This guidance document presents four case studies to showcase real problems and solutions when dealing with counterfactual evaluations of the European Social Fund. It complements the earlier publications “Design and Commissioning of the Counterfactual Impact Evaluations”, “Advanced counterfactual evaluation methods” and “How to use administrative data for European Social Funds counterfactual impact evaluations”. These guidance documents introduced the counterfactual impact evaluations and their methods at basic and advanced levels.

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