Health
Scientific Committees
Scientific Steering Committee (former MDSC)
Outcome of discussions
Opinion on
possible health effects from exposure to electromagnetic
fields (0 Hz- 300 GHz) - Report and opinion adopted at the
meeting of the Scientific Steering Committee of 25-26 June
1998,
Remark: the present document contains opinions adopted
by the Scientific Steering Committee of the European
Commission, which is a neutral and independent scientific
body.
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Note : Readers should keep in mind that
the report and opinion only address the scientific aspects
of the risk
assessment of the issue (e.g., identification of
hazards, levels of infectivity in the starting materials
and final products, etc.). The risk
management and policing aspects related to the
implementation of an opinion, are not dealt with.
The European Commission requested the
Scientific Steering Committee to provide an opinion on the
possible health effects from exposure to electromagnetic
fields (0 Hz - 300 GHz). The request covered more
precisely:
A. an opinion on non-thermal, long-term
health effects of exposure to EMFs, in particular
addressing epidemiological evidence and also biophysical
and biological evidence on genetic and cancer-related
effects, effects on the immune system and effects on the
nervous system. The opinion should indicate whether any
recommendations for exposure limits can be made, and
B. an opinion on whether for thermal
effects, the scientific advice of the International
Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is
the appropriate basis for a system of health protection
against risks from non-ionising radiation.
The Scientific Steering Committee
adopted at its plenary session of 25-26 June 1998 the
following conclusions:
As regards non-thermal exposure to EMFs, the available
literature does not provide sufficient evidence to
conclude that long-term effects occur as a consequence of
EMF exposure. Therefore any recommendation for exposure
limits regarding non-thermal long-term effects cannot be
made at this stage on a scientific basis.
Ongoing investigations within the WHO Programme
together with research envisaged within the Fifth
Framework Programme of the EU as elaborated in the EU
Public Health Report: Non-ionising radiation - Sources,
exposure and health effects may provide an appropriate
scientific basis for improved assessment.
As regards the assessment of acute thermal effects
from 0 Hz - 300 GHz electromagnetic fields the advice of
the ICNIRP provides the appropriate basis to develop
exposure limits against this risk.
OPINION
1. Request
The European Commission requested the
Scientific Steering Committee to provide an opinion on the
possible health effects from exposure to electromagnetic
fields (0 Hz - 300 GHz). The request covered more
precisely:
A. An opinion on non-thermal, long-term
health effects of exposure to EMFs, in particular
addressing epidemiological evidence and also biophysical
and biological evidence on genetic and cancer-related
effects, effects on the immune system and effects on the
nervous system. The opinion should indicate whether any
recommendations for exposure limits can be made, and
B. an opinion on whether for thermal
effects, the scientific advice of the International
Commission on Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) is
the appropriate basis for a system of health protection
against risks from non-ionising radiation.
2. Definition, Sources of Exposure
The electromagnetic fields (EMF) of
concern cover the frequency range between 0 Hz and 300 GHz.
Usually, they are classified according to the major
mechanisms of interaction in a group up to 100 KHz and the
group 100 KHz - 300 GHz. Occasionally fields up to 300 Hz
are classified as extremely low frequency fields (ELF). In
addition to frequency, energy and energy density, different
ranges of waveforms are also considered. As regards
interaction with the organism, physical sizes and shapes,
the electrical conductivity of the body, its permittivity
(both varying with tissue) are further variables of
interest for determining biological effects.
There are many devices emitting EMF.
Some of them partly contribute to a varying electromagnetic
background (smog) such as electrical power lines, radio and
other communication systems (AM, FM, Radar, GSM), and
household electrical appliances. Others represent distinct
sources such as electric blankets, Visual Display Units,
microwave ovens and mobile phones.
The potential effects of medical devices
emitting EMF are not dealt with in this report.
3. Background
DG V is preparing a Council
Recommendation to limit exposure to EMF in order to avoid
acute health effects. The draft is based on ICNIRP
Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric,
Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields. Using ICNIRP developed
principles and limit values, Germany has issued an EMF
Ordinance (26th BImSchV) implementing the Federal Immission
Control Act in 1996. Essentially, this Ordinance takes into
account the acute health effects resulting from energy
absorption and electrical implications resulting in various
acute health effects.
4. Health Effects
4.1 Mechanisms and Interactions
Ionising radiation produces biochemical
effects such as breaking covalent chemical bonds, and the
generation of ions and other reactive chemical species.
However the energy of all electric, magnetic and
electromagnetic fields (term non-ionising radiation) of
concern is orders of magnitudes below that associated with
ionising radiation.
EMF with frequency ranges up to 100 KHz
have as their primary mechanism of interaction with
tissues, the induction of
currents in tissues as well as those resulting from
energy absorption. These may invoke the formation of
electric dipoles and the reorientation of dipoles
already present. The primary effect of EMF with frequency
ranges above 100 KHz is absorption resulting in
thermal effects. Changes in oxidant to antioxidant
ratios may also occur. The penetration of magnetic fields
into tissues decreases with increasing frequency.
From animal studies it can be concluded,
that the
permeability of membranes (as identified by Ca++
homeostasis) is modified by ELF and also by low frequency
modulation of high frequency fields. There is no conclusive
evidence that ELF fields change the structure of DNA, nor
that somatic mutations occur. This lack of demonstrated
mutagenic effects suggests, that if ELF have any
effect on the process of carcinogenesis, they are more
likely to act as promoters, an important consideration for
risk assessment. For high frequency fields it was
demonstrated in in-vitro studies with different cell
systems that they have no direct genotoxic or mutagenic
effects. In a limited number of experiments clastogenic
effects have been reported.
The Melatonin Hypothesis
Pineal melatonin is involved in durnal
rythms (levels rise at night and fall during the day). It
is protective against free radicals and is involved in the
steroid hormone regulation.
Low flux densities, down to 1 µT of
circularly polarised magnetic 50 Hz fields have been shown
to decrease melatonin serum levels in rats.
This finding lead to the hypothesis that
magnetic fields may have effects on sleeping. However
studies with volunteers exposed to 100 µT of 50 Hz magnetic
fields resulted, however, in relatively high melatonin
levels during night time so that the expected decrease of
melatonin serum levels under field exposure were not found.
Exposure of volunteers to GSM and DCS fields did not result
in statistically different melatonin secretion.
At present, there is a very weak
evidence that melatonin interaction could be important in
the explanation of the biological effects of non-ionising
radiation.
The supposed influence of magnetic
fields on steroid hormone regulation was the reason that a
relationship was suggested between exposure and mammary
cancer, a hypothesis thus far not confirmed.
4.2 Acute Health Effects
With cellular and animal systems no
consistent effects of either time varying or varying field
strength at frequencies below 100 KHz and current density
at or below 10 mA/m² could be established. At higher levels
of induced current density (10 - 100 mA/m²) significant
tissue effects including functional changes in the nervous
system occur. Minor effects on nervous system function and
a minor reduction in the heart rate of short duration upon
exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) fields have been
observed in experimental animals. Intense ELF fields can
stimulate peripheral nerves and muscle tissues directly in
experimental animals.
Acute thermal health effects have been
well established for the high frequency class of EMF, and
there is a consensus view that local temperature increase
of up to 1°C is of no concern. Such temperature changes may
arise from up to 30 minutes exposure to EMF which produce a
whole body specific energy absorption rate (SAR) between 1
- 4 W/kg. Exposure to more intense fields can produce
harmful levels of tissue heating because they exceed the
thermoregulatory capacity of the body.
Conclusion : As regards acute health effects limit
values can be set based on the scientific data.
4.3 Genotoxicity
A large number of genotoxicity
experiments has been published. The majority of these were
negative. In a few cases some equivocal effects were noted.
Examples, e.g. are an enhancement of the effect of
Mitomycin C (sister chromatid exchanges) in human
lymphocytes exposed to the microwaves of a GSM base station
(954 MHz, 15 W, SAR = 1.5 W/kg) and in an in-vitro
experiment with whole blood samples exposed to GSM emission
(calculated specific absorption rate 1.5 W/kg) in which
there were "indications" of increased chromosome
aberrations, especially dicentric chromosomes (Maes, 1997;
Maes 1993).
In a pilot study with 6 workers exposed
at least 1 h/day for at least 1 year to the emissions of
transmission antennas (mobile phone network) some chromatid
and chromosome breaks and gaps were detected, but no
significant dicentrics were found.
Conclusion : There is insufficient evidence to suggest
that EMF are mutagenic or can directly interact with
DNA.
4.4 Chronic Effects
A substantial number of epidemiological,
in vivo and in-vitro studies regarding long-term effects of
both classes of EMF (including pulsed microwave fields),
especially carcinogenicity have been published.
Carcinogenicity - Animal Studies
In rodents treated with a chemical
initiator, exposure to 50 Hz magnetic fields in the range
of 10 µT - 30 mT, indicated a possible promoting effect for
mammary cancer. The increased tumour incidence was
explained by field-induced suppression of pineal melatonin
resulting in increased steroid hormone levels with
increased breast cancer risk (Löscher, 1995). As already
mentioned, however, confirmatory evidence to support this
interpretation is lacking.
Recently two studies were performed by
NTP, with 50 Hz and 60 Hz fields respectively and different
intensities. In the two-years rat study the incidences of
thyroid gland C-cell adenoma and carcinoma in male rats
(exposed to 0.02 G) and of adenoma and adenoma or carcinoma
(combined) in 0.02 and 2 G males were significantly greater
than in the control group. In contrast, the incidence of
mononuclear cell leukaemia in males in the 10 G
intermittent group was significantly less than in the
control group. In the two-years mice study the incidences
of alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma were significantly
decreased in 0.02 and 2 G male mice and 2 F female mice
relative to the control group. Also, the incidences of
alveolar/bronchiolar adenoma or carcinoma (combined) were
significantly less in males and females exposed to 2 G than
in the control groups. In female mice, the incidence of
malignant lymphoma in the 10 G intermittent group was
significantly less than in the controls. There was no
increased incidence of brain, mammary gland carcinoma and
leukaemia with EMF. A second study with female rats
investigated the initiation/promotion effects of 50 and 60
Hz fields on DMBA carcinogenicity. No evidence that the
magnetic fields promoted the development of mammary gland
neoplasms could be found.
The conflicting experimental findings in
animal studies may be due to several reasons, e.g. exposure
conditions.
Conclusion : Carcinogenicity studies in laboratory
animals do not yet allow a final conclusion with respect
to the carcinogenicity of EMF. There is little evidence
from laboratory studies to support the hypothesis that
EMFs have a tumour promoting effect.
Carcinogenicity, Teratogenicity, Epidemiology
A large number of epidemiological
studies, both on exposed workers and the general
population, have been carried out to investigate the issue
of cancer in relation to EMF (particularly ELF)
exposure.
The great majority of the
epidemiological studies performed so far have major
limitations, either in study design, e.g. failure to adjust
appropriately for confounding factors, or in the
reliability of exposure assessment. Consequently, the
results are inconclusive. The findings may be summarised as
follows:
A large number of studies failed to
demonstrate any statistically significant risk excess. The
relative risk found in most of the studies, in which
positive results were noticed, was generally rather low and
the types of tumours where an excess incidence was
identified have varied greatly from one study to another.
The lack of a dose-response trend, even when exposure was
well documented (e.g. in electrical workers studies) is a
further inconsistency.
A possible increase in leukaemia
incidence in children living nearby power lines has been
raised frequently but the findings from epidemiology
studies designed to investigate this relationship are
inconclusive. A Danish Expert Group on Non-Ionising
Radiation, Danish Ministry of Health in its
report on the risk of cancer in children living in homes
exposed to 50 Hz magnetic fields from high-voltage
lines, came to the conclusion:
The expert group believes that neither the earlier nor
the latest studies offer sufficient documentation to
characterise 50 Hz magnetic fields in homes adjacent to
high-current electricity supply plants as a cancer-inducing
factor among children. The studies described do not,
however, allow this assumption to be dismissed." A
study carried out in Italy to estimate the cases of child
leukemia potentially attributable to proximity to
high-voltage lines, assuming a relative risk of 2.1,
indicated that the maximum number of cases per year would
lie between 1 and 3. (Comba
et al., 1985; Anversa
et al, 1995).
Studies in workers have also
investigated whether tumours of the nervous tissue, breast
and leukaemia are associated with ELF exposures. The Danish
Expert Group on Non-Ionising Radiation (Danish Ministry of
Health) in its
report on the risk of cancer among persons
occupationally exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic
fields, evaluated existing case control, cohort and
register studies (including e.g. 25.000 Danish welders) and
concluded that there was no convincing evidence for
increased risk of CNS cancer or leukaemia from EMF
exposure. If EMF does increase cancer incidence, the
incidence is likely to be very low. In a Danish cohort
study, including more than 30.000 electric utility workers,
no excess of incidences of leukaemia's and cancers of the
brain or breast among men or women was found. In this study
the hypothesis of an association of Alzheimer's disease
with EMF exposure could not be confirmed (Johansen,
1998).
Epidemiological studies performed with
women working with VDUs regarding adverse reproductive and
teratogenic effects did not show clear evidence of
increased incidence.
Presently IARC is organising an
international feasibility study with the aim of
establishing a comprehensive epidemiological programme
(within the ongoing WHO-EMF-Programme) to obtain more
definitive information.
Conclusion : The existing epidemiological and animal
studies are inconclusive with respect to a causal
association between exposure and cancer. Consequently
there is no scientific basis for setting limit values. If
it would be assumed that an increased childhood leukaemia
would be due to EMF, the relative increase would be less
than 10
-6.
4.5 Hypersensitive Individuals
There are many individual case reports
of a range of adverse health reactions (headaches,
dizziness, fatigue and faintness, tingling and pricking
sensations in the extremities, shortness of breath, heart
palpitations, profuse sweating, depression, memory
difficulties, sleep disturbances, difficulty concentrating,
emotional instability, fine tremor of the hands and
unconsciousness) alleged to be due to exposure to EMF. Such
episodes may be explained by individual hypersensitivity
attributed to EMF exposure. The absence of clear diagnostic
criteria does not allow for a conclusive judgement on the
existence and nature of such a hypersensitivity. These
effects are difficult to confirm and adequate
investigations by traditional animal and in vitro studies
will be difficult, since in the majority of cases only mild
non-specific symptoms are noticed.
Last year, an European group of experts
reported on this phenomenon for DG V and specified the
areas of concern and proposed the research work to be
done.
Conclusion : Insufficient information is available
concerning possible hypersensitivity due to EMF exposure.
Further results are awaited and these may provide the
basis which allows more definite conclusions. Setting
limit values based on hypersensitivity is inappropriate
at the present time.
5. Ongoing Studies
ICNIRP (the successor of IRPA/INIRC
which has strong relations to WHO, UNEP and other
international bodies) is taking the lead of investigating
hazards associated with non-ionising radiation
(NIR).
A five years WHO Study was started in
mid 1996 in collaboration with ICNIRP, IARC and other
international organisations as well as national
collaborating institutions. Its objectives are
co-ordination of international response to the concerns,
assessment of scientific literature and status reports,
identifications of gaps to achieve reliable risk
assessments, encourage research programmes, develop
Environmental Health Criteria Monographs with formal health
risk assessments and others.
Data gaps regarding in-vitro and in vivo
as well as epidemiological studies have been specified
following a WHO/ICNIRP Meeting in 1996 and an European
Commission Expert Group Report.
6. Proposed Opinion
A. As regards non-thermal exposure to
EMFs, the available literature does not provide sufficient
evidence to conclude that long-term effects occur as a
consequence of EMF exposure. Therefore any recommendation
for exposure limits regarding non-thermal long-term effects
cannot be made at this stage on a scientific basis.
Ongoing investigations within the WHO
Programme together with research envisaged within the Fifth
Framework Programme of the EU as elaborated in the EU
Public Health Report:
Non-ionising radiation - Sources, exposure and health
effects may provide an appropriate scientific basis for
improved assessment.
B. As regards the assessment of acute
thermal effects from 0 Hz - 300 GHz electromagnetic fields
the advice of the ICNIRP provides the appropriate basis to
develop exposure limits against this risk.
8. List of abbreviations, units
ELF: (Extremely low fields). This covers essentially
the frequencies of electrical power transmission, 16 2/3
Hz, 50 Hz and 60 Hz.
Frequencies:
Electrical Power Supply = 15 - 60 Hz
Broadcasting = 145 KHz - 854 MHz
GSM = 900MHz
DCS1800 = 1800 MHz
Radar (pulst) = 500 MHz - 100 GHz
TESLA: SI Unit for Magnetical Flux Density
GAUß: egs Unit for Magnetical Flux Density (1 Gauß =
1 Maxwell/m
2) (conversion: 10 Gauß = 1mTesla)
Ampere/m: magnetic field strength
Ampere/m
2:
electrical current density
SAR: specific Energy Absorption Rate
Volt/m: electric field strength
Watt/m
2:
power density
9. Acknowledgements
The present report and opinion adopted
by the Scientific Steering Committee is substantially based
on the work of a working group chaired by Professor
Dr.W.Klein. Special thanks are addressed to the members of
the working Professor Dr. M.Maroni, Professor .Dr. R.Kroes,
Professor Dr. M.Gibney and Professor .Dr. J.Bridges.
10. List of Relevant, Recent Scientific and Technical
Material
- Anversa, A. et al., 1995. POWER
FREQUENCY FIELDS, BUILDINGS AND THE GENERAL PUBLIC:
EXPOSURE LEVELS AND RISK ASSESSMENT; In: Healthy Buildings,
Proceedings of the 1995 Conference.
- Bergqvist, U.; E. Vogel (eds.), Report
prepared by an European group of experts for the European
Commission, DG V: Possible Health implications of
subjective symptoms and electromagnetic Fields.
Arbetslivsinstitutet, Solna. Arbete och Hälsa vetenskaplig
skriftserie: ISBN 91-7045-438-8, 1997.
- Bundesministerium für Umwelt,
Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit (BMU): Verordnung über
elektromagnetische Felder -26. BlmSchV-.
- Cardis E., IARC: Communication of
study design assessment of the feasibility of a
multi-centric study of adult head and neck tumours
(including brain tumors) and mobile telephones",
1998.
- Comba, P.; M. Grandolfo; S. Lagorio;
A. Polichetti; P. Vecchia: Risk of cancer related to 50/60
Hz magnetic fields, 23 p. Rapporti ISTISAN 95/29 (in
Italian) 1995.
- Decat, G.; J. van Aarle:
Kwantificering van de statisch magnetische strooivelden van
een 9,5 Tesla nucleaire magnetische resonantiespectrometer
gebruikt in de farmaceutische onderzoeksindustrie. Medecine
Du Travail & Ergonomie, Vol. XXXIV, No. 2, 1997.
- Decat, G.; P. van Tichelen: Electric
and Magnetic Fields of Domestic Microwave Ovens quantified
under Different Conditions. Journal of Microwave Power and
Electromagnetic Energy, Vol. 30, No. 2, 1995.
- Decat, G; R. Kerckhofs: Evaluatie van
elektrische en magnetische velden afkomstig van Belgische
hoog-spanningslijnen bij normale exploitatie. Energie &
Milieu Nr. 3, 1995.
- Decat, G; P. van Tichelen: Magnetic
Field Monitoring of a Microwave Oven Operating with and
without Metal Housing: A New Approach. Microwave World,
Vol. 16, No.2, 1995.
- European Commission, DGV/F/1/LUX2/98:
Draft Proposal for a Council Recommendation on limits for
exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields, 0
Hz-300 GHz.
- European Commission, DGV: Non-ionising
radiation. Sources, exposure and health effects. ISBN
92-827-9276-5, 1996.
- Expert Group on Non-ionising
Radiation, Danish Ministry of Health: Report on the risk of
cancer among persons occupationally exposed to extremely
low frequency magnetic fields. SEIIS Report No. 2, ISBN
87-89943-75-9.
- Expert Group on Non-ionising
Radiation, Danish Ministry of Health: Report on the risk of
cancer in children living in homes exposed to 50-Hz
magnetic fields from high-voltage lines. SEIIS Report No.
1, ISBN 87-601-4115-8.
- International Commission on
Non-Ionising Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), ICNIRP
Guidelines: Guidelines for limiting exposure to
time-varying electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields
(up to 300 GHz).
- Johansen, C.; J.H. Olsen: Risk of
cancer among Danish Utility workers - A Nationwide cohort
Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, Vol. 147 , No. 6,
1998.
- Löscher, W.; R.P. Liburdy, Review:
Animal and cellular studies on carcinogenic effects of low
frequency (50/60-Hz) magnetic fields. Mutation Research,
1998, in press.
- Löscher, W.; M. Mevissen: Linear
Relationship between flux densitiy and tumor co-promoting
effect of prolonging magnetic exposure in a breast cancer
model. Cancer Letters; 96:175-180; 1995.
- Maes, A.; M. Collier; U. van Gorp; S.
Vandoninck; L. Verschaeve: Cytogenetic effects of 935.2 MHz
(GSM) microwaves alone and in Combination with mitomycin C.
Mutation Research 393, 151-156, 1997.
- Maes, A.; M. Collier; D. Slaets; L.
Verschaeve: 954 MHz microwaves enhance the mutagenic
properties of mitomycin C. Environmental and Molecular
Mutagenesis 28, 26-30, 1996.
- Maes; A; M. Collier; D. Slaets; L.
Verschaeve: Cytogenetic Effects of Microwaves from Mobile
Communication Frequencies (954 MHz). Electro- and
Magnetobiology 14 (2), 91-98, 1995.
- Maes; A; L. Verschaeve; A. Arroyo; C.
De Wagter; L. Vercruyssen: IN Vitro Cytogenetic Effects of
2450 MHz Waves on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes.
Bioelectromagnetics, 14:495-501, 1993.
- National Radiological Protection
Board: Electromagnetic fields and the risk of cancer
(Report of an Advisory Group on Non-ionising Radiation)
Documents of the NRPB Volume 3 No. 1, Chilton, Didcot, Oxon
OX11 ORQ, 1992.
- Reißenweber, J.H.; David R.; David,
E.; Pfotenhauer, M.; Gehlen, C.: melatonin plasma levels
in healthy volunteers exposed to circularly polarized
magnetic 50 Hz Flux densities of 100 Microtesla and in
patients suffering from electromagnetic hypersensitivity.
Second World Congress for Electricity and Magnetism in
Biology and Medicine, June 8-13, Bologna, Italy,
1997.
- Repacholi, M.H.; E. Cardiz: Criteria
for EMF Health Risk Assessment. Radiation Protection
Dosimetry, Vol.72, No. 3-4, 305-312, 1997.
- Repacholi, M.H.:Low-Level Exposure to
Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields: Health Effects and
Research Needs. Review Article. Bioelectromagnetics 19,
1-19, 1998.
- Repacholi, M.H.; B. Greenbaum:
Interaction of Static and extremely low frequency Electric
and magnetic fields with living systems: Health Effects and
ResearcH needs. Submitted to Bioelectromagnetics December
1997.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, National Institute of
Health: NTP Technical Report on the Toxicology and
Carcinogenesis Studies of 60-Hz Magnetic Fields in F344/N
Rats and B6C3F1Mice. NIH-Publication No.
98-3978,1998.
- U.S. Department of Health and Human
Services, Public Health Service, National Institute of
Health: NTP Technical Report on the Studies of Magnetic
Field Promotion (DMBA Initiation) in Sprague-Dawley Rats
(Gavage/whole-Body Exposure Studies). NIH-Publication No.
98-3979, 1998.
- Verschaeve, L.: Review: Can non
ionising radiation induce cancer? The Cancer Journal, Vol.
8, No. 5, 1995.
- VITO: Evaluatie van 50 Hz Elektrische
En Magnetische Velden Door Middel Van Puntmetingen, Continu
metingen En Dosimetrie. G. Decat; R. Kerckhofs. ENE.RA
9505, 1995.
- VITO: Lekstraling, Energierendement En
Warmteverdeling Van Huishoudelijke Microgolfovens:
Meetcampagne Op 72 In Gebruik Zijnde Ovens. G. Decat.
ENE.RA9316, 1993.
- VITO: Monitoring En Biologische
Effecten van 50 Hz Elektrische Velden: Een Stand Van Zaken.
G. Decat; A. Maes, L. Verschaeve, J. Van Rensbergen.
VITO-Seminarie,1997.
- VITO: Monitoring van
Electromagnetische Velden: VITO-Publicaties &
Rapporten. List of References, G.Decat.
- WHO: The International EMF Project.
Health effects of static and time varying electric and
magnetic fields. Progress Report 1996-1997.
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