Urban-rural Europe - demographic developments in cities

Data extracted: May 2024.

Planned article update: September 2026.

Highlights

Urbanisation is a global phenomenon, accounting for an increasing share of economic growth, land area and the total number of inhabitants; nowadays, this process is particularly evident in emerging economies and the developing world. According to the United Nations Population Division, Tokyo in Japan was the largest urban agglomeration in the world in 2020, with 37.4 million inhabitants. The next largest agglomerations were Delhi in India and Shanghai in China. Focusing on the EU, the largest agglomeration – at 28th place in the world rankings – was the French capital of Paris.

Patterns of urban development have taken a variety of forms: despite the gradual blurring of the demarcation between urban and rural regions – due to a growing number of suburban and peri-urban developments – cities accounted for 3.6% of the EU’s total area in 2018, while their share of its population was considerably higher (38.9%). The close proximity of people, businesses and services provides opportunities for cities to make more efficient use of resources, offering a broad range of health, educational, and other social and cultural services, as well as transport, communication, energy and sanitation networks at a relatively low cost.

Much has been written about Europe’s ageing population. While this pattern is observed across most of the EU, there are contrasting developments in some urban areas (where population growth remains relatively rapid and where young people account for a relatively high share of the total number of inhabitants). This pattern may be linked to young people moving to urban areas for education and/or work, while in contrast older people are more likely to leave big cities and retire to the countryside or to smaller cities and towns.

This article analyses demographic developments across the cities of the EU; it forms part of Eurostat’s online publication Urban Europe. Note that complementary information is available in an article on demographic developments in rural areas.

What are the largest metropolitan regions in the EU?
(million inhabitants, 1 January 2023)
Source: Eurostat (met_pjanaggr3)

Map 1 presents a set of gridded data based on the GEOSTAT population grid. The map can be zoomed in/out using the tools in the top right corner. It shows that in 2021 there were relatively high shares of young people living in and around most of Europe’s capital cities and many of its principal urban areas.

Map 1: Age distribution of the population based on the GEOSTAT population grid, 2021
Source: Eurostat (GISCO)

Population structure

Metropolitan regions are urban agglomerations composed of NUTS level 3 regions (or groups thereof) where at least half of the population lives inside a functional urban area composed of at least 250 000 inhabitants.

Figure 1 shows the number of inhabitants living in capital city metropolitan regions as a share of national populations. As of 1 January 2023, close to half of the population in the Baltic countries of Latvia and Estonia resided in the metropolitan regions of Rīga (53.1%) and Tallinn (46.7%), with more than two fifths (43.2%) of the Irish population living in the metropolitan region of Dublin. Denmark, Greece, Austria, Hungary, Finland and Croatia were also characterised by relatively high shares, as more than 30% of their national populations were living in their respective capital city metropolitan regions; most of these relatively small EU countries are examples of monocentric demography developed around a principal urban pole. By contrast, a much lower share of the national population was living in the capital city metropolitan region of the EU’s most populous country: 6.5% of the German population live in Berlin. Two more of the largest EU countries – Italy and Poland – were the only other EU countries where less than 10% of the national population resided in the capital city metropolitan region. Germany, Italy and Poland are examples of polycentric economies that are developed around multiple urban poles (where the capital city doesn’t dominate). Note that another article within Urban Europe provides complementary information on economic developments in capital cities and metropolitan regions.

Figure 1: Population in capital city metropolitan region, 1 January 2015 and 1 January 2023
(% share of national population)
Source: Eurostat (met_pjangrp3)

Although the EU is characterised by demographic ageing, the population structure of some of its main cities is relatively young; this may be explained by young people being drawn to urban areas by what they offer in terms of education, jobs, social experiences, culture, sports and leisure. Figure 2 shows the age structure of capital city metropolitan regions as of 1 January 2023: Dublin (Ireland) and Paris (France) were the only capitals where at least a quarter of the population was aged less than 20 years. By contrast, there were 10 capital city metropolitan regions in the EU where people under the age of 20 accounted for less than a fifth of the total population; the lowest shares were observed in Athina in Greece (17.8%), Roma in Italy (17.6%) and Valetta in Malta (16.9%).

Figure 2: Population in capital city metropolitan regions, by age, 1 January 2023
(%)
Source: Eurostat (met_pjangrp3)

As noted above, many of the EU countries are characterised by a monocentric pattern of demographic development, whereby their capital city dominates the national economy. For example, the metropolitan region of Paris – the largest city in the EU – had 12.4 million inhabitants as of 1 January 2023, which was 3.9 times as high as the number of inhabitants living in Marseille (France’s 2nd metropolitan region). A similar pattern was observed in Hungary and Austria, as the number of people living in their capital city metropolitan regions of Budapest and Wien was 4.8 and 3.6 times as high as in their 2nd metropolitan regions of Miskolc and Linz, respectively.

In EU countries characterised by a more polycentric pattern of demographic development, there was often little difference between the capital and 2nd metropolitan region in terms of their number of inhabitants. The population of the metropolitan region of Ruhrgebiet in the west of Germany was 0.4 million lower than the population of Berlin on 1 January 2023. In Italy and Slovakia, the number of inhabitants living in Milano and Košice was 0.1 million higher than in Roma and Bratislava, respectively.

Figure 3: Population in capital city and 2nd metropolitan regions, 1 January 2023
(million inhabitants)
Source: Eurostat (met_pjangrp3)

There were 5 metropolitan regions across the EU where at least a quarter of the total population as of 1 January 2023 was aged less than 20 years. The highest share was observed in the Romanian region of Iași (27.0%), followed by the Irish regions of Dublin (25.6%) and Cork (25.3%), and the French regions of Lille/Dunkerque/Valenciennes (25.4%) and Paris (25.0%); 5 more metropolitan regions in France – Lyon, Grenoble, Angers, Orléans and Rennes – had shares within the range of 24.7–25.0%.

On 1 January 2023, almost two thirds of the total number of inhabitants living in the metropolitan regions of Las Palmas and Santa Cruz de Tenerife (both part of Canarias in Spain) were of working age, defined here as people aged 20–64 years. Working-age people accounted for a slightly lower share of the total population in Valletta in Malta (64.8%), Luxembourg (64.1%) and Palma de Mallorca in Spain (63.6%).

An influx of young people can rejuvenate the population structure of dynamic cities. This pattern can be compounded if older people (defined here as those aged 65 years or over) leave city centres and retire to the countryside, smaller cities or towns, or residential suburbs. However, there are also cities, frequently characterised as being ‘left behind’ (many of which are in former industrial heartlands or towards the periphery of the EU) which are inhabited by relatively few young people. While the number of inhabitants living in these cities is falling, they often report a relatively high and increasing share of older people. On 1 January 2023, the highest shares of older people living in metropolitan regions of the EU were recorded in eastern Germany – Görlitz and Zwickau, where those aged 65 years or over accounted for 30.8% and 29.9%, respectively, of the total population; the next highest share was observed in the northern Italian region of Genova (29.0%).

Figure 4: Population in selected metropolitan regions, 1 January 2023
(% share of total population)
Source: Eurostat (met_pjangrp3)

Population_density is a measure of the average number of inhabitants per square kilometre (km²). Across the whole of the EU, population density was 109 inhabitants per km² in 2022. Much higher ratios were recorded in densely populated metropolitan regions as of 1 January 2023.

There were 4 capital city metropolitan regions in the EU which had a population density of more than 1 000 inhabitants per km² – the capitals of Romania, Greece, France and Portugal.
By contrast, the population density of the capital city metropolitan regions of Latvia and Lithuania were lower than the population density of the whole EU.
The population density of the capital city metropolitan region was generally higher than in other metropolitan region, however, this pattern wasn’t repeated in Belgium, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Poland.

Figure 5: Population density in metropolitan regions, 1 January 2023
(inhabitants/km²)
Source: Eurostat (met_d3dens)

Figure 6 shows the metropolitan region with the highest population density as of 1 January 2023. As noted above, the highest ratio was often recorded for capital city metropolitan regions. The only exceptions among EU countries were s' Gravenhage in the Netherlands, Napoli in Italy, Wroclaw in Poland, Wuppertal in Germany and Antwerpen in Belgium. The highest population density was recorded in the Dutch metropolitan region of s' Gravenhage with 2 786 inhabitants per km².

Figure 6: Population density in selected metropolitan regions, 1 January 2023
(inhabitants/km²)
Source: Eurostat (met_d3dens)

The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the ratio of the number of older people at an age when they are generally economically inactive (defined here as those aged 65 years or over) compared with the number of people of working age (defined here as those aged 20–64 years). On 1 January 2023, the EU’s old-age dependency ratio was 36.4%; as such, within the EU population there were 2.7 people of working age for every older person.

Map 2 shows the old-age dependency ratio for metropolitan regions. On 1 January 2023, some of the highest ratios were recorded across eastern Germany, with a peak of 59.4% in Görlitz

there were 2 more metropolitan regions in Germany where the old-age dependency ratio was greater than 50.0% (in other words, where there were fewer than 2.0 people of working age for every older person) – Zwickau and Neubrandenburg
there were 2 metropolitan regions on the coasts of southern France and northern Italy where the old-age dependency ratio was also greater than 50.0% – Perpignan and Genova
there was a single metropolitan region in Portugal where the old-age dependency ratio was greater than 50.0% – Coimbra
the lowest old-age dependency ratios among metropolitan regions in the EU were recorded in Dublin (22.1%) and Luxembourg (23.2%), while, among other metropolitan regions, relatively low ratios were also recorded in the capital city metropolitan regions of Cyprus, France and Sweden.

Map 2: Old-age dependency ratio, metropolitan regions, 1 January 2023
(%)
Source: Eurostat (met_pjangrp3), (demo_pjanind) and (demo_pjangroup)

Population change

There are 2 parameters which affect population dynamics: on the 1 hand, natural population change (the difference between the number of births and the number of deaths) and, on the other, net migration (the difference between the number of people who move into and out of a territory). As natural population growth within the EU has generally stagnated and turned to decline in some cases, the relative impact of net migration on overall population change has become greater. Note that within regional statistics, migratory flows may concern internal movements of people within the same EU countries (often from rural areas to cities), as well as migrant flows from/to other EU countries and non-EU countries.

Figure 7 shows the change in population numbers across the metropolitan regions of 23 EU countries during the period 2015 to 2022. The highest overall increase was recorded in Germany, where the total number of inhabitants living in metropolitan regions rose by 2.5 million; there were also relatively large gains in Spain and France (up by 1.5 and 1.3 million, respectively). By contrast, there was a fall in the total number of inhabitants living in the metropolitan regions of 8 EU countries; the largest decreases were observed in Italy, Romania and Bulgaria.

The information presented in Figure 7 has been decomposed into the 2 parameters that affect population dynamics. It is interesting to note that the overall increase in the total number of inhabitants living in metropolitan regions of Germany, Spain, Czechia, Portugal, Lithuania and Slovenia was entirely due to net migration exceeding negative natural change. On the other hand, the rising number of inhabitants living in metropolitan regions of France could largely be attributed to positive natural population change (more births than deaths).

Figure 7: Population change in metropolitan regions, 2015–22
(1 000)
Source: Eurostat (met_gind3)

The crude rate of population change measures the change in population relative to the average population; it is expressed as a ratio per 1 000 (‰) inhabitants. In relative terms, the fastest population growth rates between 2015 and 2022 among metropolitan regions were recorded in Ireland and Estonia, as their number of inhabitants rose, on average, 16.3 and 14.7‰ inhabitants; there were also relatively high increases in Sweden, Czechia, Denmark, Austria and the Netherlands. These 7 countries with the highest crude rates of population change were generally characterised by positive rates of growth for both net migration and natural change, although the natural rate of population change was slightly negative in Czechia and Austria.

Figure 8: Crude rate of population change in metropolitan regions, 2015–22
(‰)
Source: Eurostat (met_gind3)

Figure 9 provides additional information on crude rates of population change in metropolitan regions for the period 2015–22 (with separate analyses for total population change, natural change and net migration).

The crude rate of total population change increased by at least 10.0‰ inhabitants in the capital city metropolitan regions of Slovakia, Ireland, Czechia, Estonia, Sweden, Poland and Austria.
There were also 7 EU countries where the capital city metropolitan region saw its crude rate of net migration rise by at least 10.0‰ inhabitants; this group of 7 was the same as for total population change, other than Sweden being replaced by Germany.
Crude rates of natural population change across capital city metropolitan regions were generally lower than the rates for net migration, the only exceptions being in France and Croatia. Paris in France (7.6‰ inhabitants), Dublin in Ireland (7.1‰ inhabitants) and Stockholm in Sweden (5.3‰ inhabitants) had the highest rates.
Crude rates of natural population change for capital city metropolitan regions were consistently higher than the corresponding rate for non-metropolitan regions.
Paris was the only capital city metropolitan region to record a crude rate of net migration that was lower than the rate for non-metropolitan regions.

Note: based on available data. Cyprus, Luxembourg and Malta, not shown (only 1 or 2 regions at NUTS level 3).

Figure 9: Crude rates of population change in metropolitan regions, 2015–22
(‰)
Source: Eurostat (met_gind3)

The crude birth rate is defined as the ratio of the number of live births during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants. In 2022, the crude birth rate ranged from lows of 6.7 and 6.9 births per 1 000 inhabitants in Italy and Spain, through an EU average of 8.7 births per 1 000 inhabitants, up to at least 10.0 births per 1 000 inhabitants in Sweden, Ireland, France, and a peak of 11.2 births per 1 000 inhabitants recorded in Cyprus.

Figure 10 shows crude birth rates of capital city metropolitan regions. In 2022, the highest rate was recorded in the French capital of Paris, at 13.2 births per 1 000 inhabitants. There were 5 other capital city metropolitan regions that had rates of more than 10.0 births per 1 000 inhabitants: København in Denmark (10.9), Stockholm in Sweden (also 10.9), Dublin in Ireland (10.8), Bucureşti in Romania (10.4) and Bruxelles/Brussel in Belgium (10.2). At the other end of the range, the lowest crude birth rates among capital city metropolitan regions were observed in southern EU countries: Roma in Italy (6.3), Athina in Greece (7.3) and Madrid in Spain (7.5).

Figure 10: Crude birth rates in capital city metropolitan regions, 2022
(‰)
Source: Eurostat (met_gind3)

Figure 11 provides information for the metropolitan region in each country with the highest crude birth rate. In 2022, capital city metropolitan regions had the highest rates among metropolitan regions in 12 EU countries. Within this group of 12 capitals, only Paris in France, Stockholm in Sweden and Dublin in Ireland had crude birth rates that were above 10.0 per 1 000 inhabitants. The non-capital metropolitan regions that recorded rates above 10.0 per 1 000 inhabitants included Iași in Romania, Århus in Denmark, Miskolc in Hungary, Antwerpen in Belgium, Zwolle in the Netherlands, Košice in Slovakia, Kaiserslautern in Germany, Wroclaw in Poland and Brno in Czechia.

Figure 11: Crude birth rates in selected metropolitan regions, 2022
(‰)
Source: Eurostat (met_gind3)

The crude death rate is defined as the ratio of the number of deaths during the year to the average population in that year; the value is expressed per 1 000 inhabitants. In 2022, the crude death rate ranged from lows of 6.8 deaths per 1 000 inhabitants in Ireland and Luxembourg, through an EU average of 11.5 deaths per 1 000 inhabitants, up to more than 15.0 deaths per 1 000 inhabitants in Lithuania and Latvia, with a peak of 17.9 deaths per 1 000 inhabitants recorded in Bulgaria.

Figure 12 shows crude death rates of capital city metropolitan regions. In 2022, the highest rates were recorded in the Latvian and Bulgarian capitals of Rīga and Sofia, at 14.9 and 14.8 deaths per 1 000 inhabitants, respectively. There were 5 other capital city metropolitan regions that had a rate that was higher than the EU average of 11.5 deaths per 1 000 inhabitants: Zagreb in Croatia (12.9), Budapest in Hungary (12.6), Vilnius in Lithuania (12.5), Athina in Greece (12.4) and Bucureşti in Romania (12.3). At the other end of the range, the lowest crude death rates among capital city metropolitan regions were observed in Ireland, Sweden and France with the following rates: Dublin (5.8), Stockholm and Paris (both 6.7).

Figure 12: Crude death rates in capital city metropolitan regions, 2022
(‰)
Source: Eurostat (met_gind3)

Figure 13 provides information for the metropolitan region in each country with the highest crude death rate. In 2022, capital city metropolitan regions had the highest rates among metropolitan regions in just 3 EU countries; Riga in Latvia, Athina in Greece and Tallinn in Estonia. The highest crude death rates among non-capital metropolitan regions – at least 15.0 deaths per 1 000 inhabitants were recorded in Zwickau in Germany (17.9), Plovdiv in Bulgaria (16.7), Ploiești in Romania (16.2), Genova in Italy (15.8), Miskolc in Hungary (15.4) and Kaunas in Lithuania (15.0). There were 2 EU countries where all of the metropolitan regions recorded a crude death rate that was below 10.0 per 1 000 inhabitants; they were Sweden and Ireland, with the highest rates observed in Malmö (9.1) and Cork (7.3).

Figure 13: Crude death rates in selected metropolitan regions, 2022
(‰)
Source: Eurostat (met_gind3)

Cities and their commuting zones

A functional urban area consists of a city and its commuting zone. Functional urban areas therefore usually comprise a relatively densely populated city centre and a less densely populated suburban area; people living in the suburban areas often commute to work in the city centre.

On 1 January 2020, the French capital city of Paris had had the largest functional urban area in the EU (13.1 million inhabitants); it comprised just under 10.3 million people living in the city and close to 2.9 million in the surrounding commuting zone. The next largest functional urban areas were located in some of the most populous EU countries: Madrid and Barcelona in Spain (data for 1 January 2022); Berlin and Hamburg in Germany (1 January 2021); Milano, Roma and Napoli in Italy (1 January 2022); Warszawa in Poland (1 January 2021); Bruxelles/Brussel–Leuven (BE) in Belgium (1 January 2022).

The 8 largest functional urban areas in the EU all reported a higher number of inhabitants living in their city centres than in their surrounding commuting zones. By contrast, in 7 of the 20 largest functional urban areas of the EU the population of the commuting zone was greater than the population of the city. On 1 January 2021, the functional urban area of Katowice in Poland was composed of 283 000 people living in the city compared with 2.1 million inhabitants in the commuting zone; as such there were 7.5 times as many potential commuters as there were city dwellers. A similar pattern, although less pronounced, was observed in

Stuttgart and Frankfurt am Main (both Germany), where the population of the commuting zone was 3.0 and 2.5 times as high as that of the city
Amsterdam in the Netherlands (1.9 times as high)
Bruxelles/Brussel–Leuven in Belgium (1.7 times as high)
Köln and München (both Germany), where the population of the commuting zone was marginally higher than that of the city.

Figure 14: Largest functional urban areas in the EU, 1 January 2022
(million inhabitants)
Source: Eurostat (urb_cpop1) and (urb_lpop1)

The median age provides an alternative means of analysing the age distribution of a population. Demographic changes – such as lower fertility rates and increased life expectancy – have resulted in median ages rising.

On 1 January 2022, the median age of the EU population was 44.4 years.
The median age of EU countries ranged from a low of 38.3 years in Cyprus up to a high of 48.0 years in Italy.
Among those cities for which data are available, the lowest median ages were recorded in French cities of Cayenne (the capital of French Guiana (29 years)), Poitiers (31 years) and Rennes (32 years) – all data refer to 1 January 2020.
The highest median ages were recorded in the German cities of Dessau-Roßlau (53.8 years), Gera (52.5 years) and the coastal French city of Fréjus (52 years) – all data refer to 1 January 2020.

Some cities are vibrant, dynamic hubs that are particularly appealing to young people; in these cities, the median age tends to be lower. However, in some of the most attractive cities, younger population cohorts can be priced out of the housing market and forced to look for more affordable options in the suburbs or neighbouring regions (commuting into the city centre to benefit from the education, jobs, social experiences, culture, sports and leisure on offer). On 1 January 2022, the lowest median age among capital cities in the EU was 36.0 years in Bruxelles/Brussel–Leuven; this was 5.9 years lower than the national average for Belgium. There were also relatively large gaps recorded in Helsinki and Paris, as their median ages were 5.4 years and 5.2 years higher than their respective national averages. Bratislava in Slovakia was the only capital city in the EU (among the 16 for which data are available) to record a median age that was above its national average, although the difference was small, at 0.4 years.

Figure 15: Median age in selected functional urban areas and cities, 1 January 2022
(years)
Source: Eurostat (urb_cpopstr) and (demo_pjanind)

Figure 16 shows the population structure for 3 capital cities in the EU: Berlin, Madrid and Roma. On 1 January 2022, population ageing was most apparent in the Italian capital, with people aged 50–59 years accounting for the highest share of the total population and smaller shares being observed for younger age cohorts. A similar pattern existed in Madrid, although the largest age group was those aged 40–49 years.

The population pyramid for Berlin was somewhat different insofar as there were 2 age groups that accounted for a relatively high share of the total population (people aged 30–39 years and people aged 50–59 years); in recent years, there has been rapid growth in the number of relatively young people arriving in the German capital, including from outside Germany. It is also interesting to note that Berlin was the only capital (among the 3 for which data are shown) to report that children aged less than 10 years accounted for a higher share of the total population than those aged 10–19 years; this suggests that the fertility rate in Berlin, although relatively low, was rising – this pattern was likely driven by the increasing number of younger people living in the city.

Figure 16: Population pyramids, selected functional urban areas and cities, 1 January 2022
(% share of total population)
Source: Eurostat (urb_cpop1) and (urb_lpop1)

Source data for tables and graphs

Demographic developments in cities: tables and figures

Context

There are various pressing challenges in the EU, including instability caused by the Russian military aggression against Ukraine, environmental degradation and climate change, demographic transition, migration, the cost of living and social inequalities. Cities are on the frontline of delivering solutions to some of these issues, as they remain poles of attraction, generally offering a broad range of education and employment opportunities, as well as a range of services to their surrounding regions. The various dimensions of urban life – economic, social, cultural and environmental – are closely inter-related. Successful urban developments are often based on coordinated/integrated approaches that seek to balance these dimensions through a range of policy measures such as urban renewal, increasing education opportunities, preventing crime, encouraging social inclusion or environmental protection.

EU policymakers have sought to follow a principle of multi-level governance, working together with cities and regional stakeholders, in order to promote sustainable and resilient growth in urban areas. At the end of May 2016, a meeting of ministers responsible for urban matters was held in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. It reached an agreement on an Urban Agenda for the EU, as established by the Pact of Amsterdam. This agreement was a key milestone in the development of an EU-wide approach to urban challenges and established the development of 12 priority areas for partnerships between EU institutions, EU countries, cities and other stakeholders. The themes cover: the inclusion of migrants and refugees; air quality; urban poverty; housing; the circular economy; jobs and skills in the local economy; climate adaptation; energy transition; sustainable land use; urban mobility; digital transition; public procurement.

The Urban Agenda for the EU has subsequently enabled cities, EU countries, the European Commission and other key stakeholders to come together to tackle pressing urban matters and deliver specific outputs for the benefit of the population. Through its contribution to the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, the Urban Agenda is also outward-looking and connected to global challenges.

EU policymakers recognise the important role that may be played by the urban dimension of regional policy, in particular measures designed to mitigate poverty and social exclusion. In doing so, the urban dimension of cohesion policy has been strengthened during the period 2021–27: a minimum of 6% of the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) dedicated to sustainable urban development strategies. Alongside this is a new European Urban Initiative (EUI) – launched in the 3rd quarter of 2022 – with the goal of supporting cities to innovate, access knowledge and understand policy.

Explore further

Database

Thematic section

Publications

Statistical publications

Demography report
Eurostat regional yearbook – 2024 edition
Urban Europe – statistics on cities, towns and suburbs – 2016 edition

Methodology

External links

Urban Agenda for the EU

European Commission – Directorate-General Agriculture and rural development

European Commission – Directorate-General Regional and Urban Policy

European Committee of the Regions

European Committee of the Regions – political priorities 2020–25

European networks

European Urban Initiative

United Nations

Legislation

Statistical legislation

Demography, population stock and balance – legislation
Regulation (EU) 2017/2391 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 December 2017 amending Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 as regards the territorial typologies (Tercet)
Consolidated and amended version of Regulation (EC) No 1059/2003 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the establishment of a common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS)

Policy legislation

Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) No 522/2014 of 11 March 2014 supplementing Regulation (EU) No 1301/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council with regard to the detailed rules concerning the principles for the selection and management of innovative actions in the area of sustainable urban development to be supported by the European Regional Development Fund
Regulation (EU) No 1305/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)
Regulation (EU) No 1310/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 December 2013 laying down certain transitional provisions on support for rural development by the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development (EAFRD)

Visualisation