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Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety
Opinion on The report by WS Atkins International Ltd (vol. A) "Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use", opinion expressed at the 6th CSTEE plenary meeting, Brussels, 27 November 1998.
Title of Opinion
On the WS Atkins Final Report Volume A, April 1998: "Assessment of the risks to health and to the environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the effects of further restrictions on their marketing and use"
Abbreviated Summary
Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and Environment (CSTEE)
The CSTEE has been asked to express its opinion on the adequacy of the report named above:
(1) With regard to tin, is the reported degree of risk to the aquatic environment and to man via the environment sufficiently justified by the study?
(2) Are studies of a good quality taking account of the constraints on the consultants in terms of budget and timing?
Opinion:
(1) The degree of risk for both the aquatic environment and human health reported in the study of WS Atkins is sufficiently justified although it should be noted that no reference is made to the possible activity of TBT as an endocrine disrupting chemical. Nonetheless, a lower ADI (0.25 m g/Kg/day) is recommended instead of the 1.6 m g/Kg/day, based on immunotoxicity findings in a chronic study with rats.
(2) The CSTEE declines to comment on the budget and timing constraints placed on WS Atkins in preparing the report, although it should be deemed as appropriate for decision making.
Executive Summary
Question: Whether the assessment of the degree of risk to the environment and man, as assessed by the Atkins Final Report Volume A, April 1998, "Assessment of the risk to health and to the environment of Tin Organic Compounds in antifouling Paint and of effects of further restrictions on their marketing and use", is sufficiently justified and to provide a comment on the general quality of Report.
Answer: The present report has some serious deficiencies. In particular no reference is made to the possible endocrine disrupting activity of TBT. Although there is a scarcity of available data about the budget and timing constraints placed on WS Atkins in preparing the report, it may be deemed as generally appropriate for decision making.
- The Main Element of the scientific justification of the answer has been based on a range of information from published literature, trade association, regulatory authorities and WHO.
- No reference was made to the endocrine disrupting effects of organic tin products.
Assessment
The European Commission has previously addressed this question on at least three different occasions:
(i) A report prepared for the former Scientific Advisory Committee for the Examination of Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of Chemical Compounds (CSTE) by P.L. Chambers and
(ii) a MESDPA research contract of D.G. XI besides sponsoring of International Organotin Symposia.
(iii) Atkins Report Summary
Tributyltin (TBT) is the only tin organic compound used in antifouling paint. TBT is amongst the most toxic molecules ever introduced deliberately into the marine environment.
Fouling of ship hulls has an important effect on fuel consumption. Without the use of antifouling substances fuel consumption can be more than 50% higher.
The ecological and economical impact of TBT did not become evident until deformation and reproductive failure were observed in commercial stocks of oysters. The most sensitive organisms to TBT are molluscs, namely larvae and juveniles' groups, with threshold concentrations in order of the ng/l. The EU Water Quality Objective for TBTO in marine waters is 1 ng/l. This was submitted by the CSTE for adoption in June 1992.
The effects of TBT on aquatic animals include reproduction anomalies in gastropods (imposex), oystershell thickening, reduced growth rates for mussels and impaired oogenesis and egg production. The LOEC in marine organisms was found in the gastropod Nucella lapillus for the imposex phenomenon (1 ng/l). The acceptable NOEC can be obtained by dividing the LOEC by two thus giving a NOEC of 0.5 ng/l for Nucella lapillus. An assessment factor of 1 for this species which seems to be the most sensitive marine organism, is considered appropriate, producing a PNEC value of 0.5 ng/l
TBT is metabolised by typical phase I and phase II reactions, the former via cytochromes P450 (CYP) and the latter involving conjugation reactions. Phase I and Phase II enzyme systems facilitate the elimination of TBT. Oysters and other bivalves have very low CYP activity which correlates with their slow rate of toxicant oxidation. This low CYP-depedent detoxifying activity generally found in molluscs may partially explain this group susceptibility to TBT (Lee, 1991).
Although the hormonal systems of invertebrates are poorly understood as compared with those of vertebrates, it is known that molluscan steroidogenesis is similar to that of vertebrates. Imposex (as well as intersex) are forms of endocrine disruption possibly mediated by inhibition of cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1) resulting in high levels of testosterone that masculinize exposed females due to a built up of testosterone in TB-exposed females. In the case of TBT, it would seem that the effect is due to competitive inhibition of the cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1).
TBT has a Kow>3 and a bioconcentration factor between 1000-7000 depending on the organism tested. It has a persistence of ca.2 weeks in column water and ca.2 months in biota and between 0.5-20 years in sediments depending on the oxygen concentration. The dumping of contaminated sediments can have significant effects on the water quality of the area.
Release from manufacture, application and use of TBT in antifouling paints takes place into the aquatic environment.
Directive 89/677/EEC limited the use of TBT based paints to ships with hulls greater than 25 m in length. Besides the application of TBT based paints in dockyards those boats additionally contribute to a continuous release of TBT to the aquatic environment.
Health risks to man are likely to exist in two instances:
(i) When at the workplace, during manufacture and application of TBT based paints, no adequate protection equipment is used;
(ii) by ingestion of TBT contaminated fish and seafood.
In situation (i) adequate respiratory protective equipment must be provided. This should eliminate the risk to health or at least the risks should then become negligible.
In situation (ii) a health risk (impairment of immune system probably through reduction of proliferative activity of thymocytes) exists if the water concentration of TBT attains values in the order of 130 ng/l assuming a daily intake of 115g of fish and/or seafood using an ADI of 112m g (1.6m g/kg/day) and a concentration factor of 7000 (worst case assumptions). These high TBT concentrations in water can only be attained near repair dockyards.
The ADI of 1.6m g/kg/day is the one used in the WS Atkins report and also the one adopted by the Japanese authorities. Perhaps a more cautionary level of 0.25m g/kg/day should be used as the ADI. Such an ADI is recommended by the work of Vos. et al. (1990) on the immune system in the rat. The WHO (1990) considers that this endpoint is still controversial for human risk assessment. The US EPA in IRIS currently gives a Bench Mark Dose (BMD10) of 0.03 mg/Kg/day based on the work of Vos et al. (1990) based on the immunotoxic response in rats; taking a safety factor of 100 this leads to an ADI of 0.30m g/Kg/day.
IRIS goes on to state that no information was located regarding toxicity of TBTO in humans following oral exposure. Human data summarised by Boyer (1989) suggest that tributyltin oxide is a potent non-allergenic dermal irritant.
Indeed the effects of TBT in humans are not well documented, except for induction of apoptosis in granulocytes and human thymocytes.
A value for an accurate ADI of TBT for man has not yet been universally agreed. The current acceptable values range from 5.0 - 0.25 m g/Kg/day, (WHO, De Mora and Pelletier, 1997).
Conclusion to question (1):
The degree of risk for the aquatic environment reported in the study of WS Atkins is sufficiently justified. For human risk assessment a lower ADI (0.25 m g/Kg/day) is recommended.
Conclusion to question (2):
The CSTEE declines to comment on the budget and timing constraints placed on WS Atkins in preparing the report. They have used a reasonable approach for risk assessment, however there are concerns as identified above.
Titles:
Boyer, I.J. Toxicology. 55: 253-298, 1989.
Lee, R.F. Marine Environm. Res. 32: 29-35, 1991.
Matthiesen, P. and Gibbs, P.E. Environm. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 37-43, 1998.
De Mora, S.J.; Pelletier, E. Environm. Technol. 18: 1169-1177, 1997
Vos, J.G.; De Klerk, A.; Krajnc, E.I.; Van Loveren, H. and Rozing, I. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 105: 144-155, 1990.
WHO.Environmental Health Criteria 116. Tributyltin Compounds. Geneva, 1990.
List of documents made available to the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment via its Secretariat to help it reach the opinion requested by the services of the Commission on the subject of : "Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use"
CSTEE/98/5
Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds and of Arsenic in Certain Biocidal Products and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use
Draft Final Report
Volume A :
Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use
February 1998 - WS Atkins International Ltd
CSTEE/98/5 - Rev. 1
Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds and of Arsenic in Certain Biocidal Products and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use
Final Report
Volume A :
Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use
April 1998 - WS Atkins International Ltd
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 1
CSTEE/98/6 - Add. 1
Annex II to contract with WS Atkins International (Tin, Arsenic)
Technical Annex description.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 2 (Doc. III/3505/98)
Review of Directive 89/677 on tin organic compounds.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 3
CSTEE/98/6 - Add. 3
Council Directive of 21 December 1989 amending for the 8th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (89/677/EEC) - OJEC No. L 398/19 of 30.12.89.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 4
Assessment of the risks to health and the environment of tin organic compounds - Preliminary report - Dr. J. Rueff.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 4 - Rev.1
Assessment of the risks to health and the environment of tin organic compounds - Preliminary report - Dr. J. Rueff.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 4 - Rev.2
Assessment of the risks to health and the environment of tin organic compounds - Preliminary report - Dr. J. Rueff.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 5
The toxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) and di-n-butyltindichloride (DBTC) in the small fish species Oryzias latipes (medaka) and Poecilia reticulata (guppy) - Report made by P.W. Wester, J.H. Canton, A.A.J. Van Iersel, E.I. Krajnc and H.A.M.G. Vaessen and accepted 17 July 1989.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 6
Tributyltin compounds - Environmental Health Criteria 116 - Report published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization (1990 - First draft).
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 7
Immunotoxicity of Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide in the Rat: Effects on Thymus-Dependent Immunity and on Nonspecific Resistance following Long-Term Exposure in Yound versus Aged Rats - J.G. Vos, A. De Klerk, E.I. Krajnc, H. Van Loveren and J. Rozing - Report accepted May 3, 1990.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 8
Histopathological study of Poecilia reticulata (guppy) after long-term exposure to bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) and di-n-butyltindichloride (DBTC) - P.W. Wester and J.H. Canton - Report accepted 18 February 1987.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 9
Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) - CASRN 56-35-9 (09/01/97) - Dr. J. Rueff.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 10
Comments on the Draft Final Report "Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use".
Federal Environmental Agency of Germany - Umweltbundesamt Berlin - 23/4/1998.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 11
Swedish comments to the first interim report by WS Atkins - October 1997 - on Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint.
21 November 1997 - KEMI.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 12
CSTEE/98/6 - Add. 12
Review of Directive 89/677 on Arsenic and Tin (Inter Alia) "Swedish comments to First Interim Reports by WS Atkins on Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds and Arsenic in Certain Biocidal Products, October 1997".
28 November 1997 - KEMI.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 13
Swedish comments to : Interim Report Part B by WS Atkins December 1997 on "Tin organic compounds - Effects of further Restrictions on the Marketing and Use".
KEMI - 26 January 1998.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 14
Literature survey on ecotoxicology and environmental exposure of organotin compounds with emphasis on use in antifouling paints - Final draft.
National Chemicals Inspectorate - Sylvia Karlsson - September 1997.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 15
The Baltic Sea environment, and its sensitivity to pollutants with emphasis on organic tin compounds.
KEMI Report PM Nr 3/97 - March 1997.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 16
Consequences of restricted use of organic tin compounds for the shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.
KEMI Report PM Nr 7/97 - Karin Magnusson - Exemption Substances Project.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 17
CSTEE/98/6 - Add. 14
Review of Directive 89/677/EEC on Arsenic and Tin (Inter Alia).
11 March 1998 - KEMI.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 18
Comments on the Final Report "Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds and of Arsenic in Certain Biocidal Products and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use, Volume A: Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use" prepared by WS Atkins Consultants.
July 06, 1998 - Witco GmbH, Elf Atochem Vlissingen B.V.
Title of Opinion
On the WS Atkins Final Report Volume A, April 1998: "Assessment of the risks to health and to the environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the effects of further restrictions on their marketing and use"
Abbreviated Summary
Opinion of the Scientific Committee for Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and Environment (CSTEE)
The CSTEE has been asked to express its opinion on the adequacy of the report named above:
(1) With regard to tin, is the reported degree of risk to the aquatic environment and to man via the environment sufficiently justified by the study?
(2) Are studies of a good quality taking account of the constraints on the consultants in terms of budget and timing?
Opinion:
(1) The degree of risk for both the aquatic environment and human health reported in the study of WS Atkins is sufficiently justified although it should be noted that no reference is made to the possible activity of TBT as an endocrine disrupting chemical. Nonetheless, a lower ADI (0.25 m g/Kg/day) is recommended instead of the 1.6 m g/Kg/day, based on immunotoxicity findings in a chronic study with rats.
(2) The CSTEE declines to comment on the budget and timing constraints placed on WS Atkins in preparing the report, although it should be deemed as appropriate for decision making.
Executive Summary
Question: Whether the assessment of the degree of risk to the environment and man, as assessed by the Atkins Final Report Volume A, April 1998, "Assessment of the risk to health and to the environment of Tin Organic Compounds in antifouling Paint and of effects of further restrictions on their marketing and use", is sufficiently justified and to provide a comment on the general quality of Report.
Answer: The present report has some serious deficiencies. In particular no reference is made to the possible endocrine disrupting activity of TBT. Although there is a scarcity of available data about the budget and timing constraints placed on WS Atkins in preparing the report, it may be deemed as generally appropriate for decision making.
- The Main Element of the scientific justification of the answer has been based on a range of information from published literature, trade association, regulatory authorities and WHO.
- No reference was made to the endocrine disrupting effects of organic tin products.
Assessment
The European Commission has previously addressed this question on at least three different occasions:
(i) A report prepared for the former Scientific Advisory Committee for the Examination of Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of Chemical Compounds (CSTE) by P.L. Chambers and
(ii) a MESDPA research contract of D.G. XI besides sponsoring of International Organotin Symposia.
(iii) Atkins Report Summary
Tributyltin (TBT) is the only tin organic compound used in antifouling paint. TBT is amongst the most toxic molecules ever introduced deliberately into the marine environment.
Fouling of ship hulls has an important effect on fuel consumption. Without the use of antifouling substances fuel consumption can be more than 50% higher.
The ecological and economical impact of TBT did not become evident until deformation and reproductive failure were observed in commercial stocks of oysters. The most sensitive organisms to TBT are molluscs, namely larvae and juveniles' groups, with threshold concentrations in order of the ng/l. The EU Water Quality Objective for TBTO in marine waters is 1 ng/l. This was submitted by the CSTE for adoption in June 1992.
The effects of TBT on aquatic animals include reproduction anomalies in gastropods (imposex), oystershell thickening, reduced growth rates for mussels and impaired oogenesis and egg production. The LOEC in marine organisms was found in the gastropod Nucella lapillus for the imposex phenomenon (1 ng/l). The acceptable NOEC can be obtained by dividing the LOEC by two thus giving a NOEC of 0.5 ng/l for Nucella lapillus. An assessment factor of 1 for this species which seems to be the most sensitive marine organism, is considered appropriate, producing a PNEC value of 0.5 ng/l
TBT is metabolised by typical phase I and phase II reactions, the former via cytochromes P450 (CYP) and the latter involving conjugation reactions. Phase I and Phase II enzyme systems facilitate the elimination of TBT. Oysters and other bivalves have very low CYP activity which correlates with their slow rate of toxicant oxidation. This low CYP-depedent detoxifying activity generally found in molluscs may partially explain this group susceptibility to TBT (Lee, 1991).
Although the hormonal systems of invertebrates are poorly understood as compared with those of vertebrates, it is known that molluscan steroidogenesis is similar to that of vertebrates. Imposex (as well as intersex) are forms of endocrine disruption possibly mediated by inhibition of cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1) resulting in high levels of testosterone that masculinize exposed females due to a built up of testosterone in TB-exposed females. In the case of TBT, it would seem that the effect is due to competitive inhibition of the cytochrome P450 aromatase (CYP19A1).
TBT has a Kow>3 and a bioconcentration factor between 1000-7000 depending on the organism tested. It has a persistence of ca.2 weeks in column water and ca.2 months in biota and between 0.5-20 years in sediments depending on the oxygen concentration. The dumping of contaminated sediments can have significant effects on the water quality of the area.
Release from manufacture, application and use of TBT in antifouling paints takes place into the aquatic environment.
Directive 89/677/EEC limited the use of TBT based paints to ships with hulls greater than 25 m in length. Besides the application of TBT based paints in dockyards those boats additionally contribute to a continuous release of TBT to the aquatic environment.
Health risks to man are likely to exist in two instances:
(i) When at the workplace, during manufacture and application of TBT based paints, no adequate protection equipment is used;
(ii) by ingestion of TBT contaminated fish and seafood.
In situation (i) adequate respiratory protective equipment must be provided. This should eliminate the risk to health or at least the risks should then become negligible.
In situation (ii) a health risk (impairment of immune system probably through reduction of proliferative activity of thymocytes) exists if the water concentration of TBT attains values in the order of 130 ng/l assuming a daily intake of 115g of fish and/or seafood using an ADI of 112m g (1.6m g/kg/day) and a concentration factor of 7000 (worst case assumptions). These high TBT concentrations in water can only be attained near repair dockyards.
The ADI of 1.6m g/kg/day is the one used in the WS Atkins report and also the one adopted by the Japanese authorities. Perhaps a more cautionary level of 0.25m g/kg/day should be used as the ADI. Such an ADI is recommended by the work of Vos. et al. (1990) on the immune system in the rat. The WHO (1990) considers that this endpoint is still controversial for human risk assessment. The US EPA in IRIS currently gives a Bench Mark Dose (BMD10) of 0.03 mg/Kg/day based on the work of Vos et al. (1990) based on the immunotoxic response in rats; taking a safety factor of 100 this leads to an ADI of 0.30m g/Kg/day.
IRIS goes on to state that no information was located regarding toxicity of TBTO in humans following oral exposure. Human data summarised by Boyer (1989) suggest that tributyltin oxide is a potent non-allergenic dermal irritant.
Indeed the effects of TBT in humans are not well documented, except for induction of apoptosis in granulocytes and human thymocytes.
A value for an accurate ADI of TBT for man has not yet been universally agreed. The current acceptable values range from 5.0 - 0.25 m g/Kg/day, (WHO, De Mora and Pelletier, 1997).
Conclusion to question (1):
The degree of risk for the aquatic environment reported in the study of WS Atkins is sufficiently justified. For human risk assessment a lower ADI (0.25 m g/Kg/day) is recommended.
Conclusion to question (2):
The CSTEE declines to comment on the budget and timing constraints placed on WS Atkins in preparing the report. They have used a reasonable approach for risk assessment, however there are concerns as identified above.
Titles:
Boyer, I.J. Toxicology. 55: 253-298, 1989.
Lee, R.F. Marine Environm. Res. 32: 29-35, 1991.
Matthiesen, P. and Gibbs, P.E. Environm. Toxicol. Chem. 17: 37-43, 1998.
De Mora, S.J.; Pelletier, E. Environm. Technol. 18: 1169-1177, 1997
Vos, J.G.; De Klerk, A.; Krajnc, E.I.; Van Loveren, H. and Rozing, I. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 105: 144-155, 1990.
WHO.Environmental Health Criteria 116. Tributyltin Compounds. Geneva, 1990.
List of documents made available to the Scientific Committee on Toxicity, Ecotoxicity and the Environment via its Secretariat to help it reach the opinion requested by the services of the Commission on the subject of : "Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use"
CSTEE/98/5
Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds and of Arsenic in Certain Biocidal Products and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use
Draft Final Report
Volume A :
Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use
February 1998 - WS Atkins International Ltd
CSTEE/98/5 - Rev. 1
Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds and of Arsenic in Certain Biocidal Products and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use
Final Report
Volume A :
Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use
April 1998 - WS Atkins International Ltd
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 1
CSTEE/98/6 - Add. 1
Annex II to contract with WS Atkins International (Tin, Arsenic)
Technical Annex description.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 2 (Doc. III/3505/98)
Review of Directive 89/677 on tin organic compounds.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 3
CSTEE/98/6 - Add. 3
Council Directive of 21 December 1989 amending for the 8th time Directive 76/769/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to restrictions on the marketing and use of certain dangerous substances and preparations (89/677/EEC) - OJEC No. L 398/19 of 30.12.89.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 4
Assessment of the risks to health and the environment of tin organic compounds - Preliminary report - Dr. J. Rueff.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 4 - Rev.1
Assessment of the risks to health and the environment of tin organic compounds - Preliminary report - Dr. J. Rueff.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 4 - Rev.2
Assessment of the risks to health and the environment of tin organic compounds - Preliminary report - Dr. J. Rueff.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 5
The toxicity of bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) and di-n-butyltindichloride (DBTC) in the small fish species Oryzias latipes (medaka) and Poecilia reticulata (guppy) - Report made by P.W. Wester, J.H. Canton, A.A.J. Van Iersel, E.I. Krajnc and H.A.M.G. Vaessen and accepted 17 July 1989.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 6
Tributyltin compounds - Environmental Health Criteria 116 - Report published under the joint sponsorship of the United Nations Environment Programme, the International Labour Organisation, and the World Health Organization (1990 - First draft).
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 7
Immunotoxicity of Bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide in the Rat: Effects on Thymus-Dependent Immunity and on Nonspecific Resistance following Long-Term Exposure in Yound versus Aged Rats - J.G. Vos, A. De Klerk, E.I. Krajnc, H. Van Loveren and J. Rozing - Report accepted May 3, 1990.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 8
Histopathological study of Poecilia reticulata (guppy) after long-term exposure to bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide (TBTO) and di-n-butyltindichloride (DBTC) - P.W. Wester and J.H. Canton - Report accepted 18 February 1987.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 9
Tributyltin oxide (TBTO) - CASRN 56-35-9 (09/01/97) - Dr. J. Rueff.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 10
Comments on the Draft Final Report "Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use".
Federal Environmental Agency of Germany - Umweltbundesamt Berlin - 23/4/1998.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 11
Swedish comments to the first interim report by WS Atkins - October 1997 - on Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint.
21 November 1997 - KEMI.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 12
CSTEE/98/6 - Add. 12
Review of Directive 89/677 on Arsenic and Tin (Inter Alia) "Swedish comments to First Interim Reports by WS Atkins on Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds and Arsenic in Certain Biocidal Products, October 1997".
28 November 1997 - KEMI.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 13
Swedish comments to : Interim Report Part B by WS Atkins December 1997 on "Tin organic compounds - Effects of further Restrictions on the Marketing and Use".
KEMI - 26 January 1998.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 14
Literature survey on ecotoxicology and environmental exposure of organotin compounds with emphasis on use in antifouling paints - Final draft.
National Chemicals Inspectorate - Sylvia Karlsson - September 1997.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 15
The Baltic Sea environment, and its sensitivity to pollutants with emphasis on organic tin compounds.
KEMI Report PM Nr 3/97 - March 1997.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 16
Consequences of restricted use of organic tin compounds for the shipping in the Baltic Sea and the North Sea.
KEMI Report PM Nr 7/97 - Karin Magnusson - Exemption Substances Project.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 17
CSTEE/98/6 - Add. 14
Review of Directive 89/677/EEC on Arsenic and Tin (Inter Alia).
11 March 1998 - KEMI.
CSTEE/98/5 - Add. 18
Comments on the Final Report "Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds and of Arsenic in Certain Biocidal Products and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use, Volume A: Assessment of the Risks to Health and to the Environment of Tin Organic Compounds in Antifouling Paint and of the Effects of Further Restrictions on their Marketing and Use" prepared by WS Atkins Consultants.
July 06, 1998 - Witco GmbH, Elf Atochem Vlissingen B.V.
