Statistics Explained

Eurostatistics - data for short-term economic analysis

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Data extracted on 18 September 2024.

Planned article update: 24 October 2024.

Latest macroeconomic developments

Highlights


Compared with the previous month, in August 2024 euro area annual inflation fell relatively rapidly, while economic sentiment and employment expectations rose.

In July 2024, industrial production in the euro area decreased (compared with the previous month), while retail trade sales increased marginally.

In the 2nd quarter of 2024, GDP in the euro area expanded (when compared with the previous quarter), rising 0.2%; this was a slightly slower rate than in the first quarter of 2024 (up 0.3%).

Screenshot of an interactive visualisation for Eurostatistics data.

Click on the picture to access the interactive data visualisation


This monthly article gives a picture of the macroeconomic situation in the euro area, the European Union (EU) and the EU countries, showing relevant indicators of production, demand, labour and prices, as well as interest and exchange rates. These are based on the principal European economic indicators (PEEIs). Note that rates of change for all monetary indicators (such as gross domestic product (GDP), industrial production and retail sales) are presented in real terms, in other words, after removing the impact of price changes.

The article is complemented by a data visualisation offering additional indicators and interactive graphs; it also includes links to source data. Looking for the freshest information? Real-time updates of data can be found in the form of graphs and tables in the Euro indicators dashboard with advanced functionalities to explore and download them.

Based on the figures available on 18 September 2024, the economic situation in the euro area and the EU is characterised by

  • a decrease in inflation (as measured by the all-items harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP)) in August 2024
  • an increase in GDP in the 2nd quarter of 2024
  • a decrease in industrial production in July 2024
  • no change in production in construction in July 2024 in the euro area and an increase in the EU
  • a slight increase in retail trade sales in July 2024
  • a slight decrease in the unemployment rate in July 2024 in the euro area and an unchanged rate in the EU
  • an increase in economic sentiment in August 2024 and an upturn in the level of employment expectations.

To summarise, the indicators show a generally positive situation regarding the economic situation in both the euro area and the EU. This includes GDP growth, an increase (EU) or stability (euro area) in production in construction, an increase in retail trade sales, a falling inflation rate, a falling (euro area) or stable (EU) unemployment rate, a stronger level of economic sentiment and increasing employment expectations. By contrast, there was a relatively modest fall in industrial production.

Full article


Situation in the euro area and the EU

In the 2nd quarter of 2024, seasonally adjusted GDP increased by 0.2% quarter on quarter in both the euro area and the EU. For comparison, a larger increase (up 0.3%) had been observed in the 1st quarter in both the euro area and the EU. Compared with the 2nd quarter of the previous year, GDP was 0.6% higher in the 2nd quarter of 2024 in the euro area and 0.8% higher in the EU.

In July 2024, seasonally adjusted industrial production decreased month on month by 0.3% in the euro area and by 0.1% in the EU. In the previous month, it had been unchanged in the euro area and increased marginally (up 0.1%) in the EU. Compared with July 2023, industrial output was 2.2% lower in July 2024 in the euro area and 1.7% lower in the EU.

In August 2024, the economic sentiment indicator increased in the euro area, up 0.6 points to 96.6 points; it also increased in the EU, up 0.4 points to 96.9 points. The increase in the euro area resulted from increases in confidence among industrial, retail and services managers which outweighed decreased confidence among consumers; confidence among construction managers was almost unchanged.

Line chart showing euro area rates of change for GDP and industrial production as well as the economic sentiment indicator over the latest 14-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 1: Economic sentiment and rates of change for output indicators, euro area, July 2023 to August 2024
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_gdp), (ei_isir_m) and (ei_bssi_m_r2) and DG Economic and Financial Affairs (ECFIN)

In the euro area, the annual inflation rate fell from a peak of 10.6% in October 2022 through 5.2% a year ago (August 2023) to 2.2% in August 2024; in the EU, it fell from a peak of 11.5% in October 2022 through 5.9% a year ago (August 2023) to 2.4% in August 2024. There was an upturn in euro area and EU inflation rates in December 2023 and again in May and July 2024.

According to the latest data from Eurostat, the annual inflation rate (based on the HICP) in the euro area was 2.2% in August 2024, down from 2.6% in the previous month. The category of services recorded the highest annual rate in August 2024 (prices were up 4.1%, up from 4.0% in the previous month), followed at some distance by food, alcohol and tobacco (unchanged from the previous month) and non-energy industrial goods (up 0.4% after an increase of 0.7% in the previous month). After a series of 12 negative rates, the annual rate for energy turned positive in May 2024 (up 0.3%) and this was followed by positive rates in June (0.2%) and July (1.2%); in August, a fall of 3.0% was reported. In the EU, annual inflation was 2.4% in August 2024, which was also a decrease from the rate in the previous month (2.8%).

Compared with a year earlier, industrial producer prices in July 2024 were 2.1% lower in the euro area and 1.9% lower in the EU; in June 2024, they had been, respectively, 3.3% and 3.1% lower than a year earlier. Month on month, industrial producer prices increased in July 2024 by 0.8% in both the euro area and the EU; these increases built upon slightly smaller increases observed in the previous month (up 0.6% in both the euro area and the EU).

Compared with a year earlier, industrial import prices in July 2024 were 0.9% higher in the euro area. On the basis of a month-on-month comparison, industrial import prices increased 0.4% in July 2024 in the euro area. Compared with a year earlier, these prices in the EU were 0.3% higher in June 2024; they were 0.4% higher on the basis of a month-on-month comparison.

Line chart showing euro area rates of change for industrial producer prices and industrial import prices as well as the HICP-based inflation rate over the latest 14-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 2: Rates of change for prices, euro area, July 2023 to August 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (ei_isir_m) and (ei_cphi_m)

In the 2nd quarter of 2024

  • private final consumption expenditure decreased marginally compared with the previous quarter (down 0.1%) in the euro area and increased marginally (up 0.1%) in the EU (after increases of 0.3% in the euro area and 0.4% in the EU in the previous quarter)
  • government final consumption expenditure increased by 0.6% compared with the first quarter of 2024 in the euro area and by 0.7% in the EU (after increases of 0.1% in both the euro area and the EU in the previous quarter)
  • gross fixed capital formation (investment) decreased quarter on quarter by 2.2% in the euro area and by 1.8% in the EU (after decreases of 1.8% in the euro area and 1.7% in the EU in the previous quarter).

In July 2024, the seasonally adjusted volume of sales in retail trade increased marginally compared with the previous month (up 0.1%) in the euro area and in the EU (up 0.2%), following on from decreases of 0.4% in the previous month in both the euro area and the EU.

Line chart showing euro area rates of change for private final consumption, investment and retail trade volume of sales over the latest 13-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 3: Rates of change for demand indicators, euro area, July 2023 to July 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_gdp) and (ei_isrr_m)

In July 2024, the seasonally adjusted unemployment rate was 6.4% in the euro area, down from 6.5% in the previous month. In the EU, the rate remained at 6.0%; the rate in the EU has been 6.0% or 6.1% since June 2022. Compared with July 2023, unemployment in July 2024 was lower by 190 000 people in the euro area, whereas it was lower by 72 000 people in the EU. In July 2024, the youth unemployment rate (for people aged 15–24 years) was 14.2% in the euro area, down from 14.4% in the previous month. In the EU, the rate was 14.5%, down from 14.6% in the previous month. The rate for people aged 25 years or older was 5.6% in the euro area, unchanged from the previous 3 months, while it was 5.1% in the EU, also unchanged from the previous 3 months.

In the 2nd quarter of 2024, the number of people in employment increased compared with the previous quarter by 0.2% in the euro area and by 0.1% in the EU, following increases in the 1st quarter of 0.3% in both the euro area and the EU. Compared with the 2nd quarter of 2023, employment in the 2nd quarter of 2024 was 0.9% higher in the euro area and 0.8% higher in the EU.

Compared with the previous quarter, hourly labour costs increased by 1.0% in the euro area and 1.2% in the EU in the 2nd quarter of 2024; in the 1st quarter of 2024, there had been increases of 1.3% in the euro area and 1.4% in the EU. Compared with the 2nd quarter of 2023, hourly labour costs in the 2nd quarter of 2024 were 4.7% higher in the euro area and 5.2% higher in the EU.

In August 2024, the employment expectations indicator, as measured by business and consumer surveys, increased 1.3 points to 99.2 in the euro area and 0.9 points to 99.6 in the EU, remaining just below their long-term averages of 100. The increase in the euro area was due to more optimistic employment plans among construction and services managers outweighing more pessimistic plans among industrial and retail trade managers.

Line chart showing euro area data for the unemployment rate and rates of change for employment and the labour cost index over the latest 13-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 4: Labour indicator rates, euro area, July 2023 to July 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_a10_e), (ei_lmlc_q) and (ei_lmhr_m)

Interest rates

On 12 September 2024, the Governing Council of the European Central Bank (ECB) decided to lower the 3 key ECB interest rates. Accordingly, the interest rates on the main refinancing operations, the marginal lending facility and the deposit facility decreased to 3.65%, 3.90% and 3.50%, respectively.

The euro area’s 3-month interest rate, the Euro Interbank Offered Rate (Euribor), decreased to 3.55% in August 2024, down from 3.68% in the previous month. Long-term interest rates (monthly average weighted 10-year government bond yields) of the euro area decreased to 2.85% in August 2024 from 3.06% in the previous month. The EU’s long-term interest rates on government bonds decreased to 3.17% in August 2024, down from 3.38% in the previous month.

Exchange rates

In August 2024 (compared with the previous month), the monthly averages of day-to-day exchange rates were as follows

  • euro-US dollar: USD 1.1012 (up from USD 1.0844)
  • euro-Japanese yen: JPY 161.06 (down from JPY 171.17)
  • euro-Swiss franc: CHF 0.9450 (down from CHF 0.9676).
Line chart showing euro area data for the 3-month interest rate, average long-term government bond yields and the euro-dollar exchange rate over the latest 14-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 5: Financial indicators, euro area, July 2023 to August 2024
Source: Eurostat (ei_mfir_m) and (ei_mfrt_m) and the European Central Bank (ECB)

Latest macroeconomic forecasts

The latest available forecasts by 4 international organisations – the European Commission (EC) [1], the ECB [2], the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) [3] and the International Monetary Fund (IMF) confirmed for the euro area moderate economic growth in 2024, with growth forecasted to approximately double in 2025. The growth forecast for 2024 was revised upwards by the OECD and the IMF in their latest forecasts compared with their previous ones; the European Commission left its forecast unchanged; the ECB, revised its forecast downwards. Annual growth in the euro area is projected to be higher in 2025 than in 2024. The growth forecast for 2025 was revised upwards by the OECD in its latest forecast, the IMF’s forecast was unchanged, while the European Commission and the ECB revised their forecasts downwards. Two of these organisations – the European Commission and the OECD – revised their inflation forecasts for 2024 downwards in their latest forecasts, while the ECB’s and the IMF’s forecasts were unchanged. Annual inflation in the euro area is projected to be lower in 2025 than in 2024. Overall, the European Commission forecasts a gradual expansion amid high geopolitical risks.

Table showing a comparison between the 2 latest forecasts from the European Commission, the European Central Bank, the International Monetary Fund and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. The data displayed are forecasts for the euro area for GDP and inflation for 2024 and 2025. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Table 1: Overview of macroeconomic forecasts, euro area, 2024 and 2025
(%)
Source: European Commission Economic Forecast, ECB Macroeconomic Projections, IMF World Economic Outlook, OECD Economic Outlook

According to the latest information, euro area economic growth (based on real changes in GDP) is forecasted to be 0.7% (the OECD), 0.8% (the European Commission and the ECB) or 0.9% (the IMF) for 2024. For 2025, economic growth is forecasted to be 1.3% (the ECB), 1.4% (the European Commission) or 1.5% (the IMF and the OECD).

Compared with its previous forecast in winter 2024, the European Commission revised down its forecast for annual inflation rates in the euro area for 2024 (to 2.5% from 2.7%) and 2025 (to 2.1% from 2.2%) in its spring 2024 forecast. In September 2024, the ECB forecasted euro area annual inflation of 2.5% for 2024 – unchanged from the previous forecast – while it also left unchanged its forecast for 2025 at 2.2%. In July 2024, the IMF forecasted an annual inflation rate for the euro area of 2.4% for 2024 (unchanged from its previous forecast), followed by a lower rate of 2.1% for 2025 (also unchanged from its previous forecast). In its report in May 2024, the OECD updated its inflation forecast for 2024 to 2.3% (revised down from 2.6% in its previous forecast) and maintained its forecast for 2025 at 2.2%.

Following a prolonged period of stagnation and a mild recession in the second half of 2023, growth returned to the euro area’s economy at the start of 2024. A gradual acceleration in growth is expected over the course of 2024 and 2025 as private consumption is supported by declining inflation, recovering purchasing power and continued employment growth. The improved outlook for global trade in goods should support external trade, helping to lift the prospects of the weakened manufacturing sector. Nevertheless, global trade and energy markets appear particularly vulnerable in the context of external risks.

Read more under Latest forecasts indicate a gradual expansion amid high geopolitical risks in the data visualisation.

Situation in the EU countries

In the 2nd quarter of 2024, changes in GDP showed a generally upward development among the EU countries [4]. Based on the latest quarter-on-quarter rates of change, GDP increased in the 2nd quarter of 2024 in 20 countries, remained stable in 1 and decreased in 6. Poland (up 1.5%), Greece (up 1.1%) and the Netherlands (up 1.0%) recorded the largest increases of GDP. The largest decreases were observed in Ireland (down 1.0%) and Latvia (down 0.9%).

The highest estimated annual inflation rates (based on the HICP) [5] in August 2024 were recorded in Romania (5.3%), Belgium (4.3%) and Poland (4.0%). The lowest inflation rates were recorded in Lithuania (0.8%) and Latvia (0.9%).

In July 2024, the lowest unemployment rates were recorded in Czechia (2.7%), Poland (2.9%) and Malta (3.0%). The highest rates were in Spain (11.5%) and Greece (9.9%). Eurostat estimates that 13.1 million people in the EU were unemployed in July 2024, of which 11.0 million in the euro area.

In August 2024, the economic sentiment indicator showed a generally upward development among the EU countries, increasing in 17 and decreasing in 9 (Ireland, no data available). The strongest increase was in France (up 4.3 points), while the strongest decreases were in Estonia (down 2.3 points) and Denmark (down 2.2 points). The index level of the economic sentiment indicator (with a long-term average = 100) varied from 84.5 points in Estonia to 108.0 points in Croatia.

Country in focus – Croatia


The economy in Croatia expanded 0.8% in the 2nd quarter of 2024, building on an increase of 1.0% in the previous quarter. GDP was 3.0% higher in the 2nd quarter of 2024 than a year earlier.

Industrial production increased month on month by 8.0% in July 2024, after a decrease of 3.7% in the previous month.

In August 2024, the economic sentiment indicator increased by 2.0 points to 108.0 points (the highest among all EU countries), after an increase of 0.8 points in the previous month.

Annual inflation decreased to 3.0% in August 2024 from 3.3% in the previous month. It was down from 8.4% a year earlier (August 2023) and from its peak of 13.0% in November 2022.

Industrial producer prices were 5.6% lower in July 2024 than a year earlier and 0.5% lower than the previous month.

The volume of retail sales increased month on month by 2.9% in July 2024 and these sales were 7.9% higher than a year earlier.

The unemployment rate in July 2024 was 5.0%, unchanged from the previous month. In July 2024, 87 000 people were unemployed.

Line chart showing rates of change for GDP and industrial production as well as the economic sentiment indicator in Croatia over the latest 14-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 6: Economic sentiment and rates of change for output indicators, Croatia, July 2023 to August 2024
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_gdp), (ei_isir_m) and (ei_bssi_m_r2) and DG Economic and Financial Affairs (ECFIN)
Line chart showing rates of change for industrial producer prices and industrial import prices as well as the HICP-based inflation rate for Croatia over the latest 14-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 7: Rates of change for prices, Croatia, July 2023 to August 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (ei_isir_m) and (ei_cphi_m)
Line chart showing rates of change for private final consumption, investment and retail trade volume of sales for Croatia over the latest 13-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 8: Rates of change for demand indicators, Croatia, July 2023 to July 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_gdp) and (ei_isrr_m)
Line chart showing data for the unemployment rate and rates of change for employment and the labour cost index for Croatia over the latest 13-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 9: Labour indicator rates, Croatia, July 2023 to July 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_a10_e), (ei_lmlc_q) and (ei_lmhr_m)

Situation in the largest EU economies

  • All except 1 of the 6 largest EU economies recorded quarter-on-quarter growth in GDP in the 2nd quarter of 2024, with the highest growth rate at 1.5% in Poland and the lowest at 0.2% in France and Italy. The exception was Germany where a slight decrease (down 0.1%) was recorded in the 2nd quarter of 2024.
  • In August 2024, the annual inflation rate was notably lower than in the previous month in Germany, Spain, France and Italy, and also somewhat lower in the Netherlands; it was unchanged in Poland. The highest annual inflation rate among these economies was recorded in Poland (4.0%); the lowest rate was in Italy (1.2%).
  • The latest unemployment rates are for July 2024: these were the same as in the previous month in 5 of the largest EU economies and lower in Italy. Spain recorded the highest unemployment rate (11.5%) and Poland the lowest (2.9%).
  • Economic sentiment increased in France, Spain, the Netherlands and Poland in August 2024 and decreased in the other 2 economies. The highest index level (with a long-term average = 100) was recorded in Spain (105.4 points) and the lowest in Germany (90.5 points).
Table showing a comparison between data for the last 2 reference periods available for the euro area, the EU, and the 6 largest economies: Germany, Spain, France, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland. The data displayed are the change in GDP (compared with the previous quarter and compared with the same quarter of the previous year), the annual inflation rate, the unemployment rate and the economic sentiment indicator. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Table 2: Overview of recent rates, euro area, EU and largest EU economies, June to August 2024 or quarters 1 and 2 2024
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_gdp), (ei_cphi_m), (ei_lmhr_m) and (ei_bssi_m_r2) and DG Economic and Financial Affairs (ECFIN)

Country in focus – Germany


Compared with the previous quarter, GDP in Germany contracted marginally (down 0.1%) in the 2nd quarter of 2024; this followed on from a small increase (up 0.2%) in the previous quarter. GDP was the same in the 2nd quarter of 2024 as a year earlier (change of 0.0%).

Industrial production contracted month on month in July 2024, down 3.0% after an increase of 2.0% in the previous month. Overall, industrial production was 5.5% lower in July 2024 than a year earlier.

In August 2024, the economic sentiment indicator decreased by 1.7 points to 90.5 points, having hardly changed (up 0.1 points) in the previous month.

The annual inflation rate was 2.0% in August 2024, down from 2.6% in the previous month. It was down from 6.4% a year earlier (August 2023) and from its peak of 11.6% in October 2022.

Industrial producer prices were 1.1% lower in July 2024 than a year earlier but 0.2% higher than the previous month.

An unemployment rate of 3.4% was recorded in July 2024, unchanged from the previous 3 months. In July 2024, 1.53 million people were unemployed in Germany, of which 305 000 were young people (aged under 25 years).

Line chart showing rates of change for GDP and industrial production as well as the economic sentiment indicator in Germany over the latest 14-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 10: Economic sentiment and rates of change for output indicators, Germany, July 2023 to August 2024
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_gdp), (ei_isir_m) and (ei_bssi_m_r2) and DG Economic and Financial Affairs (ECFIN)
Line chart showing rates of change for industrial producer prices and industrial import prices as well as the HICP-based inflation rate for Germany over the latest 14-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 11: Rates of change for prices, Germany, July 2023 to August 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (ei_isir_m) and (ei_cphi_m)
Line chart showing rates of change for private final consumption, investment and retail trade volume of sales for Germany over the latest 11-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 12: Rates of change for demand indicators, Germany, July 2023 to May 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_gdp) and (ei_isrr_m)
Line chart showing data for the unemployment rate and rates of change for employment and the labour cost index for Germany over the latest 13-month period. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Figure 13: Labour indicator rates, Germany, July 2023 to July 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_a10_e), (ei_lmlc_q) and (ei_lmhr_m)

International context

Situation in the EFTA countries

  • Compared with the previous quarter, GDP expanded in the 2nd quarter of 2024 in Iceland (up 1.7%), Norway (up 1.4%) and Switzerland (up 0.7%).
  • In August 2024, Iceland recorded the highest annual inflation rate (4.3%), followed by Norway (2.3%) and Switzerland (1.0%). All 3 rates were lower than in the previous month.
  • In July 2024, the unemployment rate was unchanged in Iceland (at 3.1%) and down to 3.9% in Norway (from 4.1% in the previous month). In June 2024, the unemployment rate was 4.2% in Switzerland.
Table showing a comparison between data for the last 2 reference periods available for EFTA countries: Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. The data displayed are GDP (change compared with the previous quarter and to the same quarter of previous year), the annual inflation rate and the unemployment rate. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Table 3: Overview of recent rates, EFTA countries, June to August 2024 or quarters 1 and 2 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (namq_10_gdp), (ei_cphi_m) and (ei_lmhr_m)

Situation in other non-EU countries

  • Compared with the previous quarter, GDP expanded in the 1st quarter of 2024 by 1.6% in China and by 0.3% in the United States, while it contracted in Japan by 0.5%. Compared with the 1st quarter of 2023, GDP in the 1st quarter of 2024 was 5.3% higher in China and 2.9% higher in the United States, while it was 0.3% lower in Japan.
  • In August 2024, the annual inflation rate rose to 0.6% in China (from 0.5% in the previous month) and fell to 1.3% in the United States (from 1.7% in the previous month). In July 2024, the annual inflation rate was 2.8% in Japan.
  • In July 2024, the unemployment rate rose to 2.7% in Japan (from 2.5%) and to 4.3% in the United States (from 4.1%).
Table showing a comparison between data for the last 2 reference periods available for non-EU countries: China, Japan and the United States. The data displayed are GDP (change compared with the previous quarter and to the same quarter of previous year), the annual inflation rate and the unemployment rate. The complete data of the visualisation are available in the Excel file at the end of the article.
Table 4: Overview of recent rates, other non-EU countries, June to August 2024 or quarter 4 2023 and quarter 1 2024
(%)
Source: Eurostat (ei_cphi_m) and (ei_lmhr_m) and the OECD

Source data for tables and figures

Excel.jpg Eurostatistics: tables and figures

Data sources

Data for non-EU countries come either from Eurostat’s datasets or from an external source, such as the OECD Data Explorer.

Data for the euro area, EU and EU countries

  • GDP, quarter-on-quarter and year-on-year percentage change, seasonally and calendar adjusted (namq_10_gdp)
  • Industrial production, month-on-month percentage change, seasonally and calendar adjusted, and year-on-year percentage change, calendar adjusted (ei_isir_m)
  • Economic sentiment indicator, seasonally adjusted (Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (ECFIN) ei_bssi_m_r2)
  • Inflation (based on the HICP), year-on-year percentage change (not adjusted) (ei_chpi_m)
  • Industrial producer prices, month-on-month and year-on-year percentage change (not adjusted) (ei_isir_m)
  • Import prices, month-on-month and year-on-year percentage change (not adjusted) (ei_isir_m)
  • Retail trade volume of sales, month-on-month percentage change, seasonally and calendar adjusted, and year-on-year percentage change, calendar adjusted (ei_isrr_m)
  • Household final consumption expenditure, quarter-on-quarter and year-on-year percentage change, seasonally and calendar adjusted (namq_10_gdp)
  • Government final consumption expenditure, quarter-on-quarter and year-on-year percentage change, seasonally and calendar adjusted (namq_10_gdp)
  • Gross fixed capital formation, quarter-on-quarter and year-on-year percentage change, seasonally and calendar adjusted (namq_10_gdp)
  • Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted (ei_lmhr_m) and unemployment in thousand people, seasonally adjusted (ei_lmhu_m)
  • Hourly labour costs (based on the labour cost index), month-on-month, quarter-on-quarter and year-on-year percentage change, seasonally and calendar adjusted (ei_lmlc_q)
  • Employment, quarter-on-quarter percentage change, seasonally adjusted, and year-on-year percentage change (not adjusted) (namq_10_a10_e)
  • Employment expectations indicator, seasonally adjusted (Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs (ECFIN) ei_bsee_m_r2)
  • Exchange rates (not adjusted) (ei_mfrt_m)
  • Interest rates (not adjusted) (ei_mfir_m)

Data for Iceland, Norway and Switzerland

  • GDP, quarter-on-quarter and year-on-year percentage change, seasonally and calendar adjusted (namq_10_gdp)
  • Inflation (based on the HICP), year-on-year percentage change, all items (not adjusted) (ei_cphi_m)
  • Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted (ei_lmhr_m)

Data for China, Japan and the United States

Data for China and Japan

Data for the United States

  • Unemployment rate, seasonally adjusted (ei_lmhr_m)
  • Inflation (based on the HICP), year-on-year percentage change (not adjusted) (ei_cphi_m)

Macroeconomic forecasts

Rates of change

For monthly data, 2 rates of change are presented

  • M/M-1: change compared with the previous month
  • M/M-12: change compared with the same month of the previous year.

For quarterly data, 2 rates of change are presented

  • Q/Q-1: change compared with the previous quarter
  • Q/Q-4: change compared with the same quarter of the previous year.

Context

The principal European economic indicators (PEEIs) represent a comprehensive set of infra-annual macroeconomic statistics aiming to describe the economic and labour market situation as well as price developments in the euro area, the EU and the EU countries; these statistics are of particularly high importance for economic and monetary policy.

The Communication of the European Commission to the European Parliament and the Council on euro area statistics Towards improved methodologies for euro area statistics and indicators of November 2002 defined the list of PEEIs and their timeliness targets, amended in the 2008 Economic and Financial Committee (EFC) report.

In 2002, Eurostat produced an initial list of 19 PEEIs, which subsequently expanded to 22. Data for these indicators are published regularly and posted in the dedicated Euro indicators section on the Eurostat website. Since 2002, PEEIs have been regularly monitored and improved in terms of coverage and timeliness. The list of indicators includes, for example, GDP, private final consumption, the external trade balance and the 3-month interest rate.

The progress that has been achieved with the timeliness and availability of PEEIs and remaining challenges are constantly monitored. Each year Eurostat, in cooperation with the ECB, drafts a Status Report on Information Requirements in the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) which is submitted to the EFC and then to the Economic and Financial Affairs Council (ECOFIN). All reports can be found in the dedicated Euro indicators section under publications.

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Notes

  1. ↑ Following the Council Decision (2022/1211/EU) of 12 July 2022 on the adoption by Croatia of the euro on 1 January 2023, in line with past practice, all forecast numbers (in other words for 2022–24) for the euro area aggregate include Croatia with a weight of about 0.5%.
  2. ↑ From December 2022 onwards, the Eurosystem staff projections for the euro area include Croatia in view of its accession to the euro area on 1 January 2023.
  3. ↑ The euro area aggregate includes only OECD member countries (Croatia, Cyprus and Malta are excluded from the euro area aggregate as they aren’t members of the OECD).
  4. ↑ For further information, see GDP main aggregates and employment estimates for the second quarter of 2024.
  5. ↑ For further information, see Annual inflation down to 2.2% in the euro area – August 2024.
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