- General information enquiries
- Call 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11
- E-mail your questions
Directorate-General for Health and Food Safety
Opinion of the Scientific Advisory Committee to examine the Toxicity and Ecotoxicity of chemical compounds (CSTE) on 'Nickel in Euro coins' at 24 October 1997 (after taking into account the results of tests of nickel release carried out with samples of coins of 2 Euro)
When the CSTE adopted the opinion the results of the tests mentioned under reference were still not available. The CSTE expressed the view that it was extremely unlikely that the results would be significantly different from those already available in respect of similar tests carried out with coins of 1 kr (SW) and 10 p (UK) since these two coins have a composition identical to that of the samples of 2 Euro that were undergoing testing.
At the meeting of 4 September 1997 it had however also been agreed that members of the CSTE would be sent the results of such tests when these would become available in view of obtaining the CSTE members' views on the validity of the adopted opinion in the light of such results.
By 14 October 1997 all results became finally available from the four different laboratories (one from DE, one from the UK, one from NL and one from the JRC) with which the European Commission had established contracts to carry out the tests. The results were sent to members of the CSTE the following day with the specific request that CSTE members should inform the competent services of the European Commission (Secretariat of the CSTE) in case they believed that the results justified changing the opinion. The deadline given for comments was set for 24 October 1997.
All answers received specifically mentioned that results of the tests did not justify changing the opinion adopted at the occasion of the CSTE meeting of 4th September 1997.
Consequently, having carried out this formal consultation in writing and having not received answers specifically disagreeing with the opinion adopted or requesting changes and/or additional comments, the opinion of the CSTE on 'Nickel in Euro coins' adopted the 4th September 1997 must be considered the final one. A copy with the explanatory note and a list of the bibliography consulted follows for easier reference.
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO EXAMINE THE TOXICITY AND ECOTOXICITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS (CSTE)
OPINION ON NICKEL IN EURO COINS
(expressed on 4 September 1997)
Nickel in Euro Coins - Opinion of the CSTE
The European Commission, being concerned about the risk of allergic disorders due to nickel, had asked the CSTE to consider the possibility that nickel in Euro coins might cause health problems in the ordinary consumer and in workers handling coins in their jobs.
The CSTE received much information from members of the European Contact Dermatitis Research group, from the small amount of published literature and from direct correspondence with experts in dermatology and occupational health in many countries of the European Union based on their professional experience of these sectors of the population. A list of the information considered by the CSTE is attached as Appendix A.
1. The CSTE considered that allergy would be the only health problem that might be associated with exposure to nickel released from Euro coins.
The risks would be either of causing allergic sensitisation (which might or might not be associated with a clinical disorder) or of producing allergic dermatitis on exposure to nickel of someone already sensitised to that metal.
In the latter case, the disease, if any, most likely to be produced would be allergic contact dermatitis.
2. The work of the CSTE made it apparent that there are very few data about existing coinage as the cause of allergic dermatitis. There have been no formal epidemiological studies so our views have been based on our general understanding of allergies and on largely unpublished data and opinions from various experts.
The risk of eliciting allergic reactions rises as the quantity of nickel released increases.
3. The CSTE agreed that there was no evidence to suggest that current coinage had been associated with the initiation of sensitisation either in workers handling coins or in the ordinary consumer.
The limited data showed that nickel containing coins now circulating in many countries release nickel at rates well above the figure suggested in the nickel directive.
4. In those already sensitised to nickel, although the evidence was very limited, allergic dermatitis has been reported in a few workers handling coins at work.
5. Similarly, but there is less information, a very small proportion of ordinary consumers already sensitised to nickel may also have developed allergic dermatitis from handling coins.
6. In both instances the risk of eliciting allergic dermatitis is probably very low but that statement is based on a small amount of information.
7. In response to the specific questions the answer of the CSTE is:
The assessment of the very limited information available to the CSTE led to the conclusions:
a. Is there a risk for the average consumer from using/manipulating Euro coins containing nickel?
The risk to be considered is of eliciting allergic dermatitis of the hands in someone already sensitised to nickel. The very limited information suggests that very few cases of dermatitis may be caused by the release of nickel from present day coins so it is unlikely that new coins with a similar release rate would cause a greater risk.
b. Are workers professionally handling coins more likely to suffer health effects than the average consumer?
The relevant risk, namely elicitation of allergic dermatitis in pre sensitised workers appears to be very low in those handling present day coinage. Again, it appears unlikely that nickel released at up to the same rate from the new Euro coins would produce an increased incidence of this disorder.
Explanatory note
During the discussions within the CSTE of the subject 'Nickel in Euro coins' it was acknowledged that the data available to enable it to issue an opinion was scarce.
One information element that could contribute to clarify the problem is the possibility of submitting samples of the future Euro coins to tests of nickel release and the European Commission established contracts with three independent laboratories with a view to having the results available as soon as possible.
The opinion of the CSTE was arrived at based on the belief that the results of those tests will confirm the assumption that the nickel release rate of samples of Euro coins (1 and 2 Euro) tested is not higher than that which is characteristic of nickel containing coins already in circulation in Member States of the European Union.
In the (presumed unlikely) possibility that the above mentioned assumption will not be confirmed the Commission reserves itself the right to convene again a meeting of the CSTE to make them revise their opinion.
Appendix A
Documents sent to SCTE
concerning the use of Nickel in coins
CSTE 24/97/1 Release of Nickel from silver coins - Pedersen / Fregert / Brodelius / Gruvberger - Acta Dermatovener (Stockholm) 54 : 231-234, 1974
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 1 Nickel contact dermatitis from consumer products (documentation and evaluation of preventive aspects) - European Environmental Contact Dermatitis Research Group, 1990- SPC 235-90 (provided in EN and FR)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 2 European Parliament and Council Directive 94/27 EC of 30 June 1994 amending Directive 76/679/EEC
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 3 Re Nickel Allergy and Coins - letter to Mr. Bengt Ake Berg (Royal Swedish Mint) from Lidén and other scientists (SV, DK, NL, ES, SF, B, UK, IT). Annex I reviews relevant publications and Annex 2 provides a list of references to scientific literature (19-4-96)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 4 Re Nickel Allergy and Coins - letter to Mr. Bengt Ake Berg (Royal Swedish Mint) from Lidén and other scientists (SV, DK, NL, ES, CH, D, SF, B, UK, IT..) concerning extended provocation study which was underway in SV, DK, IT, NL, ES, CH, (20.10.96)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 5 Letter from EFA to Ministers of Finance concerning The Euro coins and health aspects (6.1.97)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 6 Report: nickel allergy and coins. A European provocation study (plus Add. Study : Nickel Allergy and coins - instructions). Sent to Mr. Bengt Ake Berg (15.1.97)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 7 Note from Brunko to Wissenbach (DG XXIV) on classification of nickel en tant que sensibilisant / composition de I'Euro.
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 8 European Coins should be safe for people with nickel allergy - Lidén (presentation to the Euro Working Group of the Consumer Committee, Brussels, 2 June 1997)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 9 Contact Allergy to Nickel - Goossens (presentation to the Euro Working Group of the Consumer Committee, Brussels, 2 June 1997).
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 10 Acciaio inossidabile e sensitizzazione per contatto con la pelle - selection of 7 documents - provided by Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A.
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 11 European coins should be safer for people with nickel allergy. Why and how? - Lidén (note from Stockolms landsting - Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology).
CSTE24/97/1-Add.12 Dermite de contact par sensibilisation au nickel contenu dans les produits de consommation - Recherche documentaire et évaluation des aspects préventifs (Groupe Européen de Recherche sur l'eczéma de contact) - SPC-235-90-FR
CSTE24/97/1-Add.13 - Outline of analysis on nickel in coins
List of possible laboratories from CENT/TC/283/WG 4/Task Group
Reference test method for release of nickel from products intended to come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin
CSTE24/97/1-Add.14 IPCS document on nickel focusing on its general properties, evaluation for human health and environmental risks.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.15 Evaluation of early indicators for sensitisation to nickel, cobalt and chromium. Methods for risk assessment. Summary on the ongoing study being coordinated by Dr O. Vesterberg of the National Institute for Working Life in Solna.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.16 Nickel allergy and coins. Letter from C. Lidén to DG XXIV, 1997-06-19.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.17 Series of documents sent by the European Trade Union Technical Bureau for Health and Safety (TUTB) to DG XXIV. They are the result of a database search (CISDOC and NIOSH databases) of reported cases of allergy to nickel and an excerpt of N° 67 of the publication 'Documents pour le médecin du travail' with an article on 'Allergie de contact aux métaux et à leurs sels'.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.18 Letter from EPI-DERM, Occupational skin surveillance, to Prof Dayan on cases of nickel contact dermatitis reported to EPIDERM between February 1993 and January 1996.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.19 Excerpt from list provided by the firm KRUP VDM with the composition of the coins currently in circulation in EU Member States.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.20 ECETOC technical report N° 45 - Nickel, Cobalt and Chromium in Consumer Products: Allergic contact dermatitis. Brussels, March 1992.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.21 Current contact news. Coin dermatitis - Alexander A. Fisher, MD.. Cutis 33(6): 530, 36, 43, 1984.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.22 Allergy to coined money: Nickel contact dermatitis in cashiers - R. Gollhausen, MD, and J. Ring, MD, PhD. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, pp. 365-369.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.23 Occupational contact with coins in nickel-allergic patients - W. G. van Kete. Short Communications, Contact Dermatitis 1985: 12: 108-124.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.24 Metal content in Spanish coins - L. Conde-Salazar, L. Romero and D. Guimaraens. Short Communications, Contact Dermatitis 7, 166, 1981.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.25 Nickel coin dermatitis - S L Husain, MB, MRCP, consultant dermatologist. British Medical Journal, p. 998, 15 October 1997.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.26 Metal content of indian coins - P. K. Nigam and A. K. Saxena. Short communications, Contact Dermatitis 18, 309, 1988.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.27 Ecological considerations on nickel dermatitis - Poul V. Marcussen. Brit. J. industr. Med., 1960, 17, 65.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.28 Diagnostic value of the lymphocyte proliferation test in nickel contact allergy and provocation in occupational coin dermatitis - Liisa Räsänen and Maria-Leena Tuomi. Contact Dermatitis 1992: 27: 250-254.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.29 Nickel-containing alloys and platings and their ability to cause dermatitis - C. Lidén, T. Menné and D. Burrows. British Journal of Dermatology 1996; 134: 193-198.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.30 Prevention of Nickel Allergy by Regulation of Specific Exposures - Torkil Menné, M.D.. Annals of clinical and laboratory science, vol. 26, N°2, pp.133-138.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.31 Metal allergy in cashiers, an in vitro and an in vivo study for the presence of metal allergy - Rut Gilboa, Nabil G. Al-Tawil and Jan A. Marcusson. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988; 68: 317-324.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.32 A proposed relevance scoring system for positive allergic patch test reactions: practical implications and limitations - J. M. Lachapelle. Contact Dermatitis, 1997, 36, 39-43.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.33 Proposal for a revised international standard series of patch tests (Review article) - J. M. Lachapelle, S. I. Ale, S. Freeman, P. J. Frosch, C. L. Goh, M. Hannuksela, R. Hayakawa, H. I. Maibach and J. E. Wahlberg (The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group). Contact Dermatitis, 1997, 36, 121-123.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.34 Release of nickel into fluids stored in the reservoir of Dermo-jets - J. M. Lachapelle, D. Tennstedt, R. Lauwerys, P. Cromphaut and F. Armijo. Contact Dermatitis, 1982: 8: 122-127.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.35 European multicenter study of the TRUE Test - J. M. Lachapelle, D. P. Bruynzeel, G. Ducombs, M. Hannuksela, J. Ring, I. R. White, J. Wilkinson, T. Fisher and K. Billberg. Contact Dermatitis, 1988, 19: 91-97.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.36 An anatomo-clinical study of delayed skin allergic reactions to nickel following intradermal injections of lidocaïne with a Dermo-Jet - J. M. Lachapelle and D. Tennstedt. Contact Dermatitis, 1982: 8: 193-199.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.37 Nickel allergy and coins - a report on nickel release content and release from coins for the Royal Swedish Bank: Consumer Safety Group, Laboratory of the Government Chemist.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.38 Nickel in Eurocoins - Contribution from Dr M. Pugh with opinion proposal.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.39 Nickel in Eurocoins. Contribution of the 'Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato' (Dr Catania) with comments of Prof. Foá.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.40 Letter from the Institute of Occupational Health of the University of Brescia (Dr. Apostoli) to Prof. Foá with their views on the problem of Nickel in Eurocoins.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.41 Nickel allergy and coins - Carola Lidén (contribution to the attention of the CSTE).
CSTE24/97/1-Add.42 Letter from Prof. Camarasa, member of the European Contact Dermatitis Research Group, with answer to our information request on the possible sensitising/allergizing effects of nickel in the future Eurocoins.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.43 Letter from Prof. Seidenari, member of the European Contact Dermatitis Research Group, with answer to same request as in Add. 42.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.44 Letter from Prof. Goossens, member of the European Contact Dermatitis Research Group, with answer to same request as in Adds.42 and 43.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.45 Nickel in Eurocoins - Contribution from Prof. Pelkonen.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.46 Nickel in Eurocoins - letter from Dr. Turnheim. It includes copies of two letters, in German, and the respective interpretation from Dr.Turnheim.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.47 Result of search in CIS-BIT databank.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.48 Allergie de contact aux métaux et à leurs sels - C. Cavelier, J. Foussereau - Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. Dossier d'allergologie-dermatologie professionnelle.
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 49 Contribution from Dr. K. Schümann. It includes copy of article ' Patch test results with serial dilutions of nickel sulphate (with and without detergent), palladium chloride, and nickel and palladium metal plates '- Uter, Fuchs, Häusser and Ippen. Contact Dermatitis, 1995, 32: 135-142.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.50 Five contributions sent to Prof. Dayan from:
University of Liverpool
Lloyds Bank
Sainsbury's
EPI-DERM
TESCO
CSTE24/97/1-Add.51 The inhibitory effects of topical chelating agents and antioxidants on nickel-induced hypersensitivity reactions - several authors - J. Am. Acad. Dermatology 1994; 30:560-5.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.52 Studies on the reproducibility of allergic contact dermatitis - A.A. Memon and P. S. Friedmann. B. J. of Dermatology 1996; 134: 208-214.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.53 Nickel in the future Euro coins - gathering of information on possible sensitizing/allergizing effects. Letter to the CSTE from Prof. Jan E. Wahlberg, Stockholms läns landsting, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.54 Nickel in coins - Working paper by D. Lison (CSTE member).
CSTE24/97/1-Add.55 Toxicological profile for Nickel. Draft for public comment (update). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.56 Letter from Prof. Klaus E. Andersen, professor of Dermatology and chairman of the European Contact Dermatitis Research Group. It contains the conclusions of the Group (who met from 28 to 31 August '97 in Göteborg in Sweden) on the problem 'Nickel in Euro coins' subsequent to the request from the secretary of the CSTE
On the 4th of September 1997 the CSTE adopted an opinion on the subject of 'Nickel in Euro coins' (coins of 1 and 2 Euro) and their putative risk to the health of consumers and certain categories of workers if the decision is taken to choose for the composition of such coins the foreseen alloy of 75% copper and 25% nickel.
When the CSTE adopted the opinion the results of the tests mentioned under reference were still not available. The CSTE expressed the view that it was extremely unlikely that the results would be significantly different from those already available in respect of similar tests carried out with coins of 1 kr (SW) and 10 p (UK) since these two coins have a composition identical to that of the samples of 2 Euro that were undergoing testing.
At the meeting of 4 September 1997 it had however also been agreed that members of the CSTE would be sent the results of such tests when these would become available in view of obtaining the CSTE members' views on the validity of the adopted opinion in the light of such results.
By 14 October 1997 all results became finally available from the four different laboratories (one from DE, one from the UK, one from NL and one from the JRC) with which the European Commission had established contracts to carry out the tests. The results were sent to members of the CSTE the following day with the specific request that CSTE members should inform the competent services of the European Commission (Secretariat of the CSTE) in case they believed that the results justified changing the opinion. The deadline given for comments was set for 24 October 1997.
All answers received specifically mentioned that results of the tests did not justify changing the opinion adopted at the occasion of the CSTE meeting of 4th September 1997.
Consequently, having carried out this formal consultation in writing and having not received answers specifically disagreeing with the opinion adopted or requesting changes and/or additional comments, the opinion of the CSTE on 'Nickel in Euro coins' adopted the 4th September 1997 must be considered the final one. A copy with the explanatory note and a list of the bibliography consulted follows for easier reference.
SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY COMMITTEE TO EXAMINE THE TOXICITY AND ECOTOXICITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS (CSTE)
OPINION ON NICKEL IN EURO COINS
(expressed on 4 September 1997)
Nickel in Euro Coins - Opinion of the CSTE
The European Commission, being concerned about the risk of allergic disorders due to nickel, had asked the CSTE to consider the possibility that nickel in Euro coins might cause health problems in the ordinary consumer and in workers handling coins in their jobs.
The CSTE received much information from members of the European Contact Dermatitis Research group, from the small amount of published literature and from direct correspondence with experts in dermatology and occupational health in many countries of the European Union based on their professional experience of these sectors of the population. A list of the information considered by the CSTE is attached as Appendix A.
1. The CSTE considered that allergy would be the only health problem that might be associated with exposure to nickel released from Euro coins.
The risks would be either of causing allergic sensitisation (which might or might not be associated with a clinical disorder) or of producing allergic dermatitis on exposure to nickel of someone already sensitised to that metal.
In the latter case, the disease, if any, most likely to be produced would be allergic contact dermatitis.
2. The work of the CSTE made it apparent that there are very few data about existing coinage as the cause of allergic dermatitis. There have been no formal epidemiological studies so our views have been based on our general understanding of allergies and on largely unpublished data and opinions from various experts.
The risk of eliciting allergic reactions rises as the quantity of nickel released increases.
3. The CSTE agreed that there was no evidence to suggest that current coinage had been associated with the initiation of sensitisation either in workers handling coins or in the ordinary consumer.
The limited data showed that nickel containing coins now circulating in many countries release nickel at rates well above the figure suggested in the nickel directive.
4. In those already sensitised to nickel, although the evidence was very limited, allergic dermatitis has been reported in a few workers handling coins at work.
5. Similarly, but there is less information, a very small proportion of ordinary consumers already sensitised to nickel may also have developed allergic dermatitis from handling coins.
6. In both instances the risk of eliciting allergic dermatitis is probably very low but that statement is based on a small amount of information.
7. In response to the specific questions the answer of the CSTE is:
The assessment of the very limited information available to the CSTE led to the conclusions:
a. Is there a risk for the average consumer from using/manipulating Euro coins containing nickel?
The risk to be considered is of eliciting allergic dermatitis of the hands in someone already sensitised to nickel. The very limited information suggests that very few cases of dermatitis may be caused by the release of nickel from present day coins so it is unlikely that new coins with a similar release rate would cause a greater risk.
b. Are workers professionally handling coins more likely to suffer health effects than the average consumer?
The relevant risk, namely elicitation of allergic dermatitis in pre sensitised workers appears to be very low in those handling present day coinage. Again, it appears unlikely that nickel released at up to the same rate from the new Euro coins would produce an increased incidence of this disorder.
Explanatory note
During the discussions within the CSTE of the subject 'Nickel in Euro coins' it was acknowledged that the data available to enable it to issue an opinion was scarce.
One information element that could contribute to clarify the problem is the possibility of submitting samples of the future Euro coins to tests of nickel release and the European Commission established contracts with three independent laboratories with a view to having the results available as soon as possible.
The opinion of the CSTE was arrived at based on the belief that the results of those tests will confirm the assumption that the nickel release rate of samples of Euro coins (1 and 2 Euro) tested is not higher than that which is characteristic of nickel containing coins already in circulation in Member States of the European Union.
In the (presumed unlikely) possibility that the above mentioned assumption will not be confirmed the Commission reserves itself the right to convene again a meeting of the CSTE to make them revise their opinion.
Appendix A
Documents sent to SCTE
concerning the use of Nickel in coins
CSTE 24/97/1 Release of Nickel from silver coins - Pedersen / Fregert / Brodelius / Gruvberger - Acta Dermatovener (Stockholm) 54 : 231-234, 1974
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 1 Nickel contact dermatitis from consumer products (documentation and evaluation of preventive aspects) - European Environmental Contact Dermatitis Research Group, 1990- SPC 235-90 (provided in EN and FR)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 2 European Parliament and Council Directive 94/27 EC of 30 June 1994 amending Directive 76/679/EEC
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 3 Re Nickel Allergy and Coins - letter to Mr. Bengt Ake Berg (Royal Swedish Mint) from Lidén and other scientists (SV, DK, NL, ES, SF, B, UK, IT). Annex I reviews relevant publications and Annex 2 provides a list of references to scientific literature (19-4-96)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 4 Re Nickel Allergy and Coins - letter to Mr. Bengt Ake Berg (Royal Swedish Mint) from Lidén and other scientists (SV, DK, NL, ES, CH, D, SF, B, UK, IT..) concerning extended provocation study which was underway in SV, DK, IT, NL, ES, CH, (20.10.96)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 5 Letter from EFA to Ministers of Finance concerning The Euro coins and health aspects (6.1.97)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 6 Report: nickel allergy and coins. A European provocation study (plus Add. Study : Nickel Allergy and coins - instructions). Sent to Mr. Bengt Ake Berg (15.1.97)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 7 Note from Brunko to Wissenbach (DG XXIV) on classification of nickel en tant que sensibilisant / composition de I'Euro.
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 8 European Coins should be safe for people with nickel allergy - Lidén (presentation to the Euro Working Group of the Consumer Committee, Brussels, 2 June 1997)
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 9 Contact Allergy to Nickel - Goossens (presentation to the Euro Working Group of the Consumer Committee, Brussels, 2 June 1997).
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 10 Acciaio inossidabile e sensitizzazione per contatto con la pelle - selection of 7 documents - provided by Centro Sviluppo Materiali S.p.A.
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 11 European coins should be safer for people with nickel allergy. Why and how? - Lidén (note from Stockolms landsting - Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology).
CSTE24/97/1-Add.12 Dermite de contact par sensibilisation au nickel contenu dans les produits de consommation - Recherche documentaire et évaluation des aspects préventifs (Groupe Européen de Recherche sur l'eczéma de contact) - SPC-235-90-FR
CSTE24/97/1-Add.13 - Outline of analysis on nickel in coins
List of possible laboratories from CENT/TC/283/WG 4/Task Group
Reference test method for release of nickel from products intended to come into direct and prolonged contact with the skin
CSTE24/97/1-Add.14 IPCS document on nickel focusing on its general properties, evaluation for human health and environmental risks.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.15 Evaluation of early indicators for sensitisation to nickel, cobalt and chromium. Methods for risk assessment. Summary on the ongoing study being coordinated by Dr O. Vesterberg of the National Institute for Working Life in Solna.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.16 Nickel allergy and coins. Letter from C. Lidén to DG XXIV, 1997-06-19.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.17 Series of documents sent by the European Trade Union Technical Bureau for Health and Safety (TUTB) to DG XXIV. They are the result of a database search (CISDOC and NIOSH databases) of reported cases of allergy to nickel and an excerpt of N° 67 of the publication 'Documents pour le médecin du travail' with an article on 'Allergie de contact aux métaux et à leurs sels'.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.18 Letter from EPI-DERM, Occupational skin surveillance, to Prof Dayan on cases of nickel contact dermatitis reported to EPIDERM between February 1993 and January 1996.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.19 Excerpt from list provided by the firm KRUP VDM with the composition of the coins currently in circulation in EU Member States.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.20 ECETOC technical report N° 45 - Nickel, Cobalt and Chromium in Consumer Products: Allergic contact dermatitis. Brussels, March 1992.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.21 Current contact news. Coin dermatitis - Alexander A. Fisher, MD.. Cutis 33(6): 530, 36, 43, 1984.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.22 Allergy to coined money: Nickel contact dermatitis in cashiers - R. Gollhausen, MD, and J. Ring, MD, PhD. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, pp. 365-369.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.23 Occupational contact with coins in nickel-allergic patients - W. G. van Kete. Short Communications, Contact Dermatitis 1985: 12: 108-124.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.24 Metal content in Spanish coins - L. Conde-Salazar, L. Romero and D. Guimaraens. Short Communications, Contact Dermatitis 7, 166, 1981.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.25 Nickel coin dermatitis - S L Husain, MB, MRCP, consultant dermatologist. British Medical Journal, p. 998, 15 October 1997.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.26 Metal content of indian coins - P. K. Nigam and A. K. Saxena. Short communications, Contact Dermatitis 18, 309, 1988.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.27 Ecological considerations on nickel dermatitis - Poul V. Marcussen. Brit. J. industr. Med., 1960, 17, 65.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.28 Diagnostic value of the lymphocyte proliferation test in nickel contact allergy and provocation in occupational coin dermatitis - Liisa Räsänen and Maria-Leena Tuomi. Contact Dermatitis 1992: 27: 250-254.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.29 Nickel-containing alloys and platings and their ability to cause dermatitis - C. Lidén, T. Menné and D. Burrows. British Journal of Dermatology 1996; 134: 193-198.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.30 Prevention of Nickel Allergy by Regulation of Specific Exposures - Torkil Menné, M.D.. Annals of clinical and laboratory science, vol. 26, N°2, pp.133-138.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.31 Metal allergy in cashiers, an in vitro and an in vivo study for the presence of metal allergy - Rut Gilboa, Nabil G. Al-Tawil and Jan A. Marcusson. Acta Derm Venereol (Stockh) 1988; 68: 317-324.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.32 A proposed relevance scoring system for positive allergic patch test reactions: practical implications and limitations - J. M. Lachapelle. Contact Dermatitis, 1997, 36, 39-43.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.33 Proposal for a revised international standard series of patch tests (Review article) - J. M. Lachapelle, S. I. Ale, S. Freeman, P. J. Frosch, C. L. Goh, M. Hannuksela, R. Hayakawa, H. I. Maibach and J. E. Wahlberg (The International Contact Dermatitis Research Group). Contact Dermatitis, 1997, 36, 121-123.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.34 Release of nickel into fluids stored in the reservoir of Dermo-jets - J. M. Lachapelle, D. Tennstedt, R. Lauwerys, P. Cromphaut and F. Armijo. Contact Dermatitis, 1982: 8: 122-127.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.35 European multicenter study of the TRUE Test - J. M. Lachapelle, D. P. Bruynzeel, G. Ducombs, M. Hannuksela, J. Ring, I. R. White, J. Wilkinson, T. Fisher and K. Billberg. Contact Dermatitis, 1988, 19: 91-97.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.36 An anatomo-clinical study of delayed skin allergic reactions to nickel following intradermal injections of lidocaïne with a Dermo-Jet - J. M. Lachapelle and D. Tennstedt. Contact Dermatitis, 1982: 8: 193-199.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.37 Nickel allergy and coins - a report on nickel release content and release from coins for the Royal Swedish Bank: Consumer Safety Group, Laboratory of the Government Chemist.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.38 Nickel in Eurocoins - Contribution from Dr M. Pugh with opinion proposal.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.39 Nickel in Eurocoins. Contribution of the 'Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca dello Stato' (Dr Catania) with comments of Prof. Foá.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.40 Letter from the Institute of Occupational Health of the University of Brescia (Dr. Apostoli) to Prof. Foá with their views on the problem of Nickel in Eurocoins.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.41 Nickel allergy and coins - Carola Lidén (contribution to the attention of the CSTE).
CSTE24/97/1-Add.42 Letter from Prof. Camarasa, member of the European Contact Dermatitis Research Group, with answer to our information request on the possible sensitising/allergizing effects of nickel in the future Eurocoins.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.43 Letter from Prof. Seidenari, member of the European Contact Dermatitis Research Group, with answer to same request as in Add. 42.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.44 Letter from Prof. Goossens, member of the European Contact Dermatitis Research Group, with answer to same request as in Adds.42 and 43.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.45 Nickel in Eurocoins - Contribution from Prof. Pelkonen.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.46 Nickel in Eurocoins - letter from Dr. Turnheim. It includes copies of two letters, in German, and the respective interpretation from Dr.Turnheim.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.47 Result of search in CIS-BIT databank.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.48 Allergie de contact aux métaux et à leurs sels - C. Cavelier, J. Foussereau - Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité. Dossier d'allergologie-dermatologie professionnelle.
CSTE24/97/1-Add. 49 Contribution from Dr. K. Schümann. It includes copy of article ' Patch test results with serial dilutions of nickel sulphate (with and without detergent), palladium chloride, and nickel and palladium metal plates '- Uter, Fuchs, Häusser and Ippen. Contact Dermatitis, 1995, 32: 135-142.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.50 Five contributions sent to Prof. Dayan from:
University of Liverpool
Lloyds Bank
Sainsbury's
EPI-DERM
TESCO
CSTE24/97/1-Add.51 The inhibitory effects of topical chelating agents and antioxidants on nickel-induced hypersensitivity reactions - several authors - J. Am. Acad. Dermatology 1994; 30:560-5.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.52 Studies on the reproducibility of allergic contact dermatitis - A.A. Memon and P. S. Friedmann. B. J. of Dermatology 1996; 134: 208-214.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.53 Nickel in the future Euro coins - gathering of information on possible sensitizing/allergizing effects. Letter to the CSTE from Prof. Jan E. Wahlberg, Stockholms läns landsting, Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.54 Nickel in coins - Working paper by D. Lison (CSTE member).
CSTE24/97/1-Add.55 Toxicological profile for Nickel. Draft for public comment (update). U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Public Health Service - Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry.
CSTE24/97/1-Add.56 Letter from Prof. Klaus E. Andersen, professor of Dermatology and chairman of the European Contact Dermatitis Research Group. It contains the conclusions of the Group (who met from 28 to 31 August '97 in Göteborg in Sweden) on the problem 'Nickel in Euro coins' subsequent to the request from the secretary of the CSTE
