Data extracted in March 2026
Planned article update: March 2027
Highlights
In 2024, the highest crude marriage rates within the EU were reported in Latvia (5.5 marriages per 1 000 persons), Romania (5.3) and Austria (5.0).
The lowest crude marriage rates within the EU in 2024 were reported in Italy (2.9 marriages per 1 000 persons), Slovenia (3.0) and Bulgaria (3.2).
In 2024, the highest crude divorce rates within the EU were reported in Latvia (2.8 divorces per 1 000 persons), Lithuania (2.5) and Estonia, Finland and Sweden (each 2.1).
In 6 EU countries (Bulgaria, France, Portugal, Sweden, Slovenia and Estonia), births outside marriage outnumbered births inside marriage in 2024.
Source: Eurostat Eurostat (demo_nind)
Source: Eurostat (demo_ndivind)
This article presents developments that have taken place in relation to family formation and dissolution through an analysis of marriage and divorce indicators. Marriage, as recognised by the law of each country, has long been considered as marking the formation of a family unit. However, an analysis of trends in family formation and dissolution based just on marriage and divorce data does not offer a full picture. Legal alternatives to marriage, such as registered partnership, have become more widespread and national legislation has changed to confer greater rights on unmarried couples.
The number of marriages per 1 000 persons decreased within the EU in recent decades, while the number of divorces increased. However, both of these trends seem to have slowed in recent years. An increase in the proportion of children who are born to unmarried couples was also observed.
Fewer marriages, fewer divorces
An estimated 1.7 million marriages and an estimated 0.7 million divorces took place in the EU in 2024. These figures may be expressed as 3.9 marriages for every 1 000 persons (in other words the crude marriage rate) and 1.6 divorces for every 1 000 persons (in other words the crude divorce rate).
Since 1964 (the first year for which data are available), the crude marriage rate in the EU has declined by more than 50% in relative terms (from 8.0 per 1 000 persons in 1964 to 3.9 in 2024). The downward trend was interrupted by some intermediate peaks in 1989 (6.4 per 1 000 persons), 2000 (5.2), 2007 (5.0) and 2018 (4.5). The substantial decrease observed between 2019 (4.3 per 1 000 persons) and 2020 (3.2) in the crude marriage rate could be interpreted as an effect of the COVID-19 pandemic, representing a fall of almost 25%. Since then, a slight increase can be observed in the crude marriage rate, estimated at 3.9 in 2024. Over the same extended period, the crude divorce rate has essentially doubled, increasing from 0.8 per 1 000 persons in 1964 to 1.6 in 2024. The divorce rate peaked in 2006 (2.1 per 1 000 persons) and has been declining slightly since then. Part of this increase may be due to the fact that divorce was legalised in several EU countries during this period (for example, in Italy, Spain, Ireland and Malta). The beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic seems to have impacted the divorce rate as well, as can be seen by the slight drop taking place between 2019 and 2020. Nevertheless, the decrease in the crude divorce rate was far less pronounced (about 10%) than the one observed for the crude marriage rate. Since then, that value has remained almost unchanged.
In 2024, the highest crude marriage rates were in Latvia (5.5 marriages per 1 000 persons), Romania (5.3) and Austria (5.0) (Table 1). The lowest crude marriage rates were reported in Italy (2.9 marriages per 1 000 persons), Slovenia (3.0) and Bulgaria (3.2). Between 2023 and 2024 the indicator decreased in 15 of the EU countries for which data are available, it was constant in 5, and increased in 2 (Spain and Finland).
_rev4.png)
(per 1 000 persons)
Source: Eurostat (demo_nind)
For divorces, in 2024 the lowest crude rates in the EU were registered in Malta (0.9 divorces per 1 000 persons), Slovenia (1.0) and Romania (1.1) (Table 2). By contrast, divorce rates were highest in Latvia (2.8 divorces per 1 000 persons), Lithuania (2.5) and Estonia, Finland and Sweden (each 2.1). Between 2023 and 2024 the indicator decreased in 5 of the EU countries for which data are available (Bulgaria, Italy, Luxembourg, Portugal and Romania), was constant in 9 EU countries and increased in the 6 EU countries (Czechia, Estonia, Spain, Croatia, Hungary and Sweden).
_rev4.png)
(per 1 000 persons)
Source: Eurostat (demo_ndivind)
A rise in births outside marriage
The proportion of live births outside marriage has shown an increasing trend in the past decades, more than doubling since 1993 (17.7%) when these data were first available in the EU. In 2024, this proportion was estimated at 41.1% (Table 3), meaning that 58.9% of children were born inside marriage. This share reflects changes in patterns of family formation alongside the more traditional pattern where children were born within marriage. Extramarital births occur in non-marital relationships, among cohabiting couples, to lone parents and in registered partnerships.
Extramarital births outnumbered births inside marriage in six of the EU countries for which data are available, notably Bulgaria (where 61.9% of births occurred outside marriage), France (59.7%), Portugal (59.2%), Sweden (57.1%), Slovenia (55.5%) and Estonia (50.7%). Greece was at the other end of the spectrum where more than 90% of births occurred within marriage.
_rev5.png)
Source: Eurostat (demo_find)
Looking at the latest available data, extramarital births increased in 8 of the available EU countries in 2024 compared with 2023, remaining unchanged in Spain. On the other hand, the indicator decreased between 2023 and 2024 in 13 EU countries, with the highest decrease being observed in Estonia (-3.1 percentage points from 53.8% in 2023 to 50.7% in 2024).
Source data for tables and graphs
Data sources
Eurostat compiles information on a wide range of demographic data, including data on the number of marriages by sex and previous marital status and statistics relating to the number of divorces. The most recent data available for marriages for Denmark and Ireland are from 2021, and for Cyprus from 2019. Moreover, for 2024, no data on marriages were available for Belgium and France. On the other hand, for divorces the latest data for Denmark and Germany were available in 2021, 2019 for Cyprus, 2017 for Ireland, and 2016 for France. In addition, in 2024 no data on divorces were available for Belgium. Data on the number of live births according to the mother’s marital status may be used to produce an indicator that shows the proportion of births outside marriage. The most recent data available for Denmark is 2021, for Ireland and Cyprus 2019, for Belgium 2018 and for Malta 2017.
Context
The family unit is a changing concept: what it means to be a member of a family and the expectations people have of family relationships vary with time, making it difficult to find a universally agreed and applied definition. Legal alternatives to marriage, like registered partnerships, have become more widespread and national legislation has changed to confer more rights on unmarried and same sex couples. Alongside these legal forms, other forms of non-marital relationships have appeared, making it more difficult for statisticians to collect data within this domain that can be compared across countries.
Due to differences in the timing and formal recognition of changing patterns of family formation and dissolution, these concepts have become more difficult to measure in practice. Analysts of demographic statistics therefore have access to relatively few complete and reliable data sets with which to make comparisons over time and between or within countries.
The EU has been going through a period of demographic and societal change. On 17 January 2023, the European Commission published the Staff Working Document on The impact of demographic change in a changing environment which provides further analysis of the demographic changes. In response to the June 2023 European Council conclusions, on 11 October 2023, the Commission put forward a toolbox to support Member States in addressing demographic challenges and their impact on Europe's competitive edge. More information of the work of the European Commission 2024-2029 can be found in the European Commission dedicated pages.
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- Marriages and divorces (ESMS metadata file — demo_nup_esms)