Spain (78%) leading the group.

Recycling of ICT equipment

The growing use of ICT equipment results in a growing amount of waste from old devices, such as laptops, tablets, mobile phones, smartphones and desktop computers. This raises the question of what happens to ICT devices that are no longer in use.

There are environmentally-friendly ways of disposing of unused devices, such as taking them to a recycling centre or giving them a second life with another user, instead of simply throwing them away or just keeping them in a drawer.  

Businesses online

Just as the internet has become a centre point of people's lives, businesses are increasing their online presence and use of ICT solutions to optimise their daily operations. Explore the online activities, e-sales and ICT security policies among EU businesses.

Online activities

An internet connection is essential for most businesses to operate and carry out their activities online.

In the EU, nearly all businesses (94%) have broadband internet access. This applies regardless of the size of the enterprise, as 94% of small and medium-sized businesses (SMEs) and 99% of large businesses were using broadband in 2022.

Over half of EU businesses use social media and half conduct online meetings

More and more businesses are using social media to promote their goods and services or interact with their customers.

In addition, over the past few years, mainly prompted by the COVID-19 pandemic, businesses and their staff have been faced with changes in their patterns of work, including working from home and having meetings online.

E-commerce

E-commerce offers to businesses the possibility to sell their goods or services via the internet to reach online customers, and thus complement or replace traditional sales channels such as in-store selling.

In 2022, 23% of EU businesses reported that they had conducted e-sales in the previous year, compared with 16% in 2012.

19% of EU businesses used websites or apps to sell their goods or services, so called web sales, while a small share (6%) used electronic data interchange (EDI). 17% of businesses sold goods and services online through their own website or app, while 9% used an e-commerce marketplace.

Looking at the size of businesses shows that the share of large businesses with e-sales was twice as high (44%) as that of SMEs (22%). Among the EU countries, Ireland had the largest share of businesses selling online (42%), ahead of Sweden and Lithuania (both 38%), while Romania (11%) and Luxembourg (12%) had the smallest shares.

E-sales make up 18% of turnover of EU businesses

Looking at the turnover generated by e-sales, in 2022 EU businesses reported that this accounted for 18% of their total turnover, an increase compared with 14% in 2012. This share was higher for large businesses (23%) than for SMEs (11%).

Ireland had the highest share of turnover from e-sales (33%), ahead of Czechia (30%) and Belgium (29%), while the lowest proportions were found in Cyprus (5%), Greece and Bulgaria (both 7%).

ICT security

In 2022, 22% of EU businesses experienced ICT security incidents causing, for example, the unavailability of ICT services, destruction or corruption of data and disclosure of confidential data. Finland (44%) had the largest share of businesses reporting ICT security incidents, ahead of the Netherlands and Poland (both 30%), while Bulgaria (11%), Portugal and Slovakia (both 12%)  recorded the lowest shares.

Businesses can implement a range of ICT security measures, practices and procedures in order to prevent incidents and to ensure integrity, availability and confidentiality of their data and ICT systems.

In 2022, 92% of EU businesses used at least 1 ICT security measure. Among the EU countries, this share ranged from 75% in Greece and 79% in Hungary to 98% in both Denmark and Finland.

The most common measures used were:

• strong password authentication (82% of EU businesses)
• data backup to a separate location or cloud (78%)
• network access control (65%).

58% of EU businesses inform staff about ICT security obligations

Around 58% of EU businesses made their staff aware of their obligations in ICT security related issues. In order to achieve this, 42% of enterprises provided voluntary ICT security training, 21% had compulsory ICT security training, and 32% included ICT security obligations in their employees' contracts.

In order to remain effective, security measures and procedures should be documented and updated regularly. In 2022, more than a third (37%) of EU businesses had documents on measures, practices or procedures on ICT security, and nearly a quarter (24%) defined or reviewed those documents within the last year.

A quarter of EU businesses (25%) were insured against ICT related incidents in 2022.

About this publication

Digitalisation in Europe is an interactive publication released by Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union.

Information on data

The data are based on annual surveys on ICT use in European households and by individuals, and ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises, with the exception of ICT graduates and ICT specialists in employment, which are collected in the joint UNESCO/OECD/Eurostat (UOE) data collection and in the labour force survey, respectively.

Data in this publication refer to individuals aged 16-74 with the exception of employed ICT specialists in employment which cover persons aged 15-74.

In the survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises, businesses cover enterprises employing at least 10 persons (employees and self-employed persons). Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) employ between 10 and 249 persons. Large businesses employ 250 persons or more.

The survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises collects data about different ICT topics with different reference periods. For most topics the reference period is the current situation (at the time of the survey), e.g. 2022 for access to the internet and remote work, 2021 for use of cloud computing and social media. For the topic of e-commerce, the reference period is the calendar year (2021) prior to the survey year (2022). The data in Eurostat’s database are organised according to the survey year and the results can be found under year 2022 or 2021, depending on the topic and when data were collected.

Data in the visualisations are linked directly to the online database up to the reference year mentioned in the title of each visualisation. The accompanying text was finalised during September 2023 and reflects the data situation at that moment in time.

For more information 

• Thematic section on digital economy and society
• Database on digital economy and society statistics
• Statistics Explained articles on digital economy and society

Contact

If you have questions on the data, please contact the Eurostat user support.

Copyright and re-use policy

This publication should not be considered as representative of the European Commission’s official position.

© European Union, 2023

The reuse policy of European Commission documents is implemented based on Commission Decision 2011/833/EU of 12 December 2011 on the reuse of Commission documents (OJ L 330, 14.12.2011, p. 39).

Except otherwise noted, the reuse of this document is authorised under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC-BY 4.0) licence. This means that reuse is allowed provided appropriate credit is given and any changes are indicated.

For any use or reproduction of elements that are not owned by the European Union, permission may need to be sought directly from the respective rightholders. The European Union does not own the copyright in relation to the following elements:

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Digital transformation: © ESB Professional / Shutterstock.com
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Identifiers

ISBN 978-92-68-04421-6
ISSN 2600-3368
doi 10.2785/442069
Catalogue number: KS-FW-23-003-EN-Q