New / updated articles
Updated 30/01/2026
Updated 30/01/2026
The final government budget allocations for R&D per person at EU level stood at €284.3 in 2024 (Table 3). The highest allocations per person were recorded in Luxembourg (€772.0), followed at a distance by Denmark (€586.8), Germany (€538.2) and the Netherlands (€497.8). On the other hand, the EU countries with the lowest R&D budget allocations per person were Malta (€73.9), Hungary (€57.2), Bulgaria (€38.3) and Romania (€21.9). More ...
Updated 30/01/2026
Updated 30/01/2026
The most common form of contingent liabilities in the EU countries is government guarantees on the liabilities, and occasionally, on the assets of third parties. In 2021, these guarantees saw a significant increase across the EU, driven by the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, as seen in the graph below. In 2022, the level of government guarantees was further influenced by the ensuing energy crisis, following the Russian aggression against Ukraine. In 2024, there was a decrease of guarantees in most of the EU countries. The highest rates of government guarantees were recorded in the Netherlands (31.0% of GDP), Finland (17.0%), Italy (14.6%), Germany (13.6%) and Hungary (13.0%). On the lower end of the scale, rates of less than 1% of GDP were recorded in Ireland, Czechia and Bulgaria. More ...