Publications

A high level of adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is essential to protect the integrity of the Domain Name System (DNS) Internet infrastructure to ensure the interoperability and security of the global cyberspace. This report provides an analysis of the level of DNSSEC adoption for Q3 2025 across EU Member States and globally. The report also presents an analysis of the usage of DNS resolvers in the EU and globally. Overall, the average DNSSEC validation rate in the EU is still low (49.4%), but is superior to the global one (35.4%).

The adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next version of the widely used IPv4, is key to ensure the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of the IPv6 protocol for Q3 2025 across EU Member States, compared to the global adoption status. The analysis uses a set of publicly available data sources, as well as data collected from our own measurements, for estimating the rate of adoption of IPv6 across two dimensions: (a) enduser adoption, i.e. end-user hosts capable of using IPv6 to connect to the Internet, and (b) server-side adoption, i.e. Internet services that can operate over IPv6.

The actions proposed by the Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) initiative aim to strengthen the security of the global Internet routing system, thus improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of routing standards, including MANRS actions, for Q3 2025 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of routing standards has been carried out using publicly available data. In our results, we observed a compliance rate of over 97% for compulsory actions for network operators.

The broad deployment of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-related standards (such as, HTTPS, HTTP/3 and HTTP security response headers) is imperative for ensuring the interoperability, security, scalability and stability of the Internet. This report studies the adoption rate of modern HTTP-related technologies, namely HTTP Secure (HTTPS), the latest version of HTTP, i.e., HTTP/3, and HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) response header for Q3 2025 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of web communication standards has been carried out using publicly available data, as well as data collected from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for everyone. This report assesses the level of acceptance of the above set of standards for Q3 2025 in EU member states, comparing it to the global status. The analysis uses data from publicly available data sources and assessment tools, as well as measurements carried out by the Joint Research Center of the European Commission. Our findings show that the average level of adoption of most standards is similar to the last measurement period (Q1 2025), except for DMARC, which shows an important increase in adoption. More specifically, StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, and DMARC have high adoption rates in the EU (ranging from around 87% to 98%, according to mecsa-st results), while DANE with DNSSEC shows very low uptake, that is, 3% and 5%, respectively.

A high level of adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is essential to protect the integrity of the Domain Name System (DNS) Internet infrastructure to ensure the interoperability and security of the global cyberspace. This report provides an analysis of the level of adoption of DNSSEC in Q3 2024 across EU Member States and globally, using data publicly available as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The report also presents an analysis of the following additional standards designed to protect the confidentiality of DNS communications, namely DNS over TLS (DoT), DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over QUIC (DoQ).

The adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next version of the widely used IPv4, is key to ensure the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of the IPv6 protocol in Q3 2024 across EU Member States, compared to the global adoption status. The analysis uses a set of publicly available data sources for estimating the rate of adoption of IPv6 across two dimensions: (a) end-user adoption, i.e. end-user hosts capable of using IPv6 to connect to the Internet, and (b) server-side adoption, i.e. Internet services that can operate over IPv6.

The actions proposed by the Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) initiative aim to strengthen the security of the global Internet routing system, thus improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of routing standards, including MANRS actions, in Q3 2024 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of routing standards has been carried out using publicly available data.

The broad deployment of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-related standards (such as, HTTPS, HTTP/3 and HTTP security response headers) is imperative for ensuring the interoperability, security, scalability and stability of the Internet. This report studies the adoption rate of modern HTTP-related technologies, namely HTTP Secure (HTTPS), the latest version of HTTP, i.e., HTTP/3, and HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) response header in Q3 2024 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of HTTPS and HTTP/3 has been carried out using publicly available data, whereas the HSTS analysis is based on data both publicly available and from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for everyone. This report assesses the level of uptake of the above set of standards in Q3 2024 across EU Member States, comparing it to the global status. The analysis uses data from publicly available data sources and assessment tools, as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre.

A high level of adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is essential to protect the integrity of the Domain Name System (DNS) Internet infrastructure to ensure the interoperability and security of the global cyberspace. This report provides an analysis of the level of adoption of DNSSEC in Q1 2024 across EU Member States and globally, using data publicly available as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The report also presents an analysis of the following additional standards designed to protect the confidentiality of DNS communications, namely DNS over TLS (DoT), DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over QUIC (DoQ).

The adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next version of the widely used IPv4, is key to ensure the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of the IPv6 protocol in Q1 2024 across EU Member States, compared to the global adoption status. The analysis uses a set of publicly available data sources for estimating the rate of adoption of IPv6 across two dimensions: (a) end-user adoption, i.e. end-user hosts capable of using IPv6 to connect to the Internet, and (b) server-side adoption, i.e. Internet services that can operate over IPv6.

The actions proposed by the Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) initiative aim to strengthen the security of the global Internet routing system, thus improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of routing standards, including MANRS actions, in Q1 2024 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of routing standards has been carried out using publicly available data.

The broad deployment of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-related standards (such as, HTTPS, HTTP/3 and HTTP security response headers) is imperative for ensuring the interoperability, security, scalability and stability of the Internet. This report studies the adoption rate of modern HTTP-related technologies, namely HTTP Secure (HTTPS), the latest version of HTTP, i.e., HTTP/3, and HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) response header in Q1 2024 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of HTTPS and HTTP/3 has been carried out using publicly available data, whereas the HSTS analysis is based on data both publicly available and from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for everyone. This report assesses the level of uptake of the above set of standards in Q1 2024 across EU Member States, comparing it to the global status. The analysis uses data from publicly available data sources and assessment tools, as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre.

A high level of adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is essential to protect the integrity of the Domain Name System (DNS) Internet infrastructure to ensure the interoperability and security of the global cyberspace. This report provides an analysis of the level of adoption of DNSSEC in Q1 2023 across EU Member States and globally, using data publicly available as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The report also presents an analysis of the following additional standards designed to protect the confidentiality of DNS communications, namely DNS over TLS (DoT), DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over QUIC (DoQ).

The adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next version of the widely used IPv4, is key to ensure the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of the IPv6 protocol in Q1 2023 across EU Member States, compared to the global adoption status. The analysis uses a set of publicly available data sources for estimating the rate of adoption of IPv6 across two dimensions: (a) end-user adoption, i.e. end-user hosts capable of using IPv6 to connect to the Internet, and (b) server-side adoption, i.e. Internet services that can operate over IPv6.

The actions proposed by the Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) initiative aim to strengthen the security of the global Internet routing system, thus improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of routing standards, including MANRS actions, in Q1 2023 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of routing standards has been carried out using publicly available data.

The broad deployment of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-related standards (such as, HTTPS, HTTP/3 and HTTP security response headers) is imperative for ensuring the interoperability, security, scalability and stability of the Internet. This report studies the adoption rate of modern HTTP-related technologies, namely HTTP Secure (HTTPS), the latest version of HTTP, i.e., HTTP/3, and HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) response header in Q1 2022 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of HTTPS and HTTP/3 has been carried out using publicly available data, whereas the HSTS analysis is based on data both publicly available and from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for everyone. This report assesses the level of uptake of the above set of standards in Q1 2023 across EU Member States, comparing it to the global status. The analysis uses data from publicly available data sources and assessment tools, as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre.

A high level of adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is essential to protect the integrity of the Domain Name System (DNS) Internet infrastructure to ensure the interoperability and security of the global cyberspace. This report provides an analysis of the level of adoption of DNSSEC in Q1 2023 across EU Member States and globally, using data publicly available as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The report also presents an analysis of the following additional standards designed to protect the confidentiality of DNS communications, namely DNS over TLS (DoT), DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over QUIC (DoQ).

The adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next version of the widely used IPv4, is key to ensure the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of the IPv6 protocol in Q1 2023 across EU Member States, compared to the global adoption status. The analysis uses a set of publicly available data sources for estimating the rate of adoption of IPv6 across two dimensions: (a) end-user adoption, i.e. end-user hosts capable of using IPv6 to connect to the Internet, and (b) server-side adoption, i.e. Internet services that can operate over IPv6.

The actions proposed by the Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) initiative aim to strengthen the security of the global Internet routing system, thus improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of routing standards, including MANRS actions, in Q1 2023 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of routing standards has been carried out using publicly available data.

The broad deployment of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-related standards (such as, HTTPS, HTTP/3 and HTTP security response headers) is imperative for ensuring the interoperability, security, scalability and stability of the Internet. This report studies the adoption rate of modern HTTP-related technologies, namely HTTP Secure (HTTPS), the latest version of HTTP, i.e., HTTP/3, and HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) response header in Q1 2022 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of HTTPS and HTTP/3 has been carried out using publicly available data, whereas the HSTS analysis is based on data both publicly available and from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for everyone. This report assesses the level of uptake of the above set of standards in Q1 2023 across EU Member States, comparing it to the global status. The analysis uses data from publicly available data sources and assessment tools, as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre.

A high level of adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is essential to protect the integrity of the Domain Name System (DNS) Internet infrastructure to ensure the interoperability and security of the global cyberspace. This report provides an analysis of the level of adoption of DNSSEC in Q3 2022 across EU Member States and globally, using data publicly available as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The report also presents an analysis of the following additional standards designed to protect the confidentiality of DNS communications, namely DNS over TLS (DoT), DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over QUIC (DoQ).

The adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next version of the widely used IPv4, is key to ensure the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of the IPv6 protocol in Q3 2022 across EU Member States, compared to the global adoption status. The analysis uses a set of publicly available data sources for estimating the rate of adoption of IPv6 across two dimensions: (a) end-user adoption, i.e. end-user hosts capable of using IPv6 to connect to the Internet, and (b) server-side adoption, i.e. Internet services that can operate over IPv6.

The actions proposed by the Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) initiative aim to strengthen the security of the global Internet routing system, thus improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of routing standards, including MANRS actions, in Q3 2022 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of routing standards has been carried out using publicly available data.

The broad deployment of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-related standards (such as, HTTPS, HTTP/3 and HTTP security response headers) is imperative for ensuring the interoperability, security, scalability and stability of the Internet. This report studies the adoption rate of modern HTTP-related technologies, namely HTTP Secure (HTTPS), the latest version of HTTP, i.e., HTTP/3, and HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) response header in Q1 2022 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of HTTPS and HTTP/3 has been carried out using publicly available data, whereas the HSTS analysis is based on data both publicly available and from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for everyone. This report assesses the level of uptake of the above set of standards in Q3 2022 across EU Member States, comparing it to the global status. The analysis uses data from publicly available data sources and assessment tools, as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre.

A high level of adoption of Domain Name System Security Extensions (DNSSEC) is essential to protect the integrity of the Domain Name System (DNS) Internet infrastructure to ensure the interoperability and security of the global cyberspace. This report provides an analysis of the level of adoption of DNSSEC in Q1 2022 across EU Member States and globally, using data publicly available as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre. The report also presents an analysis of the following additional standards designed to protect the confidentiality of DNS communications, namely DNS over TLS (DoT), DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over QUIC (DoQ).

The adoption of Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next version of the widely used IPv4, is key to ensure the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of the IPv6 protocol in Q1 2022 across EU Member States, compared to the global adoption status. The analysis uses a set of publicly available data sources for estimating the rate of adoption of IPv6 across two dimensions: (a) end-user adoption, i.e. end-user hosts capable of using IPv6 to connect to the Internet, and (b) server-side adoption, i.e. Internet services that can operate over IPv6.

The actions proposed by the Mutually Agreed Norms for Routing Security (MANRS) initiative aim to strengthen the security of the global Internet routing system, thus improving the interoperability, scalability, stability, and security of the Internet. This report provides an overview of the current level of adoption of routing standards, including MANRS actions, in Q1 2022 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of routing standards has been carried out using publicly available data.

The broad deployment of Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)-related standards (such as, HTTPS, HTTP/3 and HTTP security response headers) is imperative for ensuring the interoperability, security, scalability and stability of the Internet. This report studies the adoption rate of modern HTTP-related technologies, namely HTTP Secure (HTTPS), the latest version of HTTP, i.e., HTTP/3, and HTTP Strict Transport Security (HSTS) response header in Q1 2022 across EU Member States, as well as globally. The analysis of the level of uptake of HTTPS and HTTP/3 has been carried out using publicly available data, whereas the HSTS analysis is based on data both publicly available and from measurements conducted by the European Commission’s Joint Research Centre.

Ensuring the interoperability and security of email communications is one of the cornerstones of a resilient and open Internet. In this context, the wide adoption of key Internet security standards, such as StartTLS, SPF, DKIM, DMARC, DANE and DNSSEC, is essential for a safe cyberspace for everyone. This report assesses the level of uptake of the above set of standards in Q1 2022 across EU Member States, comparing it to the global status. The analysis uses data from publicly available data sources and assessment tools, as well as from measurements conducted by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre.