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Food price monitoring tool (prc_fpmt_m)

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Reference Metadata in Euro SDMX Metadata Structure (ESMS)

Compiling agency: [4D0] European Commission (including Eurostat)

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The Food Price Monitoring Tool (FPMT) analyses price developments along the supply chain for common food products using available statistical indicators. A supply chain refers to the sequence of economic activities that are performed by different economic actors involved in producing, processing, trading and selling a consumer product or a group of consumer products.

The FPMT covers 41 supply chains. It compares the price indices for four stages:

  • Agricultural commodities: the agricultural commodity prices index (ACPI), reflecting price changes in agricultural raw ingredients;
  • Imported products: the import price index (IPI), based on unit values from international trade in goods statistics;
  • Domestic production: the domestic producer price index (PPI), reflecting price changes for domestically produced products;
  • Retail sector: the harmonised index of consumer prices (HICP), reflecting changes in prices faced by households.

 

The tool is intended to support analysis of price transmission across the food supply chain. Coverage, methodology and comparability may vary across products, countries and data sources.

The data are available for the following aggregates or countries:

The data are disseminated monthly. Data availability depends on the indicator, supply chain and period.

 

ACPI
The ACPI measures the change in the prices of goods and services as they leave their place of production. In the FPMT, the ACPI represents the first stage in the supply chain: the agricultural commodities market. 

 

IPI
The IPI measures the monthly transaction price development of imported goods purchased from non-domestic areas by domestic residents. All price-determining characteristics of the products are taken into account, including quantity of units sold, transport provided, rebates, service conditions, guarantee conditions origin and destination. The non-domestic market is defined as third parties, which are not resident in the same national territory as the observation unit. In the FPMT, the IPI represents the second stage in the supply chain: the import side.

 

PPI
The domestic producer price index, also known as the domestic output price index, measures, for an economic activity, the average price development of all goods and related services resulting from that activity and sold on the domestic market. In the FPMT, the PPI represents the third stage in the output side (domestic production side).

 

HICP
The HICP gives comparable measures of inflation for countries and country groups for which it is produced. In the FPMT, the HICP represents the final stage in the supply chain: the retail sector. The FPMT includes 41 distinct series that measure the change over time of the prices of consumer goods acquired by households.

* this designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

22 July 2026

The FPMT combines and transforms data from various sources. See Table 1 for the all 41 supply chains covered.

 

All data are published monthly in reference year 2025=100. The HICP data are available in reference year 2025=100 and are not rebased. The ACPI, PPI and IPI data are re-referenced to 2025=100.

 

All data are published with a monthly frequency. For the ACPI, monthly data are available until December 2005. Quarterly data are used for data for January 2006 onward. These quarterly data are transformed into monthly data with temporal disaggregation, where missing data are automatically estimated. All ACPI data from January 2006 are marked estimated. Monthly data are available for the PPI, IPI and HICP.

 

Annual and monthly rates of change are published for all data when possible. The PPI rates of change correspond to those published in sts_inppd_m. The HICP rates of change correspond to those published in prc_hicp_minr.

Table 1: Product chains

Label Agricultural Commodity Price Index
ACPI (API code)		 Import Price Index
IPI (SITC)		 Producer Price Index
PPI (NACE Rev. 2)		 Harmonised Index of Consumer Price
HICP (ECOICOP ver. 2)
Food 140000 - Total agricultural goods, including fruit and vegetables 0 - Food and live animals C10 - Manufacture of food products CP011 - Food
Cereals (ND) 010000 - Cereals (including seeds) 04 - Cereals and cereal preparations C106 - Manufacture of grain mill products, starches and starch products CP01111 - Cereals (ND)
Bread 011000 - Wheat and spelt 041 - Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled C1071 - Manufacture of bread; manufacture of fresh pastry goods and cakes CP011131 - Bread
Other bakery products 011100 - Common wheat and spelt 046 - Meal and flour of wheat and flour of meslin C1071 - Manufacture of bread; manufacture of fresh pastry goods and cakes CP011139 - Other bakery products
Macaroni, noodles, couscous and similar pasta products (ND) 011200 - Durum wheat 041 - Wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled C1073 - Manufacture of macaroni, noodles, couscous and similar farinaceous products CP01115 - Macaroni, noodles, couscous and similar pasta products (ND)
Meat, fresh, chilled or frozen (ND) 110000 - Animals 01 - Meat and meat preparations C101 - Processing and preserving of meat and production of meat products CP01122 - Meat, fresh, chilled or frozen (ND)
Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen  111000 - Live cattle 011 - Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen   CP011221 - Meat of bovine animals, fresh, chilled or frozen 
Meat of pigs, fresh, chilled or frozen 112000 - Live pigs 0122 - Meat of swine, fresh, chilled or frozen   CP011222 - Meat of pigs, fresh, chilled or frozen
Meat of goats, lambs and sheep, fresh, chilled or frozen 114000 - Live sheep and goats 0121 - Meat of sheep or goats, fresh, chilled or frozen   CP011223 - Meat of goats, lambs and sheep, fresh, chilled or frozen
Meat of poultry, fresh, chilled or frozen 115000 - Live poultry 0123 - Meat and edible offal of the poultry of subgroup 001.4, fresh, chilled or frozen C1012 - Processing and preserving of poultry meat CP011224 - Meat of poultry, fresh, chilled or frozen
Meat of hares and rabbits fresh, chilled or frozen 119000 - Other animals     CP011225 - Meat of hares and rabbits fresh, chilled or frozen
Meat of horses and other equines, fresh, chilled or frozen 113000 - Live horses, asses, mules and hinnies     CP011226 - Meat of horses and other equines, fresh, chilled or frozen
Fish and other seafood (ND)   03 - Fish (not marine mammals), crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic invertebrates, and preparations thereof C102 - Processing and preserving of fish, crustaceans and molluscs CP0113 - Fish and other seafood (ND)
Milk, other dairy products and eggs (ND) 120000 - Animal products 02 - Dairy products and birds’ eggs C1051 - Operation of dairies and cheese making CP0114 - Milk, other dairy products and eggs (ND)
Raw and whole milk (ND) 121000 - Milk or raw milk 0221 - Milk (including skimmed milk) and cream, not concentrated or sweetened   CP01141 - Raw and whole milk (ND)
Skimmed milk (ND) 121100 - Raw cows' milk 0221 - Milk (including skimmed milk) and cream, not concentrated or sweetened   CP01142 - Skimmed milk (ND)
Cheese (ND) 121000 - Milk or raw milk 024 - Cheese and curd   CP01145 - Cheese (ND)
Yoghurt and similar products (ND) 121000 - Milk or raw milk 0223 - Yogurt; buttermilk, curdled, fermented or acidified milk and cream; ice-cream   CP01146 - Yoghurt and similar products (ND)
Eggs (ND) 122000 - Eggs 025 - Eggs, birds', and egg yolks, fresh, dried or otherwise preserved, sweetened or not; egg albumin   CP01148 - Eggs (ND)
Oils and fats (ND) 021000 - Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits (including seeds) 42 - Fixed vegetable fats and oils, crude, refined or fractionated C104 - Manufacture of vegetable and animal oils and fats CP0115 - Oils and fats (ND)
Vegetable oils (ND) 021000 - Oilseeds and oleaginous fruits (including seeds) 421 - Fixed vegetable fats and oils, "soft", crude, refined or fractionated C1041 - Manufacture of oils and fats CP01151 - Vegetable oils (ND)
Olive oil 080000 - Olive oil 4214 - Olive oil and other oil obtained from olives C1041 - Manufacture of oils and fats CP011513 - Olive oil
Butter and other oils and fats derived from milk (ND) 121100 - Raw cows' milk 023 - Butter and other fats and oils derived from milk   CP01152 - Butter and other oils and fats derived from milk (ND)
Fruits and nuts (ND) 060000 - Fruit 057 - Fruit and nuts (not including oil nuts), fresh or dried   CP0116 - Fruits and nuts (ND)
Citrus fruits, fresh (ND) 062000 - Citrus fruit 0571 - Oranges, mandarins, clementines and similar citrus hybrids, fresh or dried   CP01162 - Citrus fruits, fresh (ND)
Fruits, frozen (ND) 061000 - Fresh fruit     CP01166 - Fruits, frozen (ND)
Fruits, dried and dehydrated (ND) 061942 - Dried fruit     CP01167 - Fruits, dried and dehydrated (ND)
Nuts, in shell or shelled (ND) 061941 - Nuts 0577 - Edible nuts (excluding nuts chiefly used for the extraction of oil), fresh or dried, whether or not shelled or peeled   CP01168 - Nuts, in shell or shelled (ND)
Vegetables, tubers, plantains, cooking bananas and pulses (ND) 041000 - Fresh vegetables (including melons) 054 - Vegetables, fresh, chilled, frozen or simply preserved (roots, tubers and other edible vegetable products, n.e.s., fresh or dried)   CP0117 - Vegetables, tubers, plantains, cooking bananas and pulses (ND)
Potatoes 051000 - Potatoes for consumption 0541 - Potatoes, fresh or chilled (not including sweet potatoes) C1031 - Processing and preserving of potatoes CP011751 - Potatoes
Cane sugar and beet sugar (ND) 024000 - Sugar beet 0612 - Other beet or cane sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form C1081 - Manufacture of sugar CP01181 - Cane sugar and beet sugar (ND)
Chocolate, cocoa and cocoa-based food products (ND)   073 - Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa, n.e.s. C1082 - Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery CP01185 - Chocolate, cocoa and cocoa-based food products (ND)
Ice, ice cream and sorbets (ND)   0223 - Yogurt; buttermilk, curdled, fermented or acidified milk and cream; ice-cream C1052 - Manufacture of ice cream CP01186 - Ice, ice cream and sorbets (ND)
Salt, condiments and sauces (ND)     C1084 - Manufacture of condiments and seasonings CP01193 - Salt, condiments and sauces (ND)
Fruit and vegetable juices (ND) 061000 - Fresh fruit 059 - Fruit juices (including grape must) and vegetable juices, unfermented and not containing added spirit, whether or not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter C1032 - Manufacture of fruit and vegetable juice CP01210 - Fruit and vegetable juices (ND)
Coffee and coffee substitutes (ND)   07 - Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof C1083 - Processing of tea and coffee CP01220 - Coffee and coffee substitutes (ND)
Tea, maté and other plant-derived products for infusion (ND)   07 - Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices, and manufactures thereof C1083 - Processing of tea and coffee CP01230 - Tea, maté and other plant-derived products for infusion (ND)
Cocoa drinks (ND)   073 - Chocolate and other food preparations containing cocoa, n.e.s. C1082 - Manufacture of cocoa, chocolate and sugar confectionery CP01240 - Cocoa drinks (ND)
Wine from grapes (ND) 070000 - Wine 1121 - Wine of fresh grapes (including fortified wine); grape must in fermentation or with fermentation arrested C1102 - Manufacture of wine from grape CP02121 - Wine from grapes (ND)
Beer (ND) 013200 - Malting barley 1123 - Beer made from malt (including ale, stout and porter)  C1105 - Manufacture of beer CP02130 - Beer (ND)
Tobacco (ND) 023000 - Raw tobacco   C12 - Manufacture of tobacco products CP0230 - Tobacco (ND)

Consult the respective indicator's metadata for full information on the ACPI, IPI, PPI, and HICP.

Consult the respective indicator's metadata for full information on the ACPI, IPI, PPI, and HICP.

Consult the respective domain's metadata for full information on the ACPI, IPI, PPI, and HICP.

The reference area depends on the indicator, see Table 2 for a detailed breakdown of reference area per indicator.

 

Table 2: Reference area per indicator

Reference area ACPI IPI PPI HICP
EU aggregate(s) Included   Included Included
EA aggregate(s)     Included Included
EEA aggregate excluding Liechtenstein       Included
Individual EU Member States Included Included Included Included
Individual EFTA countries     Norway, Switzerland Iceland, Norway, Switzerland
Individual enlargement countries     North Macedonia, Türkiye, Ukraine Albania, Georgia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Serbia, Türkiye
Other countries       Kosovo*, United Kingdom until 2020

Data availability depends on the indicator, supply chain and period.

* this designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence.

All data are published with a monthly frequency.

 

For the ACPI, monthly data are available until December 2005. Quarterly data are used for data from January 2006 onward. These quarterly data are transformed into monthly data with temporal disaggregation, where missing data are automatically estimated. All ACPI data from January 2006 are marked estimated. Monthly data are available for the PPI, IPI and HICP.

The accuracy depends on each stage of the food supply chain.

 

ACPI
Based on the reference weighting schemes, price indices transmitted should not deviate from the expected result more than a range of + 0.5%. Due to transforming quarterly to monthly data by means of temporal disaggregation for the period from January 2006 onward, some inaccuracy might be introduced, especially in the last three months.

 

IPI
As intra-EU trade statistics stem from Intrastat declarations by the traders, a main source of error that affects accuracy of intra-EU data is late or non-response. Intra-EU as well as extra-EU trade data accuracy is also affected by specific characteristics of this statistical field, such as the practice of concealing confidential information and the exemption thresholds applied by countries in order to reduce the burden on enterprises.

 

PPI
Accuracy is tackled at national and European levels, by eliminating as much as possible non-sampling errors, by calculating sampling errors and studying and analysing revisions. The available information at country level is summarised in the reports Principal European Economic Indicators in focus and in national reference metadata.

 

HICP
The accuracy of the source data is monitored by assessing the methodological soundness of price and weight sources and the adherence to the legal framework and methodological recommendations.

 

For more information, consult the metadata on the ACPI, IPI, PPI, and HICP.

The data are either indices or rates of change.

Data compilation differs for each stage in the supply chain.

 

ACPI
Agricultural price statistics provide information on the development of producer prices for agricultural products. The indices are based on sales of agricultural products. Prices should be recorded at points which are as close as possible to those of the transactions that the farmer actually undertakes.

The ACPI is calculated from the monthly API until December 2005 and from the quarterly API from January 2006 onward. The data compilation procedure to obtain the final ACPI is as follows for each supply chain:

  1. Quarterly data are obtained from apri_pi_outq. These data are available in different bases: 2005=100, 2010=100, 2015=100, and 2020=100. The period in which the data are available depends on the base. For instance, data for 2006 are available in 2005=100 but not in 2020=100. 
  2. The quarterly data of all different base years are transformed to the same base year. First, the data of 2005=100 and 2010=100 are combined by applying the mean splice. First, the overlap period is determined when both series are available. Then, the mean period is determined and serves to rebase the 2005=100 to the 2010=100 data. In case of an even overlap period, the result is rounded up (e.g. the overlap period is January to April, then March is used to rebase the data). This results in new 2010=100 data. This procedure is repeated for the new 2010=100 and the existing 2015=100 data, resulting in new 2015=100 data. This procedure is then finally repeated for the new 2015=100 and the existing 2020=100.
  3. All newly rebased quarterly data are combined by taking the most recent value when available. For instance, if January 2020 exists in both (the new) 2015=100 and 2020=100, then the values of 2020=100 are taken.
  4. The combined quarterly data are disaggregated by means of temporal disaggregation to obtain monthly data. Missing data are automatically estimated.
  5. The newly calculated monthly data are rebased to the existing monthly data by applying the mean splice. The data are combined by prioritising the monthly data that were not calculated by temporal disaggregation. This means that the resulting series is based on monthly data until December 2005 and quarterly data from January 2006 onward. Data for January 2006 onward is flagged with e - estimated.
  6. The final result is rebased so that 2025=100. Rates of change are calculated directly on the rebased data.

 

The temporal disaggregation used is Ecotrim. It is a program developed by Eurostat that supplies a set of mathematical and statistical techniques to carry out temporal disaggregation of time series. When the series are disaggregated, the quarterly average of the monthly indices is set equal to the quarterly indices.

Ecotrim offers the possibility to use a benchmark. The exponential of the disaggregated values of the logarithm of the original series are used as a benchmark (disaggregation setting the geometrical quarterly average of the monthly indices equal to the quarterly indices). The use of this benchmark affects most series slightly, but it is required to avoid negative index values in volatile series.

Confidential quarterly data are treated as missing for the purpose of temporal disaggregation, but the resulting monthly data are marked confidential and not disseminated. Thus, confidential data in 2025 Q1 would result in confidential data for January, February and March.

 

IPI
Import prices based on unit values are processed at the most detailed level in order to calculate elementary unit-values defined by trade value/quantity. These unit-values are divided by the average unit-value of the previous year to obtain elementary unit-value indices. Elementary unit-value indices are then aggregated over countries and commodities, by using the Laspeyres, Paasche and Fisher formulae. Finally, the Fisher unit-value indices are chained back to the reference year and are used to approximate the import price movements.

The data compilation procedure to obtain the final IPI is done by rebasing the available data to 2025=100. Rates of change are calculated directly on the rebased data.

 

PPI
The PPI is a business cycle indicator showing the development of transaction prices for the monthly industrial output of economic activities. The PPI measures the gross monthly change in the trading price of manufactured products.

The data compilation procedure to obtain the final PPI is done by re-referencing the available data to 2025=100. Rates of change are already available and not recalculated on re-referenced data.

 

HICP
The HICP data is the primary indicator for measuring inflation and price stability across the euro area. It is calculated monthly according to a harmonised approach and a single set of definitions.

In the FPMT, the HICP data are taken directly from the source.

Consult the respective domain's metadata for full information on the ACPI, IPI, PPI, and HICP.

The data are disseminated monthly.

There is no institutional mandate nor a dedicated release calendar for the FPMT. Data are typically updated monthly.

Geopgraphical comparability depends on the indicator.

 

ACPI
ACPI data are comparable among all Member States due to the adoption of the agreed common EU methodology.

 

IPI
The European Business Statistics (EBS) Regulation and the EBS methodological guidelines are applied by the countries transmitting IPI data, see Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on European business statistics and other legislation on short-term business statistics. IPI data are comparable among all Member States.

 

PPI
The EBS Regulation and the EBS methodological guidelines are applied by the countries transmitting IPI data, see Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on European business statistics and other legislation on short-term business statistics. PPI data are comparable among all Member States.

 

HICP
Definitions and classifications have been harmonised in a series of legal acts. HICP data are comparable among all Member States.

 

For more information, consult the metadata on the ACPI, IPI, PPI, and HICP.

Comparability over time depends on the indicator.

 

ACPI
The ACPI is calculated from the monthly API until December 2005 and from the quarterly API for January 2006 onward. These quarterly data are transformed into monthly data with temporal disaggregation, where missing data are automatically estimated. All ACPI data from January 2006 are marked estimated. Comparability over time is high but depends on the supply chain and country.

 

IPI
Comparability over time is considered to be very good for all data.

 

PPI
Comparability over time is considered to be very good since the year 2000.

 

HICP
Comparability over time is considered to be very good. However, due to changes in methodology, breaks in the time series might occur.

 

For more information, consult the metadata on the ACPI, IPI, PPI, and HICP.