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Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all


Data extracted in April 2025.

Planned article update: June 2026.

Highlights


Goal-level assessment of SDG 8 on “Decent Work and Economic Growth” showing the EU has made significant progress during the most recent five-year period of available data.
EU trend of SDG 8 on decent work and economic growth

This article is a part of a set of statistical articles, which are based on the Eurostat publication ’Sustainable development in the European Union — Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context — 2025 edition’. This report is the ninth edition of Eurostat’s series of monitoring reports on sustainable development, which provide a quantitative assessment of progress of the EU towards the SDGs in an EU context.

SDG 8 recognises the importance of sustained economic growth and high levels of economic productivity for the creation of well-paid quality jobs. It also calls for opportunities for full employment and decent work for all.


Decent work and economic growth in the EU: overview and key trends

Sustainable economic growth and decent work are vital for the development and prosperity of European countries and the wellbeing and personal fulfilment of individuals. Monitoring SDG 8 in an EU context means looking into developments in the areas of sustainable economic growth, employment and decent work. As illustrated by the figure on the right, the EU has made strong progress towards SDG 8 over the assessed five-year period. The EU’s economy has grown, and this growth has also become more sustainable as the material footprint decreased slightly. However, the investment share of GDP has declined over the past years. At the same time, the economic growth has improved the EU’s overall employment situation. The EU is thus on track to meet its 2030 target for the overall employment rate, even though progress towards the complementary target on the share of young people neither in employment nor in education and training has slowed recently. Additionally, working conditions have also improved, with fewer fatal work accidents and fewer people being affected by in-work poverty.

  • A table showing the indicators measuring progress towards SDG 8 in the EU.

    Table 1: Indicators measuring progress towards SDG 8, EU

  • A table showing the Explanation of symbols for indicating progress towards sustainability objectives and targets.

    Table 2: Explanation of symbols for indicating progress towards SD objectives and targets

Sustainable economic growth

While economic growth is an important driver of prosperity and society’s well-being, it can also harm the environment it depends on. To ensure the well-being of future generations, the Commission has drawn up a new plan for Europe's sustainable prosperity and competitiveness in line with the EU’s strategic agenda 2024–2029. A key objective of this plan is to foster a more circular and resilient economy by promoting sustainable production and consumption. The indicators selected to monitor sustainable economic growth in the EU show that over the assessed five-year period, Europeans have enjoyed solid economic growth while managing to slightly reduce the material footprint. However, the investment share of GDP has declined.

Real GDP per capita has grown over the past five years

Citizens’ living standards depend on the performance of the EU economy, which can be measured using several indicators. One of these is growth in gross domestic product (GDP). Although GDP is not a measure of welfare, it gives an indication of an economy’s potential to satisfy people’s needs and its capacity to create jobs. It can also be used to monitor economic development.

Real GDP per capita (GDP adjusted for inflation) in the EU saw strong and continuous growth of 1.9% per year on average between 2013 and 2019. In 2020, the economy was hit by the COVID-19 pandemic, resulting in a 5.5% contraction of real GDP compared with 2019. Nevertheless, the economy rebounded from the recession as early as 2021, and real GDP per capita reached EUR 33 300 in 2022 (based on data chain-linked to 2020). This growth was mostly driven by a spending spree that came with an easing of COVID-19 containment measures [1]. After a slight 0.1% decrease in 2023, GDP per capita increased again in 2024, reaching EUR 33 530.

Over the short-term period between 2019 and 2024, the EU’s real GDP per capita grew by 4.1%. At Member State level, six countries (Czechia, Germany, Finland, Austria, Estonia and Luxembourg) experienced a decline in real GDP per capita over this period, by between 0.8% and 3.3%. In contrast, growth was strongest in Croatia, with 20.5%, followed by Ireland and Bulgaria with 19.4% and 16.9%, respectively. With the exception of Ireland, the strongest growth rates over the period from 2019 to 2024 were generally reported by countries from eastern and southern Europe.

Investment contributes directly to economic growth. In addition, it enhances an economy’s productive capacity and, therefore, future potential output. In 2024, the total investment share of GDP in the EU was 21.7%, which was 0.7 percentage points below the 2019 share. Businesses were the biggest investors in 2024, with an investment share in GDP of 12.5%, followed by households with 5.6% and governments with 3.6%. The investment share of households, which mainly reflects the purchase and renovation of dwellings, had been slowly growing between 2016 and 2022, but has decreased by 0.5 percentage points since 2022 and remains below the levels observed before the 2008 financial crisis. Government investment has followed a counter-cyclical pattern, increasing during both the financial crisis of 2008 and the COVID-19 crisis in 2020.

The EU decreased its material footprint slightly compared with 2018

Meeting peoples’ material needs often increases pressure on the environment. To lower this environmental impact, the EU aims to reduce its material footprint. The material footprint, also referred to as raw material consumption (RMC), shows the amount of material extracted from nature, both inside and outside the EU, to manufacture or provide the goods and services consumed by EU inhabitants. In other words, it refers to the resources needed to sustain the EU’s economic and social activities.

The EU’s material footprint had been growing between 2000 and 2008 before it was curtailed by the economic crisis. Following the EU’s economic recovery, consumption resumed its upward trend, increasing by 8.4% between 2015 and 2019. In subsequent years, the EU’s material footprint fluctuated, with increases in 2021 and 2022 and decreases in 2020 and 2023. It ultimately reached 6.39 billion tonnes in 2023, which was a 4.5% decline compared with the previous year and marks the lowest level recorded since 2016. As a result of these developments, the EU’s material footprint decreased by 2.8% over the five-year period from 2018 to 2023. When analysed by material type, the EU’s consumption of metal ores saw the most significant reduction over this period (by 24.1%), followed by fossil energy carriers (by 17.3%). In contrast, consumption of non-metallic minerals grew by 8.1%.

Despite the recent decrease, the EU’s total material footprint is still above the global average and exceeds sustainable levels of resource extraction. This means that Earth’s capacity to provide resources would be exceeded if all countries in the world were to consume resources at the same rate as the EU [2]. The EU is thus not on track to significantly reduce its material footprint, as envisioned by the European Green Deal and the 8th Environmental Action Programme, unless the drop observed in 2023 continues. For more information on the EU’s material footprint, see the article on SDG 12 ‘Responsible consumption and production’.

Employment

Decent employment for all — including for women, persons with disabilities, young people, older people, those with migrant backgrounds and other disadvantaged groups — is a cornerstone of socio-economic development. Apart from generating the resources needed for decent living standards and achieving life goals, work provides opportunities for meaningful engagement in society, which in turn promotes a sense of self-worth, purpose and social inclusion. Higher employment rates are a key condition for making societies more inclusive by reducing poverty and inequality in and between regions and social groups. The European Pillar of Social Rights Action Plan sets a target for at least 78% of the population aged 20 to 64 to be in employment by 2030. It also envisions the complementary ambition of at least halving the gender employment gap and decreasing the rate of young people aged 15 to 29 who are neither in employment nor in education or training (NEETs) to 9%.

The EU’s employment rate reached a historic high in 2024

The EU employment rate has shown steady growth in both the long and the short term. Despite the uncertain and challenging environment caused by Russia’s war of aggression against Ukraine, the employment rate in the EU reached a record high of 75.8% in 2024, which is a 3.1 percentage point increase since 2019 when it amounted to 72.7%. The EU is thus well placed to reach its target of 78% by 2030.

Employment rates in the EU differ only very slightly by degree of urbanisation. In 2024, the employment rate in cities reached 76.1%, compared to 76.0% in rural areas and 75.4% in towns and suburbs [3].

Unemployment and long-term unemployment reached an all-time low in 2024

The EU’s unemployment situation has improved almost steadily over the past decade. Between 2013 and 2024, the EU’s unemployment rate for the age group 15 to 74 decreased by 5.7 percentage points, affecting 5.9% of the population in the labour force in 2024 — the lowest value recorded since 2009 [4]. Over the past years, city dwellers have been more affected by unemployment than those living in rural areas. In 2024, the unemployment rate in cities was 6.7% compared with 5.1% for rural areas [5].

Long-term unemployment usually follows the trends in unemployment, but with a delay. Being unemployed for a year or more can have long-lasting negative implications for individuals and society by reducing employability prospects, contributing to human capital depreciation, endangering social cohesion and increasing the risk of poverty and social exclusion. Beyond negatively impacting material living standards, it can also lead to a deterioration of individual skills and health status, thus hindering future employability, productivity and earnings.

Similar to the unemployment rate, long-term unemployment in the EU has been declining since 2014. In 2024, the rate reached the lowest value on record, at 1.9%, which is 0.8 percentage points below the 2019 level. The proportion of long-term unemployment in total unemployment has also decreased since 2014, reaching 32.2% in 2024, which is 7.1 percentage points below the level observed in 2019 [6].

The situation for young people in the labour market is improving

The labour market situation of young people has been improving steadily since 2014, disregarding the pandemic-related drop. By 2024, the youth employment rate, referring to people aged 20 to 24 years, reached 54.0%, which is still significantly lower than for other age groups [7]. The relatively low employment rate for people aged 20 to 24 can partly be explained by the fact that many people at this age are in education and thus not part of the labour force. In addition, however, youth unemployment has been significantly higher than unemployment in older age groups. Despite a strong 10.4 percentage point decrease in youth unemployment since 2013, 13.0% of 20- to 24-year-olds who were part of the labour force were unemployed in 2024 [8].

Young people not engaged in employment nor in education and training (NEET) are among the most vulnerable groups in the labour market. Over the long term they may fail to gain new skills and suffer from erosion of competences, which in turn might lead to a higher risk of labour market and social exclusion. To improve the labour market situation of young people, the EU set a complementary target of decreasing the NEET rate to 9% by 2030.

The NEET rate for 15- to 29-year-olds in the EU has been improving since 2013, reaching a record low of 11.0% in 2024. However, the rate of decline slowed in 2023 and 2024, meaning further efforts seem necessary for the EU to reach its NEET rate target of 9% by 2030. Since 2009, the NEET rate in rural areas and in towns and suburbs had been higher than in cities. By 2024, it amounted to 12.3% in rural areas and 11.4% in towns and suburbs, compared with 10.0% in cities [9].

The participation of women in the labour market is growing, but gender differences persist

The employment rate of women in the EU has been increasing since 2009 and reached a new high of 70.8% in 2024. The gender employment gap, however, continues to persist, despite narrowing by 3.4 percentage points since 2009. In 2024, it amounted to 10.0 percentage points, even as women are becoming increasingly well-qualified and are outperforming men in terms of educational attainment (see the article on SDG 5 ‘Gender equality’).

Underdeveloped care services — both for childcare and long-term care of a family member — and inflexible work-life-balance options may constitute impediments to women remaining in or returning to work. Caring responsibilities, which include care for children and care for adults with disabilities, are more often performed by women, contributing to the gender employment gap. In 2024, 0.9% of women in the EU aged 20 to 64 who were willing to work were outside the labour force because they were caring for children or adults with disabilities. For men, this share was 0.1%. Caring responsibilities are also the main reason why women are opting for part-time jobs [10]. As a result, women were overrepresented in this type of employment, with 27.9% of employed women working part-time in 2024, compared with 7.7 % of employed men [11].

Interestingly, the share of women who indicated that caring responsibilities was the main reason for being in part-time employment in 2024 varied widely across Member States, from 1.8% in Denmark to 37.8% in the Netherlands [12]. Similarly, the share of women working part-time varied significantly. While only 1.5% of employed women in Bulgaria and 2.5% in Romania performed part-time work, this was the case for 60.5% in the Netherlands and 51.1% in Austria in 2024 [13].

People with disabilities have lower employment rates than people without disabilities

People with disabilities experience difficulties with basic activities such as seeing, hearing, walking or communicating, or have a longstanding health condition. Disabilities impact people’s lives in many areas, including participation in the labour market. In 2024, the employment rate of people with disabilities at the EU level was 24.0 percentage points lower than that of people without disabilities. For women with disabilities, this gap was 20.4 percentage points, while for men with disabilities it was 27.2 percentage points. The degree of disability is also an important factor affecting the employment rate. At the EU level, the employment rate for people with a severe disability was 45.5 percentage points lower than for people without a disability, while for people with a moderate disability, the gap was 16.0 percentage points in 2024 [14].

Decent work

For a society’s sustainable economic development and well-being it is crucial that economic growth generates not just any kind of job but ‘decent’ jobs. This means that work should deliver fair income, workplace security and social protection for families, better prospects for personal development and social integration and equality of opportunity [15]

Safety at work has gradually improved over the past few years in the EU

A prerequisite for decent work is a safe and healthy working environment, without fatal and non-fatal accidents at work, occupational diseases and other work-related health problems, where risks of work-related hazardous events or exposures are avoided or, if not possible, minimised. Over the past few decades, the EU and its Member States have put considerable effort into ensuring minimum requirements providing a high level of protection in occupational health and safety at work. As a result, the rate of fatal accidents at work has declined by 28.1% since 2010, amounting to 1.66 fatalities per 100 000 employed persons in 2022. Mining and quarrying as well as construction have been especially prone to fatal accidents over the past decade, with the rate of fatal accidents at work amounting to 10.18 and 6.13 fatalities per 100 000 employed persons in 2022, respectively [16]. While there has been a significant decrease of fatal accidents at work since 2010, a noticeable gender difference persists: in 2022, the incidence rate for women was only 0.25 per 100 000 employed persons, compared with 2.9 for men. This gender gap is due to the fact that economic activities with the highest incidence rates are mostly male-dominated [17].

Non-fatal accidents can also cause considerable harm, for example by leading to a permanent disability that may force people to leave the labour market or change their job. Non-fatal accidents happen considerably more often than fatal accidents, with an incidence rate of 1 507 per 100 000 employed persons in 2022 [18].

In-work poverty has continued to decrease in the EU

Besides safety at work, fair income and social protection are also important components of decent work. Poverty is often associated with the absence of a paid occupation but low wages can also push some workers below the poverty line. People working part-time or on temporary contracts, self-employed workers, low-skilled workers and non-EU born workers are especially affected by in-work poverty. In the EU, the share of the so-called ‘working poor’ (aged 18 and over) has been decreasing since 2016 and reached 8.3% in 2023 – the lowest level recorded. For more information on in-work poverty, see the article on SDG 1 ‘No Poverty’.

While a fixed-term contract, part-time employment or platform work may provide greater flexibility for both employers and workers, it is not always a personal choice for an employee and can thus significantly influence their well-being. In 2024, 3.4% of European employees aged 20 to 64 reported they were involuntarily working on temporary contracts, corresponding to 28.9% of all temporary employees. This share has decreased significantly over the past five years [19]. Data on labour transitions from temporary to permanent contracts also shows that the share of such transitions has increased since 2015, reaching 36.3% in 2023 (based on a three-year average) [20]. Like involuntary temporary employment, the share of involuntary part-time employment in total employment in the EU also decreased, from 4.7% in 2019 to 3.2% in 2024 [21].

Self-employment is another non-standard form of work that offers both opportunities and challenges, particularly for solo self-employed workers (those without employees). While solo self-employment could point towards entrepreneurial initiative, it could also be used as a proxy for ‘bogus’ self-employment, which conceals dependent employment relationships [22]. For the age group 20 to 64, the share of the solo self-employed in total employment has slightly decreased from 9.4% in 2019 to 9.0% in 2024 [23].

Main indicators


Real GDP per capita


The long-term evaluation of the indicator for real GDP for the period 2009 to 2024 shows significant progress towards the sustainability objectives. The short-term evaluation for the period 2019 to 2024 shows moderate progress towards the sustainability objectives.

Gross domestic product (GDP) is a measure of economic activity and is often used as a proxy for changes in a country’s material living standards. It refers to the value of total final output of goods and services produced by an economy within a certain time period. Real GDP per capita is calculated as the ratio of real GDP (GDP adjusted for inflation) to the average population of the same year and is based on rounded figures.

A line chart showing real GDP per capita in the EU, from 2000 to 2024, in euros per capita expressed as chain-linked volumes.
Figure 1: Real GDP per capita, EU, 2000-2024 (EUR per capita, chain-linked volumes (2020))
Note: y-axis does not start at 0.
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_10)


A vertical bar chart showing the change in real GDP per capita as compound annual growth rate in percentage between 2019 to 2024, by country in the EU, EU Member States and other European countries.
Figure 2: Change in real GDP per capita, by country, 2019-2024 (compound annual growth rate in %)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_10)

Investment share of GDP


The long-term evaluation of the indicator for investment share of GDP for the period 2009 to 2024 shows no progress towards nor movement away from the sustainability objectives. The short-term evaluation for the period 2019 to 2024 shows moderate movement away from the sustainability objectives.

The investment share of GDP measures gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) for the total economy, government and business, as well as household sectors as a percentage of GDP.

A line chart with four lines showing the investment share of GDP, by institutional sector as a percentage of GDP, in the EU from 2002 to 2024. The lines show the shares of total investment, business investment, household investment and government investment.
Figure 3: Investment share of GDP, by institutional sectors, EU, 2002-2024 (% of GDP)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_11)


A double vertical bar chart showing the investment share of GDP as a percentage of GDP, by country in 2018 and 2023 in the EU, EU Member States and other European countries. The bars show the years.
Figure 4: Investment share of GDP, by country, 2018 and 2023 (% of GDP)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_11)


Employment rate


The long-term evaluation of the indicator for employment rate for the period 2009 to 2024 shows significant progress towards the EU target. The short-term evaluation for the period 2019 to 2024 also shows significant progress towards the EU target.

The employment rate is defined as the percentage of employed persons in relation to the total population. The data analysed here focus on the population aged 20 to 64. Employed persons are those who, during a reference week, worked at least one hour for pay or profit or were temporarily absent from such work. Data presented in this section stem from the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS).

A line chart with three lines and a dot showing the employment rate as a percentage of population aged 20 to 64, in the EU from 2009 to 2024. The lines show the figures for women, men and the total population; and the dot shows the 2030 target.
Figure 5: Employment rate, by sex, EU, 2009-2024 (% of population aged 20 to 64)
Note: y-axis does not start at 0.
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_30)


A double vertical bar chart showing the employment rate as a percentage of population aged 20 to 64, by country in 2019 and 2024 in the EU, EU Member States and other European countries. The bars show the years.
Figure 6: Employment rate, by country, 2019 and 2024 (% of population aged 20 to 64)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_30)


Long-term unemployment rate


The long-term evaluation of the indicator for long-term unemployment rate for the period 2009 to 2024 shows significant progress towards the sustainability objectives. The short-term evaluation for the period 2019 to 2024 also shows significant progress towards the sustainability objectives.

Long-term unemployment is measured as a percentage of the population in the labour force (which includes both employed and unemployed people) aged 15 to 74 who have been unemployed for 12 months or more. Unemployed persons are defined as all persons who were without work during the reference week, were currently available for work and were either actively seeking work in the last four weeks or had already found a job to start within the next three months. The unemployment period is defined as the duration of a job search, or as the length of time since the last job was held (if shorter than the time spent on a job search). Data presented in this section stem from the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS).

A line chart with three lines showing long-term unemployment rate as a percentage of population in the labour force aged 15 to 74, in the EU from 2009 to 2024. The lines show numbers for women, men and the total population.
Figure 7: Long-term unemployment rate, by sex, EU, 2009-2024 (% of population in the labour force aged 15 to 74)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_40)


A double vertical bar chart showing long-term unemployment rate as a percentage of population in the labour force aged 15 to 74, by country in 2019 and 2024, in the EU, EU Member States and other European countries. The bars show the years.
Figure 8: Long-term unemployment rate, by country, 2019 and 2024 (% of population in the labour force aged 15 to 74)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_40)


Young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET)


The long-term evaluation of the indicator for young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET) for the period 2009 to 2024 shows moderate progress towards the EU target. The short-term evaluation for the period 2019 to 2024 also shows moderate progress towards the EU target.

A considerable proportion of young people aged 15 to 29 in the EU are not employed. For some this is due to the pursuit of education and training. However, others have withdrawn from education and training as well. Those are captured by the statistics on young people who are neither in employment (meaning they are outside of the labour force or unemployed), nor in education and training (NEET rate). Data presented in this section stem from the EU Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS).

A line chart with three lines and a dot showing young people neither in employment nor in education and training as a percentage of population aged 15 to 29, in the EU from 2009 to 2024. The lines show numbers for women, men and the total population; and the dot shows the 2030 target.
Figure 9: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET), by sex, EU, 2009-2024 (% of population aged 15 to 29)
Note: y-axis does not start at 0.
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_20)


A double vertical bar chart showing young people neither in employment nor in education and training, by country in 2019 and 2024 as a percentage of population aged 15 to 29, in the EU, EU Member States and other European countries. The bars show the years.
Figure 10: Young people neither in employment nor in education and training (NEET), by country, 2019 and 2024 (% of population aged 15 to 29)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_20)

Fatal accidents at work


The long-term evaluation of the indicator for fatal accidents at work for the period 2010 to 2022 shows significant progress towards sustainability objectives. The short-term evaluation for the period 2017 to 2022 also shows significant progress towards sustainability objectives.

Fatal accidents at work are those occurring during the course of work and leading to the death of the victim within one year — commuting accidents occurring between the home and the workplace are excluded from data at EU level. The incidence rate refers to the number of accidents per 100 000 persons in employment. Data presented in this section are collected in the framework of the administrative data collection 'European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW)' [24] As an exception, fatal road traffic accidents at work are not included in the data from the Netherlands.

A line chart with three lines showing fatal accidents at work, by sex, as number per 100000 workers, in the EU from 2010 to 2022. The lines represent figures for women, men and the total population.
Figure 11: Fatal accidents at work, by sex, EU, 2010-2022 (number per 100 000 workers)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_60)


A double vertical bar chart showing fatal accidents at work by country in 2017 and 2022 as number per 100000 workers in the EU, EU Member States and other European countries. The bars show the years.
Figure 12: Fatal accidents at work, by country, 2017 and 2022 (number per 100 000 workers)
Source: Eurostat (sdg_08_60)

Footnotes

  1. ↑ European Commission (2022), European Economic Forecast, Autumn 2022, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg, p. 1.
  2. ↑ EEA (2024), Europe’s material footprint.
  3. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfst_r_ergau).
  4. ↑ Source: Eurostat (une_rt_a).
  5. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfst_r_urgau).
  6. ↑ Source: Eurostat (une_ltu_a).
  7. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfsa_ergan).
  8. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfsa_urgaed).
  9. ↑ Source: Eurostat (edat_lfse_29).
  10. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfsa_epgar).
  11. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfsa_epgaed).
  12. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfsa_epgar).
  13. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfsa_epgaed).
  14. ↑ Source: Eurostat (hlth_dlm200).
  15. ↑ International Labour Organisation (2022), Decent work.
  16. ↑ Source: Eurostat (hsw_n2_02).
  17. ↑ In the two most fatal incident-prone economic activities (mining and quarrying and construction), men constituted 86% and 89% of all employees in 2024, respectively. Source: Eurostat (lfsa_egan2).
  18. ↑ Source: Eurostat (hsw_n2_01).
  19. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfsa_etgar).
  20. ↑ Source: Eurostat (ilc_lvhl36).
  21. ↑ Source: Eurostat (lfsa_epgar) and (lfsa_epgaed).
  22. ↑ European Commission (2024), Proposal for a Joint Employment Report, COM(2024) 701 final, Strasbourg, p.96. Dependent self-employed are those workers who worked during the last 12 months for only one or dominant client, and this client decided about their working hours — see Eurostat (2018), Statistics explained: self-employment statistics.
  23. ↑ Calculations based on Eurostat (lfsa_egaps).
  24. ↑ Eurostat (2013), European Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) - Summary methodology, Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.

Explore further

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Database

Thematic section


Publications


Further reading on decent work and economic growth


Methodology

More detailed information on EU SDG indicators for monitoring of progress towards the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), such as indicator relevance, definitions, methodological notes, background and potential linkages can be found in the introduction as well as in Annex II of the publication ’Sustainable development in the European Union — Monitoring report on progress towards the SDGs in an EU context — 2025 edition’.


External links


Further data sources on decent work and economic growth


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