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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: EUROPEAN STATISTICAL DATA SUPPORT |
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1.1. Contact organisation | Statistics Iceland |
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | Economic Statistics |
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1.5. Contact mail address | Borgartún 21A 105 Reykjavík Iceland |
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2.1. Metadata last certified | 30/11/2021 | ||
2.2. Metadata last posted | 30/11/2021 | ||
2.3. Metadata last update | 26/12/2021 |
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3.1. Data description | |||
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) is one module of the European environmental-economic accounts - Regulation (EU) 691/2011 Annex VI. PEFA record the flows of energy (in terajoules) from the environment to the economy (natural inputs), within the economy (products), and from the economy back to the environment (residuals), using the accounting framework of physical supply and use tables. PEFA provide information on energy flows arranged in a way fully compatible with concepts, principles, and classifications of national accounts – thus enabling integrated analyses of environmental, energy and economic issues e.g. through environmental-economic modelling. PEFA complement the traditional energy statistics, balances and derived indicators which are the main reference data source for EU energy policies.
The PEFA questionnaire is available on Eurostat's website: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/environment/methodology |
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3.2. Classification system | |||
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) datasets have the following dimensions:
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3.3. Coverage - sector | |||
The data set covers the entire national economy as defined in national accounts (ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04), as well as its physical relation to economies in the rest of the world and the environment.
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3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | |||
Physical energy flow accounts (PEFA) are conceptually rooted in the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting (SEEA) which is an international statistical standard. The SEEA central framework provides standard concepts, definitions, classifications, accounting rules and tables for the provision of statistics on the environment and its relationship with the economy. |
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3.5. Statistical unit | |||
Data refer to activities of resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA), including households. |
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3.6. Statistical population | |||
The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and national accounts (ESA); i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units (see ESA 2010, paragraph 2.04). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory. |
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3.7. Reference area | |||
The Icelandic economy |
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3.8. Coverage - Time | |||
Data covers in general 2014 - 2021 |
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3.9. Base period | |||
Not applicable. |
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The unit of measure is terajoule (TJ). |
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The data refer to the calendar year. |
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6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements | |||
PEFA are legally covered by Regulation (EC) No. 691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts as amended by Regulation (EU) No. 538/2014. EEEA currently include six modules (air emissions accounts, environmentally related taxes by economic activity, economy-wide material flow accounts, environmental protection expenditure accounts, environmental goods and services sector accounts, and physical energy flow accounts). |
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6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing | |||
Not applicable. |
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7.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
Lög um Hagstofu íslands og opinbera hagskýrslugerð 2007 nr. 163, Sector III (https://www.althingi.is/lagas/nuna/2007163.html) |
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7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
Confidential data are flagged "confidential" and not published. Aggregates of confidential data respect Eurostat confidentiality rules. |
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8.1. Release calendar | |||
Publication of the PEFA is not bound by an advanced release calendar. |
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8.2. Release calendar access | |||
Not applicable |
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8.3. Release policy - user access | |||
The data from the PEFA accounts are made available on the data repository of Statistics Iceland (https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/is/Umhverfi/). The PEFA data is presented in several simplified summary formats in order to meet user's needs for information. The full PEFA account is available upon request. |
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The data is disseminated annually and reviewed semi-annually |
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10.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
A news release is posted on the news feed from Statistics Iceland simultaneously to update of the data. Additional news releases are posted if the data is judged to be of value to national discussion. |
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10.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
No other official publications are made from the PEFA |
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10.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
The data is made available on the data repository (https://px.hagstofa.is/pxen/pxweb/en/Umhverfi/)
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10.3.1. Data tables - consultations | |||
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT. |
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10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
Not applicable. |
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10.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
Main presentations of the data online are
The usefulness of the tables are discussed in user forums where other presentations of the data are discussed Annexes: Energy consumption by energy product and NACE sector Consumption of renewable and non-renewable energy by economic sectors Intake and consumption of energy by energy type for the economy and households Supply and use of electricity by economi sector by year Supply and use of heat by economic sector and year Key indicators from PEFA |
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10.5.1. Metadata - consultations | |||
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT. |
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10.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
An Icelandic version of the metadata (lýsigögn) is accessible online at Statistics Iceland. Methodology documentation for imputation and validation of the data are all internal documents to Statistics Iceland and produced in Icelandic. A documentation trace (HTML) is produced as a part of the compilation process (done through R-Markdown procedures) and stored along with the final PEFA questionnaire. Approximately 10 documents are generated during the PEFA compilation, one for each task in the process. The documents describe the data collection (and the success thereof), evaluate the quality of the data collected, perform the computation of mapping matrix, or calculate values that should be inserted into the PEFA builder. The documents then commonly contain some quality assessment of the values. The code for the PEFA compilation is stored on in-house GitLab repository (not accessible from external networks). Annexes: Icelandic version of the metadata documentation Sample of document trace from compilation process - PEFA resident adjustment Process guide for compilation (in Icelandic) Sample of document trace from compilation process - PEFA NaceBreakdown 1toN |
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10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate | |||
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT. |
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10.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
After the PEFA builder has been used to generate the PEFA Questionnaire a number of post-processing checks are run. These checks return an HTML document trace with descriptions, tables, and graphs that are hopefully useful to catch any oddities in the data. The supply-use balance is checked by the built-in macros from the PEFA questionnaire (the macros are copied into the R-code and run there). The PEFA compilation in Iceland is a one-person project. The final review of the PEFA data is therefore done by a group presentation and discussion in the Economy statistics team. |
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11.1. Quality assurance | |||
The PEFA data is calculated on a year-by-year basis using the status of the IEA/ESTAT Annual Questionnaires received from the Icelandic Energy Authority (Orkustofnun). Each submission cycle includes the calculation of the two most recent years in the IEA/ESTAT Annual Questionnaires. Data from previously submitted years is used to check the consistency of the IEA/ESTAT data and if the appropriate mapping arrays are used.
The PEFA is calculated using the PEFA builder.
The year-to-year consistency in the PEFA data is compared to changes observed in other environmental-economic accounts (AEA and EW-MFA).
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11.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
The quality of the PEFA data is under constant evaluation. New data sources with timelier information and more automation possibilities are constantly being developed. Once such sources are stabilized they are used to enrich or assist in the mapping of the IEA/ESTAT data to NACE sectors and can be used to validate the data further. AI and BI tools to evaluate the quality and consistency of the PEFA data are also constantly being developed and tested.
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12.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
The PEFA has been presented to members of the Icelandic Parlament, to specialists from "Samtök Iðnaðarins (SI)" and "Samtök Fyrirtækja í Sjávarútvegi (SFS)", which are industry-funded lobbying group. User meetings are held annually to present the Eurostat environmental statistics modules, including the PEFA. These meetings collect information on user needs in regard to data dissemination and further analysis based on the data. |
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12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
User satisfaction is polled in an online poll following the annual meetings. Polling questions include the level of understanding of the subject matter in each of the environmental accounts and the accessibility (clarity) of the information. 2022 results showed that the focus group found the PEFA to be a convoluted account. Few users had an understanding of the supply-use methodology used in the PEFA. 2022 results showed that the focus group found the PEFA data to be more useful than other energy statistics on the Statistics Iceland website. |
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12.3. Completeness | |||
The data includes a full breakdown for seven years (2014-2021).
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12.3.1. Data completeness - rate | |||
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT. |
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13.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
The overall accuracy is considered to be good. The main limitation in accuracy originates by the accuracy of the IEA data |
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13.2. Sampling error | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3. Non-sampling error | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.1. Coverage error | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.2. Measurement error | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.3. Non response error | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.4. Processing error | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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13.3.5. Model assumption error | |||
Not applicable to statistical accounts. |
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14.1. Timeliness | |||
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14.1.1. Time lag - first result | |||
Not applicable. |
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14.1.2. Time lag - final result | |||
Not applicable. |
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14.2. Punctuality | |||
Not applicable. |
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14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication | |||
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT. |
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15.1. Comparability - geographical | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data on PEFA are compiled according to international guidelines and insofar as comparable. Application of the PEFA Builder tool ensures comparability to a certain extent. |
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15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not applicable. |
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15.2. Comparability - over time | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Please see the table in 15.2.1.1. |
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15.2.1. Length of comparable time series | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT. |
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15.2.1.1. Comparability - over time detailed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Please use below table for explaining b)-flags (breaks in time series):
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15.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The main data source (IEA data) used here has been somewhat error pitted in the previous years. This may in part be due to unstable methodologies and the time crunch that Orkustofnun is under to complete and submit the accounts. Once the IEA data is received extensive trust-but-validate processing is done on each cell in the data where we check
The IEA data is reviewed and changes may ber requested if there are large discrepancies in the data. Once the data is "stable", the IEA and subsequently PEFA will be coherent cross-domain |
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15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not applicable; reported PEFA data are only annual. |
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15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The PEFA data is compared with the available National Accounts in order to check coherence With the exception of the fishing industry, which affects sectors A03 and C10-C12, the PEFA for 2014-2020 is coherent with the same range in the National Accounts. The entanglement of fishing and fish processing in Iceland makes it impossible to clearly separate financial gain in the two key sectors, whereas operations of the fishing fleet and processing of fish are clearly distinguishable in terms of energy flow. The PEFA and NA are therefore not coherent for these sectors. |
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15.3.3. Do you cooperate with national colleagues compiling AEA? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
I am the one that knocks |
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15.3.4. Are there compilation elements that PEFA compilers jointly undertake with AEA compilers (e.g. distribution of road transport fuel use and emissions by NACE)? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The data flows and models developed for the AEA are used in the PEFA |
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15.3.5. Do you report in PEFA imports and exports according to the SEEA-CF concepts for trade in goods (see SEEA-CF section 3.3.3, paras. 3.121 ff., and para. 1.46)? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The methodology and models developed for the EW-MFA (using SEEA-CF) are used in the PEFA compilation |
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15.3.6. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between your PEFA data on air transport versus OECD's data on CO2-emissions of air transport? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The PEFA air-transport data is not compared to the OECD data on CO2 emissions, but this data is reviewed when the AEA is compiled. |
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15.3.7. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between PEFA data points and corresponding data points in energy statistics (see PEFA validation rules)? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The PEFA compilation is verified against internally maintained datasets on energy statistics, mainly electricity distribution and fuel distribution records. Significant deviations are brought to the attention of Orkustofnun, which compiles the IEA data. This may trigger change in the dataset |
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15.3.8. Do you perform cross-domain plausibility checks between PEFA data points and the corresponding data points in economy-wide material flow accounts (EW-MFA) (see PEFA validation rules)? | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Import and export figures for fuels, oils, and other energy materials are cross-checked against the processing records and published data in the EW-MFA. |
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15.4. Coherence - internal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Eurostat's validation procedures should ensure full internal consistency, at least for the mandatory data points. |
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The initial development of the PEFA data compilation tool took approximately one full year of expert equivalent time (FTE). The compilation time of the PEFA is nominal (semi-automated). Error checking and validation takes 2-3 months FTE, depending on the number of errors detected in the IEA data Publication and presentation of the data takes 1 month FTE on average Refining and maintenance of the PEFA data compilation tool, which is scheduled every three years is estimated to take 3-4 months FTE |
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17.1. Data revision - policy | |||
The compilation of the PEFA returns one year each time (the reference year) using the most recent edition of the PEFA-Builder IT tool
During the compilation of the PEFA two years prior to the reference year are calculated and used to validate the dataflow used pre- and post-use of the PEFA-builder.
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17.2. Data revision - practice | |||
Revised data is submitted to Eurostat on an annual basis. Revised data is published immediately on the Statistics Iceland data repository |
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17.2.1. Data revision - average size | |||
Will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT. |
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18.1. Source data | |||
Data sources used to produce physical energy flow accounts are described in the following sub-concepts. |
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18.1.1. Which are the main data sources you employ for the use of natural energy inputs (i.e. who is extracting)? | |||
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18.1.2. Which are the main data sources you employ for supply of energy products (e.g. electricity, refinery products etc.)? | |||
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18.1.3. Which are the main data sources you employ for the transformation use by energy transforming entities (NACE 2-digit divisions)? | |||
Orkustofnun has an internal methodology for the efficiency and activity of the transformation sector. This methodology is based on limited survey data and registry data. |
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18.1.4. Which are the main data sources you employ for the end use by end user entities (including non-energy use)? | |||
Statistics Iceland has semi-annual survey data for material consumption (non-energy and energy use) for the majority of energy material consumption (80% of total supply). This statistics is used to distribute material consumption for the whole economy. |
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18.1.5. Which auxiliary data do you use to develop 'distribution keys' to assign energy use to the detailed breakdown of production activities (NACE 2-digit divisions) and categories of household consumption? | |||
Statistics Iceland has registry data for:
This data is used to estimate shift and distribution keys for the IEA data |
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18.1.6. Do you use the PEFA builder? If yes: for populating the PEFA Tables, or for control only? | |||
The PEFA builder is used to populate the PEFA tables. Post-processing modules are used to validate and tweak the outcome where weaknesses in the IEA data are known. |
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18.1.7. Which data sources do you use to make adjustments for the residence principle? | |||
The residence principle uses the same adjustment as is used in the AEA compilation. These sources include
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18.2. Frequency of data collection | |||
Most of the data sources that are used for resident adjustment are updated monthly or updated continuously Data on financial transactions are updated bimonthly AEA data is updated quarterly IEA data is collected biannually |
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18.3. Data collection | |||
Industry survey data used for production statistics is done biannually |
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18.4. Data validation | |||
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18.5. Data compilation | |||
The PEFA questionnaire is initially produced by the PEFA-builder. The builder requires some documents (mapping) to be added to it, these documents are produced in an R-process stack. Common oddities and adjustments on the PEFA questionnaire are then performed by a post-builder R-processing of the questionnaire |
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18.5.1. Imputation - rate | |||
Not applicable. |
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18.5.2. Do you assign all supply of electricity and heat to NACE D35, or do you assign some to other NACE divisions than D35? Is the assignment you did fully aligned to the ESA monetary supply table submitted by your country? | |||
All supply is assigned to NACE D35 |
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18.5.3. Which method do you use for the allocation of road transport energy use to NACE industries and households? | |||
Vehicle registry data, ownership/operation registry and inspection records are used to estimate the road transport energy.
This information is used to create an owner-distance trace for each vehicle. The energy needed for driving (per month) is then estimated using manufacturer information that is adjusted using mechanical engine parameters for specific energy consumption by vehicle weight. The total energy consumption of the entire fleet for the entire year is then re-normalized using the known fuel/energy input. The relative energy per industry sector is then extracted from the computation. |
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18.5.4. Which method do you use for the allocation of energy use to detailed service industries (i.e. NACE 2-digit divisions 55-98)? | |||
Electricity delivery has recently become available at Statistics Iceland (starting in June 2023). This data details the electricity delivered to each electricity meter in the country. The meter is assigned to a payee along with the industrial classification of the meter. Survey data collected for 2016, 2018, 2020, and 2022 were previously used to generate an allocation map for electricity. |
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18.5.5. How do you ensure a coherent assignment of energy use to economic activities (i.e. the use of energy products by a given production activity (NACE A*64 division) reported in PEFA must be coherent with the emissions reported in AEA)? | |||
The IEA data is one of the underlying sources for the NIR report, which in turn is one of the main sources for the AEA. Residence adjustment and refinement to the AEA are then done using import/export statistics, employment and economic activities, and vehicle statistics. The same method and data sources are also used to adjust and map the IEA data to economic sectors. The two accounts should therefore be largely coherent, unless
Minor discrepancies are expected in the AEA and PEFA due to how many data processing steps are done in the processing of AEA, IEA, NIR and PEFA. Coherencies that are checked are
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18.6. Adjustment | |||
Not applicable. |
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18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment | |||
Not applicable. |
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