Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Data on the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) usage and e-commerce in enterprises are survey data. They are collected by the National Statistical Institutes or Ministries and are in principle based on Eurostat's annual model questionnaires on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises.
The legal basis for ICT enterprise statistics for survey year 2024 is Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1507 of 20 July 2023 laying down the technical specifications of data requirements for the topic 'ICT usage and e-commerce' for the reference year 2024. Large part of the data collected is used to measure the progress in the implementation of one of the main political priorities of the European Commission for 2019 to 2024 – A Europe fit for the digital age.
Furthermore, ICT data facilitate the monitoring of the EU’s digital targets for 2030, set by the Digital Decade Policy Programme. Four of the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the current programme stem from the statistics for which the implementing and delegated acts are enclosed for adoption: Artificial Intelligence, cloud, big data (data analytics) and the digital intensity index for businesses (DII) - a composite indicator reflecting the digital transformation of business. The aim of the European survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises is to collect and disseminate harmonised and comparable information at European level.
All economic activities in the scope of Annex of the Commission Regulation are intended to be included in the general survey, covering enterprises with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons. These activities are:
Section C – “Manufacturing”.
Section D, E – “Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply”, “Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities”.
Section F – “Construction”.
Section G – “Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles”.
Section H – “Transportation and storage”.
Section I – “Accommodation and food service activities”.
Section J – “Information and communication”.
Section L – “Real estate activities”.
Section M – “Professional, scientific and technical activities”.
Section N – "Administrative and support service activities".
Group 95.1 – “Repair of computers and communication equipment”.
For micro-enterprises see the sub-concepts below.
3.3.1. Coverage-sector economic activity for micro-enterprises - All NACE Rev. 2 categories are covered
Micro-enterprises are not included in the survey
3.3.2. Coverage sector economic activity for micro-enterprises - If not all activities were covered, which ones were covered?
Not applicable.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
The model questionnaire on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides a large variety of variables covering among others the following topics:
Access to and use of the Internet.
E-commerce and e-business.
ICT specialists and skills.
ICT security.
Artificial Intelligence.
The annual model questionnaires and the European businesses statistics compliers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises comprise definitions and explanations regarding the topics of the survey.
3.5. Statistical unit
Enterprise
3.6. Statistical population
Target Population
As required by Annex of the Commission Implementing Regulation, enterprises with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons are covered by the survey.
For micro-enterprises see the sub-concepts below.
3.6.1. Coverage of micro-enterprises
No
3.6.2. Breakdown between size classes [0 to 1] and [2 to 9]
No
3.6.3. If for micro-enterprises different size delimitation was used, please indicate it.
Not applicable.
3.7. Reference area
Detailed information on the provision of data on NUTS 2 regional level is available in “Annex I. Completeness“.
All territory of the Republic of Serbia (without Kosovo)
3.8. Coverage - Time
Years 2023 and 2024.
3.9. Base period
Not applicable
Percentages of enterprises, Percentages of turnover, Percentages of employees and self-employed persons, Million RSD.
We have used same reference period which was defined in the model questionnaire.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Complementary national legislation constituting the legal basis for the survey on the use of ICT in Republic of Serbia:
Law on Official Statistics (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia, No 104/09) and Plan of Official Statistics (“Official Gazette of the Republic of Serbia” Nos 55/05, 71/05 – corrigendum, 101/07, 65/08, 16/11, 68/12 – CS, 72/12, 7/14 – CS, 44/14 and 30/18 – other law) Stat gov website.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Other authorized producers of official statistics shall be obliged to cooperate with the Office on the methodology of statistical surveys that are envisaged by annual implementation plans, and when required, they consult the Office on the methodology and databases that they determine. In case of disagreement between the authorized producers of official statistics and the Office in relation to the issues as described in paragraph 1 hereof, the Office shall be obliged to advise respectively the Government, in writing and within 30 days after the disagreement was stated. Right to access individual data of other authorized producers of official statistics.
The Office shall have the right to access individual data resulting from the surveys of other authorized producers of official statistics, in case these data are essential for conducting the activities of official statistics or for the evaluation of data quality. The right to access individual data resulting from the surveys of the National Bank of Serbia shall be granted with prior written consent by the Governor of the National Bank of Serbia. Right to access administrative data sources
The Office shall have the right to access all administrative data sources in charge of government authorities, including identification codes, if necessary, as well as the right to access the data collected by constant monitoring and observation method, unless their statistical use is explicitly prohibited by law. The holders of administrative data sources and of data collected by constant monitoring and observation method are obliged to forward the data to the Office in accordance with the adopted Plan and in a way as agreed that shall entail no extra costs for the data holders, except in cases when these data are subject to special processing.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recital 24 and Article 20(4)) of 11 March 2009 (OJ L 87, p. 164), stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.
At national level:
The data collected, processed and stored for the purpose of official statistics shall be considered as confidential when a physical person or a legal entity could be identified, directly or indirectly, by name (title), address or identification number. The authorized producers of official statistics shall use all means to preclude any possible, direct or indirect, individual identification of a reporting unit. Confidential data may be used for statistical purposes only. Therefore, the authorities of the republic government, the autonomous provinces’ government, the local government and other public authorities may not use the data and information compiled as official statistics for the purpose of defining the rights and obligations of a reporting unit.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Data are transmitted via eDamis (encrypted) and delivered to a secure environment where they are treated. Flags are added for confidentiality in case results must not be disclosed.
At national level:
The authorized producers of official statistics are obliged to take all relevant administrative, technical and organizational measures required to protect confidential data from illegal access, disclosure or use. In a special set of regulations or other legal act, the authorized producers of official statistics shall define in more details the measures and procedures of data confidentiality protection, in accordance with this law.
Access to confidential data shall be restricted to the persons that in line of their duty produce official statistics and to the extent to which these data are required for the production of official statistics. The persons who in line of their duty have access to confidential data are under obligation to conform to the provisions of this law, even upon cessation of their term of office with statistical authorities.
8.1. Release calendar
There is a release calendar for the statistical outputs.
Results for selected variables collected in the framework of this survey are available for all participating countries on Digital economy and society of Eurostat website.
At national level:
Not available
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Not available
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Not requested
10.5.1. Metadata - consultations
Not requested
10.6. Documentation on methodology
The European businesses statistics compilers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides guidelines and clarifications for the implementation of the surveys.
The Methodological Manual provides guidelines and standards for the implementation of the survey in the Member States. The manual is updated and adapted every year according to the content of the model questionnaire. Furthermore, the use of the Eurostat model questionnaire improves comparability of the results of the survey among participating countries.
Procedure for hiring interviewers (Tender and subsequent Selection Decisions published on the Intranet).
Training of interviewers for ICT research.
Continuous control of interviewers (listening, daily control of survey results).
Validation according to Eurostat rules.
Preparation of a national Quality Report and reference metadata (used for quality assessment).
Conducting self-assessment by filling out a self-assessment questionnaire and preparing an accompanying report (self-assessment) - also for quality assessment.
11.1. Quality assurance
The European businesses statistics compliers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides guidelines and standards for the implementation of the surveys. It is updated every year according to the changed contents of the model questionnaires.
At national level:
The SORS quality management system is relied on the Serbian official statistics mission and vision, as well as on the European Statistics Code of Practice – CoP and the Total Quality Management – TQM principles, which together make the common quality framework of the European Statistical system (ESS). Based on this framework SORS prepared main strategic documents on quality, like Declaration on quality, Quality policy, Quality strategy, as well as different guidelines and procedures for ensuring quality of statistical production.
At European level, the recommended use of the annual Eurostat model questionnaire aims at improving comparability of the results among the countries that conduct the survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises. Moreover, the European businesses statistics compilers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides guidelines and clarifications for the implementation of the surveys.
At national level:
Indicators of ICT usage in enterprises are produced in accordance with methodological requirements and standards. Data are compared with previous and corresponding period and checks with different source are made. The publication schedule is fixed and announced in advance.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Main user at national level is RATEL (Republic Agency for Electronic Communications) and Ministry of Trade, Tourism and Telecommunications.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
RATEL (Republic Agency for Electronic Communications) has evaluated positively the data quality on the ICT usage in enterprises.
12.3. Completeness
Detailed information is available in “ Annex I. Completeness “ - related to questionnaire, coverage, additional questions, regional data.
12.3.1. Data completeness - rate
Not requested
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Comments on reliability and representativeness of results and completeness of dataset
These comments reflect overall standard errors reported for the indicators and breakdowns in section 13.2.1 (Sampling error - indicators) and the rest of the breakdowns for national and European aggregates, as well as other accuracy measurements. The estimated standard error should not exceed 2pp for the overall proportions and should not exceed 5pp for the proportions related to the different subgroups of the population (for those NACE aggregates for the calculation and dissemination of national aggregates). If problems were found, these could have implications for future surveys (e.g. need to improve sampling design, to increase sample sizes, to increase the response rates).
More detailed information is available in “ Annex II. Accuracy “ - related to European aggregates, comments on reliability and use of flag.
13.2. Sampling error
For calculation of the standard error see 13.2.1.1.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Standard error (for selected indicators and breakdowns)
Precision measures related to variability due to sampling, unit non-response (the size of the subset of respondents is smaller than the size of the original sample) and other (imputation for item non-response, calibration etc.) are not (yet) required from the Member states for all indicators. Eurostat will make basic assumptions to compute these measures for all indicators produced (e.g. stratified random sampling assuming as strata the crossing of the variables “Number of employees and self-employed persons” and “Economic Activity” as it was defined in the 3 tables of section 18.1).
More detailed information is available in“ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2024 “ – worksheets starting with “Standard error".
13.2.1.1. Sampling error indicator calculation
Calculation of the standard error
Various methods can be used for the calculation of the standard error for an estimated proportion. The aim is to incorporate into the standard error the sampling variability but also variability due to unit non-response, item non-response (imputation), calibration etc. In case of census / take-all strata, the aim is to calculate the standard errors comprising the variability due to unit non-response and item non-response.
a) Name and brief description of the applied estimation approach
Taylor linearization is used to obtain variance estimators. SAS procedure PROC SURVEYMEANS includes sampling design and weights for this purpose.
b) Basic formula
Proportion estimates have been used.
c)Main reference in the literature
Lohr, Sharon L. Sampling: Design and Analysis
d)How has the stratification been taken into account?
Strata ID was used for calculating weights and for variance estimation. SAS procedure has the option to include Strata ID during the estimation.
e)Which strata have been considered?
Strata defined in sampling design.
13.3. Non-sampling error
See detailed sections below.
13.3.1. Coverage error
See concept 18.1.1. A) Description of frame population.
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
There was no over-coverage.
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not requested
13.3.2. Measurement error
No measurement errors detected.
13.3.3. Non response error
See detailed sections below.
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
See detailed sub-concepts below.
13.3.3.1.1. Unit response
The following table contains the number of units (i.e. enterprises), by type of response to the survey and by the percentage of these values in relation to the gross sample size.
Type of response
Enterprises
0-9 (or 2-9) employees and self-employed persons
10 or more employees and self-employed persons
Number
%
Number
%
Gross sample size (as in section 3.1 C)
100%
1720
100%
1. Response (questionnaires returned by the enterprise)
1615
93,9%
1.1 Used for tabulation and grossing up (Net sample or Final Sample; as in section 3.1 D)
1615
93,9%
1.2 Not used for tabulation
0
0
1.2.1 Out of scope (deaths, misclassified originally in the target population, etc.)
0
0
1.2.2 Other reasons (e.g. unusable questionnaire)
0
0
2. Non-response (e.g. non returned mail, returned mail by post office)
105
6,1%
Comments on unit response, if unit response is below 60%
13.3.3.1.2. Methods used for minimizing unit non-response
Not applicable.
13.3.3.1.3. Methods used for unit non-response treatment
1. No treatment for unit non-response
x
2. Treatment by re-weighting
2.1 Re-weighting by the sampling design strata considering that non-response is ignorable inside each stratum (the naïve model)
2.2 Re-weighting by identified response homogeneity groups (created using sample-level information)
2.3 Re-weighting through calibration/post-stratification (performed using population information) by the groups used for calibration/post-stratification
3. Treatment by imputation (done distinctly for each variable/item)
4. Method(s) and the model(s) corresponding to the above or other method(s) used for the treatment of unit non-response. (e.g. Re-weighting using Horvitz-Thompson estimator, ratio estimator or regression estimator, auxiliary variables)
13.3.3.1.4. Assessment of unit non-response bias
Not available.
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not available.
13.3.3.2.1. Methods used for item non-response treatment
1. No treatment for item non-response
x
2. Deductive imputation An exact value can be derived as a known function of other characteristics.
3. Deterministic imputation (e.g. mean/median, mean/median by class, ratio-based, regression-based, single donor nearest-neighbour) Deterministic imputation leads to estimators with no random component, that is, if the imputation were to be re-conducted, the outcome would be the same.
4. Random imputation (e.g. hot-deck, cold-deck) Random imputation leads to estimators with a random component, that is, if the imputation were re-conducted, it would have led to a different result.
5. Re-weighting
6. Multiple imputation In multiple imputation each missing value is replaced (instead of a single value) with a set of plausible values that represent the uncertainty of the right value to impute. Multiple imputation methods offer the possibility of deriving variance estimators by taking imputation into account. The incorporation of imputation into the variance can be easily derived based on variability of estimates among the multiply imputed data sets.
7. Method(s) and the model(s) corresponding to the above or other method(s) used for the treatment of item non-response.
13.3.3.2.2. Questions or items with item response rates below 90% and other comments
Other comments relating to the item non-response
Additional issues concerning "item non-response" calculation (e.g. method used in national publications).
Not applicable.
Questions and items with low response rates (cut-off value is 90%) and item non-response rate.
Not applicable.
13.3.4. Processing error
No processing errors were detected.
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Not requested
14.1. Timeliness
See detailed section in the Full metadata report.
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
The time lag will be T+0 for indicators referring to 2024 (most of variables), T+10 months for indicators referring to 2023 e.g. e-commerce.
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
Data are to be delivered to Eurostat in the fourth quarter of the reference year (due date for the finalised dataset is 5th October). European results are released before the end of the survey year or in the beginning of the year following the survey year (T=reference year, T+0 for indicators referring to the current year, T+12 months for other indicators referring to the previous year e.g. e-commerce).
At national level:
Data are released in second half of October for to survey year.
14.2. Punctuality
See detailed section below.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
Please complete for the Quality report.
Data were delivered to Eurostat on 05. October; 5 days before (after) the deadline.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
The model questionnaire is generally used by the countries that conduct the survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises. Due to (small) differences in translation, in the used survey vehicle, in non-response treatment or different routing through the questionnaire, some results for some countries may be of reduced comparability. In these cases, notes are added in the data.
Detailed information on differences in the wording of the questions in the national questionnaires is available in “ Annex I. Completeness “ - worksheets related to questionnaire, coverage, additional questions.
Comparability between regions:
Please complete for the Quality report.
Detailed information on the provision of data on NUTS 2 regional level is available in “Annex I. Completeness“ – worksheets related to regional data.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not applicable
15.2. Comparability - over time
See detailed section in the Full metadata report.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
The length of comparable time series depends on the module and the variable considered within each survey module. Additional information is available in annexes attached to the European metadata.
Not available.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Not applicable
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Description of the sampling method used (e.g. stratified random sample, quota sampling, cluster sampling; one-stage or two-stage sampling) and information which variables were used to stratify, the categories of those variables, in particular for the NACE Rev. 2 categories related to the "possible calculation of European aggregates", and the final number of strata:
In this survey, the stratified simple random sample is used. Strata are defined by cross-classifying:
4 territorial units NUTS2 level (Belgrade Region, Vojvodina Region, Šumadija and Western Serbia, Southern and Eastern Serbia);
3 size classes as defined in balance sheets (small, medium, and large enterprises);
32 aggregated classes defined according to the Classification of Activities
2 size classes according to the number of employees in balance sheets (census units and noncensus that are randomly selected).
The final number of strata is 381.
C) Gross sample distribution
More detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2024 “ (Worksheet: GROSS SAMPLE)
D) Net sample distribution
More detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2024 “ (Worksheet: NET SAMPLE)
18.1.1. Sampling design & Procedure frame
A) Description of frame population
a) When was the sample for the ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprise survey drawn?
January 2024
b) Last update of the Business register that was used for drawing the sample of enterprises for the survey:
31 December 2023
c) Indication if the frame population is the same as, or is in some way coordinated with, the one used for the Structural Business Statistics (different snapshots):
Yes
d) Description if different frames are used during different stages of the statistical process (e.g. frame used for sampling vs. frame used for grossing up):
No
e) Indication the shortcomings in terms of timeliness (e.g. time lag between last update of the sampling frame and the moment of the actual sampling), geographical coverage, coverage of different subpopulations, data available etc., and any measures taken to correct it, for this survey.
No time leg between
B) Frame population distribution
More detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2024 “ (Worksheet: FRAME POPULATION)
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Annual
18.3. Data collection
See detailed sections below.
18.3.1. Survey period
Survey / Collection
Date of sending out questionnaires
Date of reception of the last questionnaire treated
General survey
01 March 2024
29 April 2024
Micro-enterprises
Not applicable
Not applicable
18.3.2. Survey vehicle – general survey
General survey - Stand-alone survey
18.3.3. Survey vehicle – micro-enterprises
The collection of micro-enterprises was not integrated with the general survey
18.3.4. Survey type
Telephone interview
18.3.5. Survey participation
Mandatory
18.4. Data validation
Data quality checks are done by manual revision of questionnaires and procedures of logical control. Collected data are first checked and verified during the process of data entering. After that quality checking is carried out by using a set of strict manual and electronic logical and calculation controls. Reports that fail to meet the quality standards are subject to verification and are corrected as required.
Obtained results from the actual reporting period are compared with the previous and the corresponding reporting period of the previous year. If inconsistencies are detected the data must be verified at micro level again by using raw data of the questionnaire and possibly changed.
For logical control and corrections of errors is used Integrated Survey Tool (IST). IST is a software package that includes the process of data entry, logical control and production of output tables.
18.5. Data compilation
Grossing-up procedures
No grossing up procedures have been performed other than standard weighting procedure.
18.5.1. Imputation - rate
SORS does not perform imputations.
18.6. Adjustment
Not applicable
18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment
Not applicable
Problems encountered and lessons to be learnt:
Please complete for the Quality report.
19.1. Documents
Questionnaire in national language
x
Questionnaire in English (if available)
National reports on methodology (if available)
Analysis of key results, backed up by tables and graphs in English (if available)
Data on the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) usage and e-commerce in enterprises are survey data. They are collected by the National Statistical Institutes or Ministries and are in principle based on Eurostat's annual model questionnaires on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises.
The legal basis for ICT enterprise statistics for survey year 2024 is Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2023/1507 of 20 July 2023 laying down the technical specifications of data requirements for the topic 'ICT usage and e-commerce' for the reference year 2024. Large part of the data collected is used to measure the progress in the implementation of one of the main political priorities of the European Commission for 2019 to 2024 – A Europe fit for the digital age.
Furthermore, ICT data facilitate the monitoring of the EU’s digital targets for 2030, set by the Digital Decade Policy Programme. Four of the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the current programme stem from the statistics for which the implementing and delegated acts are enclosed for adoption: Artificial Intelligence, cloud, big data (data analytics) and the digital intensity index for businesses (DII) - a composite indicator reflecting the digital transformation of business. The aim of the European survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises is to collect and disseminate harmonised and comparable information at European level.
Name of data collection
ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises.
1 April 2025
The model questionnaire on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides a large variety of variables covering among others the following topics:
Access to and use of the Internet.
E-commerce and e-business.
ICT specialists and skills.
ICT security.
Artificial Intelligence.
The annual model questionnaires and the European businesses statistics compliers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises comprise definitions and explanations regarding the topics of the survey.
Enterprise
Target Population
As required by Annex of the Commission Implementing Regulation, enterprises with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons are covered by the survey.
For micro-enterprises see the sub-concepts below.
Detailed information on the provision of data on NUTS 2 regional level is available in “Annex I. Completeness“.
All territory of the Republic of Serbia (without Kosovo)
We have used same reference period which was defined in the model questionnaire.
Comments on reliability and representativeness of results and completeness of dataset
These comments reflect overall standard errors reported for the indicators and breakdowns in section 13.2.1 (Sampling error - indicators) and the rest of the breakdowns for national and European aggregates, as well as other accuracy measurements. The estimated standard error should not exceed 2pp for the overall proportions and should not exceed 5pp for the proportions related to the different subgroups of the population (for those NACE aggregates for the calculation and dissemination of national aggregates). If problems were found, these could have implications for future surveys (e.g. need to improve sampling design, to increase sample sizes, to increase the response rates).
More detailed information is available in “ Annex II. Accuracy “ - related to European aggregates, comments on reliability and use of flag.
Percentages of enterprises, Percentages of turnover, Percentages of employees and self-employed persons, Million RSD.
Grossing-up procedures
No grossing up procedures have been performed other than standard weighting procedure.
A) Frame population description and distribution
For more information see concept 18.1.1.
B) Sampling design - Sampling method
Description of the sampling method used (e.g. stratified random sample, quota sampling, cluster sampling; one-stage or two-stage sampling) and information which variables were used to stratify, the categories of those variables, in particular for the NACE Rev. 2 categories related to the "possible calculation of European aggregates", and the final number of strata:
In this survey, the stratified simple random sample is used. Strata are defined by cross-classifying:
4 territorial units NUTS2 level (Belgrade Region, Vojvodina Region, Šumadija and Western Serbia, Southern and Eastern Serbia);
3 size classes as defined in balance sheets (small, medium, and large enterprises);
32 aggregated classes defined according to the Classification of Activities
2 size classes according to the number of employees in balance sheets (census units and noncensus that are randomly selected).
The final number of strata is 381.
C) Gross sample distribution
More detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2024 “ (Worksheet: GROSS SAMPLE)
D) Net sample distribution
More detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2024 “ (Worksheet: NET SAMPLE)
Annual
See detailed section in the Full metadata report.
The model questionnaire is generally used by the countries that conduct the survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises. Due to (small) differences in translation, in the used survey vehicle, in non-response treatment or different routing through the questionnaire, some results for some countries may be of reduced comparability. In these cases, notes are added in the data.
Detailed information on differences in the wording of the questions in the national questionnaires is available in “ Annex I. Completeness “ - worksheets related to questionnaire, coverage, additional questions.
Comparability between regions:
Please complete for the Quality report.
Detailed information on the provision of data on NUTS 2 regional level is available in “Annex I. Completeness“ – worksheets related to regional data.
