3. How can efficiency be monitored?

In the framework of the ISA programme, efficiency is evaluated at action and programme level according to the Earned Value Management (EVM) and Earned Schedule (ES) techniques for most actions.
- EVM is a systematic approach to the integration and measurement of cost, schedule and technical (scope) accomplishments of an action and its related pieces of work (i.e. milestones).
- ES is an extension of EVM, given that it completes the EVM approach by going deeper into performance in a time perspective.

Note: The Earned Value Management technique tailored for the ISA programme is based on the Earned Value Management Tutorial, Module 1: Introduction to Earned Value Management, prepared by Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Department of energy, United States of America.
The Earned Schedule technique tailored for the ISA programme is based on the guidelines Earned Schedule in Action, developed by Kim Henderson, from Project Management Institute (PMI) Oklahoma, 13.07.2007.

For these actions mainly about maintenance and support, efficiency is monitored by following their actual costs.