Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union

C2: National Accounts - production

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Financial flows and stocks data are often referred to collectively in the national accounts framework as ‘financial accounts’. Financial flows consist of transactions and other flows, and represent the difference between the opening financial balance sheet at the start of the year and the closing balance sheet at the end of the year. These terms are described in further detail in section 3.4.

Financial flows and stocks contain statistical information based on the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) (see annex below), which came into force in September 2014. The data are compiled with reference to:

• Financial balance sheets (nasa_10_f_bs)
• Financial transactions (nasa_10_f_tr)
• Revaluation accounts (nasa_10_f_gl)
• Other changes in volume (nasa_10_f_oc)
• Financial accounts: counterpart information (nasa_10_f_cp)

The financial assets held and the liabilities out­standing at a particular point in time are recorded in the balance sheet. Financial transactions result in changes between opening and closing balance sheets. However, changes between the opening balance sheet and the closing balance sheet are also due to other flows, which are not interactions between institutional units by mutual agreement. Other flows related to financial assets and liabil­ities are broken down into revaluations in finan­cial assets and liabilities, and changes in the volume of financial assets and liabilities not due to finan­cial transactions. Revaluations are recorded in the revaluation account and changes in volume in the other changes in the volume of assets account.

 For more information, see also:

• The dedicated website for Financial accounts and Sector accounts
  • Sector accounts (europa.eu )
• Basic concepts of National accounts:
  
  • Building the System of National Accounts – basic concepts – Statistics Explained (europa.eu)
• Financial flows and stocks:
  • Financial flows and stocks (nasa_10_f) (europa.eu)
• Balance of payments:
  • Glossary: Balance of payments - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)

The classification system follows the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) (see annex below). The latter is an internationally compatible accounting framework for a systematic and detailed description of a total economy, its components and its relations with other total economies. Thus, the concepts, definitions and classifications are based on ESA 2010.

The institutional sectors of ESA 2010 are listed below. For detailed definitions of institutional sectors and sub-sectors, see ESA 2010 chapter 2.

Total economy (S.1): Total economy refers to the whole economy of a given region (country or aggregate).

Non -financial corporations (S.11): Non-financial corporations are independent legal entities and market producers, whose principal activity is the production of goods and non-financial services.  This sector includes private and public corporations that are market producers principally engaged in the production of goods and non-financial services.

• ESA2010 Definition: the non-financial corporations sec­tor (S.11) consists of institutional units which are independent legal entities and market producers, and whose principal activity is the production of goods and non-financial services. The non-finan­cial corporations sector also includes non-financial quasi-corporations.
• More info: Non-financial corporations - statistics on financial assets and liabilities - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)

Financial corporations (S.12): Financial corporations are independent legal entities and market producers, whose principal activity is the production of financial services. This includes banks, investments and pension funds, insurances.

• ESA2010 Definition: the financial corporations sector (S.12) consists of institutional units which are independ­ent legal entities and market producers, and whose principal activity is the production of financial ser­vices. Such institutional units comprise all corpo­rations and quasi-corporations which are princi­pally engaged in:
  • financial intermediation (financial intermedi­aries); and/or
  • auxiliary financial activities (financial auxiliaries).
• Also included are institutional units provid­ing financial services, where most of either their assets or their liabilities are not transacted on open markets.
• More info: Financial corporations - statistics on financial assets and liabilities - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)

General government (S.13): General government are institutional units, which are non-market producers, whose output is intended for individual and collective consumption.

• ESA2010 Definition: the general government sector (S.13) consists of institutional units which are non-mar­ket producers whose output is intended for individ­ual and collective consumption, and are financed by compulsory payments made by units belonging to other sectors, and institutional units principally engaged in the redistribution of national income and wealth.

Households (S.14): Households are individuals consuming or producing market output for their own private use.

• ESA2010 Definition: the households sector (S.14) consists of individuals or groups of individuals as consumers and as entrepreneurs producing market goods and non-financial and financial services (market pro­ducers) provided that the production of goods and services is not by separate entities treated as quasi-corporations. It also includes individuals or groups of individuals as producers of goods and non-financial services for exclusively own final use.
• More info: Households - statistics on financial assets and liabilities - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)

Non-profit institutions serving households (S.15): Non-profit institutions serving households are entities that supply non-market output for individual consumption.

• ESA2010 Definition: the non-profit institutions serving households (NPISHs) sector (S.15) consists of non-profit institutions which are separate legal enti­ties, which serve households and which are private non-market producers. Their principal resources are voluntary contributions in cash or in kind from households in their capacity as consumers, from payments made by general government and from property income.
• More info: Households - statistics on financial assets and liabilities - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)

Rest of the World (S.2): Rest of the world refers to all countries except the EU-27.

• ESA2010 Definition: the rest of the world sector (S.2) is a grouping of units without any characteristic func­tions and resources; it consists of non-resident units insofar as they are engaged in transactions with resident institutional units, or have other eco­nomic links with resident units. Its accounts pro­vide an overall view of the economic relationships linking the national economy with the rest of the world. The institutions of the EU and international organisations are included.

Table 2.2 below shows the type of producer and prinicipal activitites and functions classified by sector, as defined in ESA2020 chapter 2. Source: ESA2010.

The coverage of data reported in the financial accounts domain is given by Tables 6 and 7 of the ESA 2010 Transmission Programme.

This document presents the programme of national accounts data delivery within the framework of the new European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010), as defined in Annex B of the Council Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013.

For financial accounts, data are requested in general terms starting from reference year 1995 for stocks, transactions, other changes in volume and revaluation accounts. Data are requested in both consolidated and non-consolidated form.

For other changes in volume and revaluation accounts, data are mandatory only from reference year 2012 and in non-consolidated form for main sectors and financial instruments. Counterpart information is voluntary.

The exact list of data requested in terms of sectors, sub-sectors and financial instruments is provided in the ESA 2010 Transmission Programme.

Additional data may be transmitted by countries on voluntary basis, according to the Data Gap Initiative 2 recommendations.

The concepts, definitions and classifications are based on the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) (see annex below).

• Financial transactions take place between resident institutional units, and between them and the rest of the world. They are recorded in the financial account, which shows how the surplus or deficit of the capital account is financed by transactions in financial assets and liabilities.
• The financial account indicates how net borrowing sectors obtain resources by incurring liabilities or reducing assets, and how net lending sectors allocate their surpluses by acquiring assets or reducing liabilities. The financial account also shows the contributions to these transactions of the various types of financial assets, and the role of financial intermediaries. Most transactions involving the transfer of ownership of goods or assets or the provision of services have some counterpart entry in the financial account. Moreover, many transactions are recorded entirely within the financial account, where one financial asset is exchanged for another or a liability is repaid with an asset. Financial assets may also be created through the incurrence of liabilities. Such transactions change the distribution of the portfolio of financial assets and liabilities and may change their total amounts but do not affect the net lending / net borrowing (B.9).
• Balance sheets are statements of the value of the stocks of assets and liabilities at a particular point of time. They can be drawn up for institutional units, institutional sectors and the whole economy. The balancing item of the financial balance sheet (i.e., excluding non-financial assets) is the 'net financial assets' (BF.90). The net financial asset is calculated as the difference between total financial assets and total liabilities. A closing financial balance sheet is equal to the opening balance sheet plus changes resulting from financial transactions and other flows (revaluations and other changes in volume of financial assets/liabilities).
• Other changes in assets record changes that are not the result of transactions. They are either a) Other changes in the volume of assets and liabilities, or b) holding gains and losses. Other changes in volume include the normal appearance and disappearance of assets other than by transactions, changes in assets and liabilities due to exceptional or unanticipated events, which are not economic in nature, and changes in classification and structure. Holding gains and losses are recorded in the revaluation account, and occur when there are changes in the prices of assets or liabilities over time, without transforming them in any way.
• Financial assets and liabilities: Definitions of the categories and sub-categories are provided in ESA 2010 chapter 5.
• Time of recording: In principle, flows are recorded on an accrual basis, i.e. accumulated over time. Thus, economic value is created, transformed or extinguished, or when claims and obligations arise, are transformed or are cancelled; the time of recording is often not when cash is exchanged. See ESA 2010.
• Valuation rules: In principle, financial flows and stocks are recorded at exchange or market value. For detailed valuation rules that apply to some categories of financial instruments, see ESA 2010.
• Consolidation: Consolidation refers to the elimination of reciprocal flows or stock positions in financial assets and liabilities between units when the latter are grouped. See ESA 2010.

The main statistical units are the Institutional units, as defined in ESA 2010, Chapter 2, § 2.12-2.13. This can refer to, for example, a corporation, a household or a government agency.

The national accounts population of a country consists of all resident statistical units. A unit is a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of predominant economic interest on the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (one year or more) in economic activities on this territory.

National accounts are exhaustive. This means that all resident statistical units are covered.

The population of the countries' national accounts data as published by Eurostat includes, in principle, all resident statistical units. The population of the euro area and EU aggregates includes, in principle, all statistical units resident in the euro area respectively the EU. However, deviations might occur where the population in the received country data does not include all resident units. In addition, contrary to non-financial and financial accounts by institutional sector, the data for the quarterly and annual main aggregates of the euro area and the EU do not include the euro area respectively the EU international organisations.

Thus, the target population consists of the sectors of the national economy, including its relations with the rest of the world.

For description of the covered sectors, please see section 3.2.

Eurostat collects and disseminated data on the European Union and Euro Area (including aggregates, where completeness of country data is sufficient), EU Member States, three EFTA Member States (Iceland, Norway, Switzerland) and enlargement countries whenever available (Turkey, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Albania, Kosovo and Serbia).

Since January 1^st 2021, Eurostat does not collect UK’s data. Therefore, the data for the aggregate EU-28 prior to 2020 is computed using the vintage data sent by the UK in December 2020.

According to the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) (see annex below), EU countries should transmit data from 1995 onwards.

The length of the series may vary according from one country to another.

Not applicable.

Data are provided in Euro/ECU, national currency, and as % of GDP. Balance sheet data are also presented in terms of percentage change over previous year. For flow data, annual average exchange rates are used. For balance sheet data, end year exchange rates are used.

National currency series (NAC) (including fixed euro series for euro area Member States) are transmitted by Member States and correspond in principle to nationally published figures. They are suitable for studying the development of a variable in a single country over time.

Euro series (EUR) are derived from transmitted national currency series using historic exchange rates. They are suitable for internal comparison and aggregation. When comparing them over time, account must be taken of exchange rate effects.

The reference period is the calendar year.

National accounts are compiled in accordance with the European accounting framework the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010), and are transmitted by the concerned countries in line with the following regulations.

ESA 2010 is defined in Annex B of Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013.

Data received via the ESA2010 transmission programme are shared with other international institutions in accordance with specific agreements, notably with the ECB and the OECD.

Data sharing with ECB is governed by a service level agreement signed between Eurostat and ECB in February 2008.

A Protocol for co-operation between Eurostat and the OECD in the area of National Accounts signed in June 2013 specifies agreed data exchange and data validation arrangements.

Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recital 24 and Article 20(4)) of 11 March 2009 (OJ L 87, p. 164), stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.

Confidential data are only disseminated when they are combined with other data, in a form that ensures that statistical units cannot be (directly or indirectly) identified. If a Member State has declared data confidential in line with national legislation or practice, such data are transmitted to Eurostat marked with a special confidentiality flag.

Similarly, some data may be transmitted by Member State to Eurostat before the publication, and are then put under embargo.

Data flagged as confidential by the data compilers or with an embargo date is not disseminated, until the confidentiality flag is lifted in a subsequent data transmission or the embargo date is expired.

For EU countries, the official deadline for sending the data according to the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) transmission programme is at T + 9 months. This means that countries must submit their data within 9 months after the reference period. However, many countries transmit provisional data earlier, any time from T + 3 months onwards.

Once the data of a country is checked and validated by Eurostat, it is released on the public web site. All data of EU Member States should be validated and published by the third week of October. 

Not applicable.

In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see item 10 - 'Accessibility and clarity') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users.

Data are disseminated annually. More frequent updates may occur, when countries send the dataset more than once a year.

There are no specific news releases relating to annual financial accounts.

Series may appear in various Eurostat publications.

The latest Statistics Explained articles are available here:

• Financial corporations (S.12): Financial corporations - statistics on financial assets and liabilities - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)
• Non-financial corporations (S.11): Non-financial corporations - statistics on financial assets and liabilities - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)
• Households and Non-profit institutions serving households (S.14-S.15): Households - statistics on financial assets and liabilities - Statistics Explained (europa.eu)

Please consult free data online or refer to contact details.

Not available.

Data are released in the Eurostat database: Database - Institutional sector accounts - Eurostat (europa.eu)

For more information, please refer to Home - Eurostat (europa.eu)

Documentation on sources and methods is available from national statistical offices, national central banks, and Eurostat.

Not available.

Quality is assured by application of the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) concepts and by a validation process on the data delivered by countries.

The European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) data transmissions are subject to regular quality assessment reviews. Article 4 of Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 (ESA 2010 Regulation) specifies that the data covered by that Regulation is subject to the quality criteria, namely relevance, accuracy, timeliness and punctuality, accessibility and clarity, comparability and coherence, as set out in Article 12(1) of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council.

Member States are to provide the Commission with a report on the quality of the transmitted data on national and regional accounts. The modalities, structure, periodicity and assessment indicators of the quality reports on data transmitted have been specified in a Commission Implementing Regulation 2016/2304 of 19 December 2016.

The implementation of the quality reporting and assessment exercise started in 2017 and is carried out annually. As part of the annual exercise, Eurostat assesses the results, prepares and publishes an overall assessment based on the national quality reports and other available information. The Commission also, on a 5 year basis, reports to the European Parliament and the Council on the application of the ESA 2010 Regulation, including the quality of data on national and regional accounts. The first of such reports was published in 2018: REPORT FROM THE COMMISSION TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND THE COUNCIL on the application of Regulation (EU) No 549/2013.

The Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) is a surveillance mechanism that aims to identify potential macroeconomic risks early on, prevent the emergence of harmful macroeconomic imbalances and correct the imbalances that are already in place. It is therefore a system for monitoring economic policies and detecting potential harm to the proper functioning of the economy of a Member State, of the Economic and Monetary Union, and of the European Union as a whole. This procedure lies on the computation of MIP indicators, which are aggregates of financial accounts’ data.

The Scoreboard for the surveillance of macroeconomic imbalances includes fourteen headline indicators for the identification and monitoring of external and internal macroeconomic imbalances as well as employment and social developments in order to gain a broader understanding of the social consequences of macroeconomic imbalance.

The MIP Scoreboard indicators cover:

• External imbalances and competitiveness: They may arise from the evolution of the current account and the net investment positions of Member States, the real effective exchange rates, share of world exports and nominal unit labour cost;
• Internal imbalances: These are imbalances that may arise from public and private indebtedness; financial and asset market developments, including housing and private sector credit flow, unemployment rate;
• Employment indicators: These are activity rate, long-term and youth unemployment rates.
• In addition, the economic reading of the MIP Scoreboard takes into account 28 complementary auxiliary indicators. They allow a better understanding of the risks and and help fine-tuning the policy recommendations that fall under the scope of the MIP.

 For more information, please see: Indicators - Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure - Eurostat (europa.eu)

The main indicators for Financial accounts are the following:

Private sector debt

The private sector debt is the stock of liabilities held by the sectors non-financial corporations, households and NPISHs at the end of the year. The instruments taken into account are debt securities and loans. Data are expressed as percentage of GDP and presented in consolidated terms, i.e. they do not take into account transactions within the same sector.

The MIP scoreboard indicator is the stock of private sector debt in percentage of GDP, and is calculated as:

[ PSDt ;/ GDPt ] * 100.

The indicative threshold of private sector debt is 133%.

Private sector credit flow

The private sector credit flow represents the net amount of liabilities in which the sectors non-financial corporations, households and NPISHs have incurred through the year. The instruments taken into account are debt securities and loans. Data are expressed in percentage of GDP and presented in consolidated terms, i.e. they do not take into account transactions within the same sector.

The MIP scoreboard indicator is expressed in % of GDP. The formula is:

[ PSCFt ;/ GDPt ] * 100.

The indicative threshold of private sector credit flow is 14%.

Total financial sector liabilities

The total financial corporations sector liabilities measures the evolution of the sum of liabilities (which includes currency and deposits, debt securities, loans, equity and investment fund shares, insurance, pensions and standardised guarantees, financial derivatives and employee stock options, and other accounts payable) of the financial corporations sector. Data are expressed as one-year percentage change and presented in non-consolidated terms, i.e. they take into account all transactions within the sector.

The MIP indicator is expressed as year over year growth rate, with an indicative threshold of 16.5%.

Views and opinions of users of national accounts statistics can be collected and analysed as one of the tools to 'measure' the relevance of national accounts data.

The dataset is complete with some exceptions. Any data flagged “not applicable” are shown as missing. Derogation exists for Switzerland (CH). Any other missing data is due to non-compliance issues.

Eurostat checks internal consistency of the data, performs revision analysis and checks the presence of major events. Please see section 15.4 for further information.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

For EU countries, the official deadline for sending the data according to the European System of Accounts (ESA 2010) transmission programme is at T + 9 months, i.e. within 9 months after the reference period. Many Member States transmit preliminary data starting from T + 3 months after the reference period with updates each quarter, while other countries may send to Eurostat between T + 6 and T + 9 months.

The data should be transmitted to Eurostat no later than the day they are published by the national authority.

Countries generally meet the data transmission deadline (at T + 9 months, i.e. 9 months after the end of the reference year).

The comparability is ensured by the application of common definitions and methodological framework established by European System of Accounts, ESA 2010, which is  based on internationally agreed System of National Accounts, SNA 2008.

Application a common framework (European System of Accounts 2010) ensures data comparability over time.

Wherever series are not comparable, data breaks are appropriately flagged in the Eurostat database.

Annual financial accounts are regularly checked against other tables of the ESA 2010, namely non-financial sector accounts (Table 8, vertical discrepancies by sector in net lending/net borrowing) and quarterly financial accounts of general government (Table 27).

Regular checks are also performed once a year against the quarterly financial accounts provided by the ECB.

Arithmetical consistency and other checks are made by Eurostat on each country's dataset. The EU and euro area aggregates are fully consistent with the country data, as these aggregates are automatically updated as soon as data for a country are revised.

Consistency checks on the data include the following:

-        Sector consistency

-        S.1 consolidation

-        Instrument balance

-        Instrument consolidation

-        Instrument consistency

-        S.2 consistency

-        Balance consistency

-        Market equilibrium

-        Stock variation

-        Non-plausible negative values

-        Flags consistency check

-        Revisions check

-        Counterpart consistency

-        False non-applicable / non-compiled values

-        Zero values

Eurostat does not validate and disseminate annual financial accounts data that shows internal discrepancies.

Further details are available in the ESA 2010 Validation Handbook, Chapter 6 (EU login needed in order to access).

Not available.

For financial accounts, some countries follow the Harmonised European Revision Policy in national accounts to a greater or lesser extent. Others revise according to national schedules. 

Routine revisions (or current revisions) are changes in published data which are related to the regular data production process and encompass all changes in national accounts estimates for a particular period from the first to the final estimate (e.g. estimated values for missing responses are replaced by reported figures).

Benchmark revisions (or major regular revisions) are revisions of data sources or methods used to estimate national accounts indicators. These can affect GDP, as well as other important macroeconomic indicators, and can cause discontinuities in time series. These occur due to changes in statistical methods, concepts, definitions, classifications, improved data sources or regular updates of the benchmarking period. They could be also caused by the correction of errors or revisions of values previously flagged as provisional.

Such benchmark revisions are visible in data series as significant level updates or changes having impact to growth rates or seasonal patterns. Due to their size, the major statistical revisions are important for the use of statistics and may change the assessment of the macro-economic situation. Therefore, a proper communication of major statistical revisions is essential to the credibility of official statistics.

For more information, please consult: Practical guidelines for revising ESA 2010 data

Data are rarely flagged as provisional but may be subject to revision, as new input data become available. Improvements in sources and methods may also be implemented and might not be widely announced. Major changes in methodology are the result of legislation, and therefore announced in the Official Journal of the European Union.

Figures are collected and transmitted to Eurostat by the National Statistical Institutes of the EU Member States following ESA2010 transmission programme.

Information may be derived directly from the units of the institutional sector for which they are needed, or else indirectly from counterpart information on other sectors. The compilation relies on a variety of data sources, including administrative data, censuses, and statistical surveys of businesses and households. No single type of source data can be pointed out. In many cases, financial intermediaries or institutions are the counterpart, acting as debtor or creditor.

Information in which the financial sector is not involved normally has to be obtained directly. However, in some cases (particularly in the households and non-profit institutions serving households sectors) there is a lack of direct or counterpart information and estimates have to be made. Residual methods (residuals may be obtained after the recording of other items in the accounting framework) may be used for calculating such estimates.

In general, the most important sources used to compile national annual financial accounts are statistics on financial intermediaries, particularly monthly money and banking statistics, and quarterly data provided by other financial institutions. Other main sources are balance of payments and international investment position statistics, government finance statistics and securities data of government debt management bodies, capital market statistics, direct information on non-financial corporations, and surveys of businesses or households. Although source data may come from surveys, the compilation of financial accounts is intended to be exhaustive.

For the aggregation purposes (the euro area and EU aggregates), missing data concerning specific countries, transactions and sectors may be estimated by Eurostat, but such estimates are not published separately.

Annual. In some cases countries transmit the data to Eurostat more frequently, for example quarterly.

ESA 2010 data are transmitted to Eurostat based on SDMX, with a standardised coding system and dataset identifiers.

National Accounts combine data from many source statistics, primarily transmitted from national authorities. Techniques of data collection vary widely, depending on the compilation approach, the source statistics available, the particular account in the system of accounts, the timeliness of data release and other factors.

Eurostat regularly checks received data for accuracy, completeness and coherence. The validation process consists of arithmetic consistency and other quality checks. 

For more information on accuracy of data, please see sections 13, 14 and 15.

Compilation of European aggregates: national data are converted if necessary into euro, or ECU (before 1999), and then summed. Intra-EU and intra-euro area asset and liability positions are not eliminated. The EU and euro area aggregates are published for a particular variable and year only when data for all the countries in the geographical entity are available.  

Consolidation of S.1 (total economy): countries are expected to fully consolidate the data, in other words, all flows and positions between sectors of the economy should be eliminated, leaving only flows and positions with S.2 (rest of the world). However, the following countries have calculated the consolidated data for S.1 as the sum of the consolidated sectors, without consolidating the flows and positions between the sectors:

Listed as No:

• Romania (RO)
• Turkey (TR)

Listed as Incomplete:

• Switzerland (CH)
• Iceland (IS)
• Albania (AL)
• North Macedonia (MK)
• Serbia (RS)

Not applicable.

Specific countries’ metadata are available here.