Asylum applications - monthly statistics

Data extracted on 15 April 2024

Planned article update: 17 May 2024

Highlights

In January 2024, 85 855 first-time asylum seekers applied for international protection in the EU, a 3% increase compared with January 2023 (83 310).

In January 2024, Syrians were the largest group of people seeking asylum (13 445 first-time applicants). They were followed by Afghans (7 185), Turks (6 380) and Venezuelans (6 210).

In January 2024, 2 655 unaccompanied minors applied for asylum for the first time in the EU, with most coming from Syria (810) and Afghanistan (480).

First-time and subsequent asylum applicants in the EU Member States, January 2020 - January 2024
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

This article describes recent developments in relation to the number of asylum applicants in the European Union (EU). Asylum is a form of international protection given by a state on its territory. It is granted to a person who is unable to seek protection in their country of citizenship and/or residence, in particular for fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

The legal basis for the asylum data collection is Regulation (EC) No 862/2007. An amendment to this regulation adopted in June 2020 introduced additional new statistics. It increased the frequency, timeliness and the level of detail of asylum statistics from reference year 2021, including more frequent and detailed information on unaccompanied minors who represent a particularly vulnerable group seeking protection. In addition, Eurostat started to collect data on subsequent asylum applicants, on asylum applications under accelerated procedure, on applicants benefiting from material reception conditions and on types of withdrawals of asylum applications. The datasets with the new statistics are continuously published in the Eurostat database and some of these new data are included in this article.

Full article

Main trends in the number of asylum applicants

In January 2024, there were 85 855 first-time asylum applicants ^[1] (non-EU citizens) applying for international protection in reporting EU countries, a 3 % increase compared with January 2023 (83 310).

There were also 7 180 subsequent applicants, a 1 % decrease compared with January 2023 (7 265) (Figure 1).

Men aged 18-34 years accounted for 39 % of the total number of first-time applicants (Figure 2). Regarding children aged less than 14 years, 51 % were boys and 49 % were girls. Most children aged 14-17 years were boys (71 %) and 29 % were girls.

Figure 1: First-time and subsequent asylum applicants in EU countries, January 2020 - January 2024
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Figure 2: First-time asylum applicants in the EU by age and sex in January 2024
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

In January 2024, the EU total of first-time asylum applicants was 19.1 per hundred thousand people (Figure 3). Compared with the population of each EU country (on 1 January 2023), the highest rates of registered first-time applicants were recorded in Cyprus (106.0) and Greece (58.7).

Figure 3: Number of first-time asylum applicants per hundred thousand people, January 2024
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm) and (demo_gind)

Where do asylum applicants come from?

In January 2024, Syrians were the largest group of people seeking asylum (13 445 first-time applicants). They were followed by Afghans (7 185), Turks (6 380) and Venezuelans (6 210) (Figure 4).

Figure 4: Share of citizenship in first-time asylum applicants in the EU, January 2023 - January 2024 (%)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Where do asylum applicants make their application?

In January 2024, Germany (26 375), Spain (13 705), Italy (12 920) and France (11 620) received 75 % of all first time asylum applicants in the EU (Map 1).

Map 1: First-time asylum applications in reporting countries in January 2024
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Figure 5: Relative change in first-time asylum applications in reporting countries between December 2023 and January 2024 (%)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Where do unaccompanied minors come from?

An unaccompanied minor is a person aged less than 18 years who arrives on the territory of an EU Member State not accompanied by an adult responsible for the minor, or a minor who is left unaccompanied after having entered the territory of a Member State. In January 2024, 2 655 unaccompanied minors applied for asylum for the first time in the EU, with most coming from Syria (810) and Afghanistan (480) (Figure 6).

Figure 6: Top ten citizenships of unaccompanied minors applying for asylum for the first time in the EU, January 2024 (%)
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyumactm)

Where do unaccompanied minors go to make their application?

The EU countries that received the highest numbers of asylum applications from unaccompanied minors were Germany (935), ahead of the Netherlands (385) (Figure 7).

Figure 7: Unaccompanied minors who applied for asylum in Member States over the last twelve months
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyumactm)

Applications under the accelerated procedure

In 2021, Eurostat started collecting new data on asylum applications under an accelerated procedure ^[2]. Article 31(8) of Directive 2013/32/EU identifies ten grounds where the accelerated procedure may be applied, and thus where an EU Member State may reject a claim as manifestly unfounded. This concerns, for instance, cases where the applicant has only raised issues not relevant to refugee or subsidiary protection status, or if the applicant comes from a "safe country of origin" or where the applicant refuses to be fingerprinted.

Figure 8 presents the number of applicants who had their applications processed under the accelerated procedure over the last twelve months. In January 2024, France (4 800) registered the highest number of applications, ahead of Italy (1 840) and Greece (950).

Figure 8: Applications processed under the accelerated procedure over the last twelve months
Source: Eurostat (migr_asyaccm)

Pending applications

Pending applications for international protection are those that have been made at any time and are still under consideration by the relevant national authorities at the end of the reference period. In other words, they refer to the number of applications for which decisions are still pending. Figure 9 shows the number of applications for asylum protection in the EU Member States under consideration by the national authorities (so called 'pending application') over the last twelve months. Map 2 shows the number of pending applications in reporting countries. In January 2024, Germany had the highest numbers of pending applications, ahead of Spain, France and Italy. Details for each reporting country are available in the interactive map of the data browser.

Figure 9: Pending asylum applications for review in the EU over the last twelve months
Source: Eurostat (migr_asypenctzm)

Map 2: Persons with asylum applications pending at the end of January 2024
Source: Eurostat (migr_asypenctzm)

Data sources

The data used for this publication are provided to Eurostat by the interior and justice ministries or immigration agencies of the EU Member States and EFTA countries. Data on asylum applications are collected monthly. They are based entirely on relevant administrative sources, and are supplied in accordance with the provisions of Article 4 of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 of 11 July 2007 on Community statistics on migration and international protection.

Data for subsequent applications for Cyprus in January 2024 are not available. Data for unaccompanied minors for Cyprus and Poland in January 2024 are not available. Data for applications under the accelerated procedure for Romania in January 2024 are not available. For Austria, the drop in first-time applications in November 2023 was due to an increased border control in Serbia, which had a noticeable effect on the number of people using a route via Serbia to apply for asylum in Austria.

Statistics on asylum applicants considered to be unaccompanied minors presented in this article refer to the age accepted by the national authorities. However, this is before the age assessment procedure was carried out/completed (i.e. it refers to the age as claimed by the applicant). Data on unaccompanied minor asylum applicants for France are not available. Due to temporary derogations, data on unaccompanied minor asylum applicants for Cyprus and Poland are not available. As a result, these Member States were not included in the calculation. A complete list of derogations is provided in the Commission Implementing Decision (EU) 2021/431.

Data presented in this publication are rounded to the nearest five.

Source data for tables and graphs

Asylum applications: tables and figures

Context

The 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the status of refugees (as amended by the 1967 New York Protocol) has, for over 70 years, defined who is a refugee, and laid down a common approach towards refugees, which has been one of the cornerstones for the development of a common asylum system within the EU. Since 1999, the EU has been working towards creating a common European asylum regime in accordance with the Geneva Convention and other applicable international instruments. The Directorate-General Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) is responsible for developing EU policies on asylum. A number of directives in this area have been developed. The four main legal instruments on asylum are:

the Qualification Directive 2011/95/EU on standards for the qualification of non-EU nationals and stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection;
the Asylum Procedures Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection;
the Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection;
the Dublin Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the EU Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or stateless person.

The Hague Programme was adopted by heads of state and government on 5 November 2004. It puts forward the idea of a common European asylum system (CEAS), in particular, it raises the challenge of establishing common procedures and uniform status for those granted asylum or subsidiary protection. The European Commission's policy plan on asylum (COM(2008) 360 final), presented in June 2008, included three pillars to underpin the development of the CEAS:

bringing more harmonisation to standards of protection by further aligning the EU Member States' asylum legislation;
effective and well-supported practical cooperation;
increased solidarity and sense of responsibility among EU Member States, and between the EU and non-member countries.

In May 2010, the European Commission presented an action plan for unaccompanied minors (COM(2010) 213 final), who are regarded as the most exposed and vulnerable victims of migration. This plan aims to set up a coordinated approach and commits all EU Member States to grant high standards of reception, protection and integration for unaccompanied minors. In December 2011, the European Commission adopted a Communication on 'Enhanced intra-EU solidarity in the field of asylum' (COM(2011) 835 final). This provided proposals to reinforce practical, technical and financial cooperation, moving towards a better allocation of responsibilities and improved governance of the asylum system in the EU, namely through:

introducing an evaluation and early warning mechanism to detect and address emerging problems;
making the supporting role of the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) more effective;
increasing the amount of funds available and making these more flexible, taking into account significant fluctuations in the number of asylum seekers;
developing and encouraging the relocation of beneficiaries of international protection between different EU Member States.

In September 2020, the European Commission presented the New Pact on Migration and Asylum which was adopted by the European Parliament in April 2024. This pact provides a comprehensive approach that delivers a common European response to migration. It allows the EU to manage migration in a fair and sustainable way, ensuring solidarity between Member States while also providing certainty and clarity for people arriving in the EU and protecting their fundamental rights. The Pact on Migration and Asylum will ensure that Member States share the effort responsibly, showing solidarity with the ones that protect our external borders and with those facing particular migratory pressure, while preventing irregular migration to the EU. The Pact also gives the EU and its Member States the tools to react rapidly in situations of crisis, when Member States are faced with large numbers of arrivals or when a third-country or non-State entity tries to instrumentalise migrants in order to destabilise our Union.

Russia’s invasion of Ukraine

On 4 March 2022, the Council unanimously adopted an implementing decision introducing temporary protection due to the mass inflow of persons fleeing Ukraine as a consequence of Russia's invasion.

The activated Temporary Protection Directive provides special procedures to deal with mass inflows of displaced persons for the first time. Temporary protection is an exceptional measure to provide immediate and temporary protection to displaced persons from non-EU countries and those unable to return to their country of origin.

It applies when there is a risk that the standard asylum system is struggling to cope with demand stemming from a mass inflow, risking a negative impact on the processing of claims.

Requirements for reporting such statistics already exist in Article 4(1)(c) and 4(3)(e) of Regulation (EC) No 862/2007. They were implemented for the first time with the transmission of data on international protection as follows:

data for the first quarter of 2022 due by 31 May 2022;
annual data for 2022 – due by 31 March 2023.

However, in order to respond to emerging data needs, in March 2022, Eurostat proposed a voluntary collection of more frequent and timely, in terms of data provisions, statistics on temporary protection starting from reference month March 2022. The following data are collected on a monthly basis with a deadline for provision set within one month of the end of reference period:

monthly data on grants of temporary protection;
monthly data on beneficiaries of valid temporary protection (stocks).

The respective quarterly and monthly datasets are available in the Eurostat database here.

These data are usually compiled and transmitted to Eurostat by national ministries of the interior and/or immigration agencies.

Direct access to

Legislation

the Qualification Directive 2011/95/EU on standards for the qualification of non-EU nationals and stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection (Summary)
the Asylum Procedures Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (Summary)
the Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (Summary)
the Dublin Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the EU Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or stateless person

Notes

↑ A first-time applicant for international protection is a person who lodged an application for asylum for the first time in a given EU Member State. The indicator 'First-time asylum applicants' excludes repeat applicants, i.e. persons applying for asylum more than once in one country, and therefore more accurately represents the number of persons applying for international protection in the EU Member States. The use of this indicator is possible as all EU Member States have been able to provide it to Eurostat since 2014.
↑ 'An asylum applicant having had their application processed under the accelerated procedure' means a person having submitted an application for international protection or having been included in such an application as a family member during the reference period and having had their application processed under the accelerated procedure provided for in Article 31(8) of Directive 2013/32/EU (see Art.4.1(e) of the Regulation), if such a procedure is foreseen in the national legislation of the reporting country. It refers to the number of applicants the country has processed - at first instance - under an accelerated procedure during the reference month, regardless of the date of application and of the outcome of the procedure (rejection of the application or grant of a protection status).

[1] A first-time applicant for international protection is a person who lodged an application for asylum for the first time in a given EU Member State. The indicator 'First-time asylum applicants' excludes repeat applicants, i.e. persons applying for asylum more than once in one country, and therefore more accurately represents the number of persons applying for international protection in the EU Member States. The use of this indicator is possible as all EU Member States have been able to provide it to Eurostat since 2014.

[2] 'An asylum applicant having had their application processed under the accelerated procedure' means a person having submitted an application for international protection or having been included in such an application as a family member during the reference period and having had their application processed under the accelerated procedure provided for in Article 31(8) of Directive 2013/32/EU (see Art.4.1(e) of the Regulation), if such a procedure is foreseen in the national legislation of the reporting country. It refers to the number of applicants the country has processed - at first instance - under an accelerated procedure during the reference month, regardless of the date of application and of the outcome of the procedure (rejection of the application or grant of a protection status).

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