Recommendations for Preventing Radicalisation in Prison Settings: Insights from the Escribano Operation

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The conviction of individuals involved in recruiting and indoctrinating in Daesh ideology within Spanish prisons underscores the importance of robust security measures, legal frameworks, and multi-agency cooperation. Last year, the Euro-Arab Foundation for Higher Studies published an exhaustive analysis of the Escribano Operation, a complex police investigation that led to the second terrorism-related conviction within the Spanish prison system since 2008 — and the first under the revised terrorism law introduced in 2015. This case has provided a vital framework for understanding and preventing radicalisation in prison settings, demonstrating the effectiveness of intelligence-led strategies and legislative reforms in penitentiary environments.  

Based on the findings of this research, several key recommendations emerge to prevent violent extremism within prisons effectively: 

1. Strengthening Multi-Agency Cooperation   

One of the most notable aspects of the Escribano Operation was the successful collaboration between prison officials, the Civil Guard, and judicial authorities. Establishing dedicated task forces comprising prison security personnel, intelligence agencies, and law enforcement officials can enhance information sharing and counter-radicalisation efforts within penitentiary facilities. 

2. Implementing Specialised Radicalisation Risk Assessment 

Specialised monitoring systems and vulnerability assessment tools tailored to different forms of violent extremism can help identify individuals susceptible to radical influences. Regular assessments, coupled with psychological and sociological profiling, can aid in distinguishing between high-risk individuals and those amenable to rehabilitation. 

3. Prosecuting Radicalisation and Recruitment Offenses 

The Escribano Operation demonstrated the importance of legal frameworks in addressing radicalisation. Legislative measures, such as Spanish Organic Law 2/2015, have strengthened the capacity to prosecute self-indoctrination, recruitment, and incitement to terrorism.  

4. Dynamic and Adaptive Prevention Strategies 

Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism (P/CVE) strategies must be continuously evaluated and adapted to emerging threats. Thus, the evolving nature of extremist ideologies necessitates a multifaceted approach, combining intelligence analysis, rehabilitation programs, and community engagement to address the root causes of radicalisation within penitentiary institutions. 

5. Enhancing Rehabilitation and Reintegration Programmes 

Beyond security measures, prisons should implement rehabilitation programmes focused on ideological disengagement and social reintegration. Cognitive-behavioural therapy, vocational training, and mentorship programs can help inmates transition away from extremist ideologies and reintegrate into democratic societies upon release. 

6. Strengthening the Role of Prison Staff 

Correctional officers and prison intelligence units play a crucial role in detecting and preventing radicalisation. Providing them with specialised training on identifying extremist behaviours, maintaining security, and preventing the proliferation of radical networks. 

7. Safeguarding Human Rights in Counter-Radicalisation Measures 

Countering radicalisation while ensuring that preventive measures respect human rights and legal principles is crucial. Fair judicial processes, humane treatment of inmates, and adherence to international human rights standards must be upheld to prevent grievances that may fuel further radicalisation. 

8. Promoting European Cooperation and Knowledge Sharing 

Given the transnational nature of terrorism, sharing best practices and intelligence within the European Union can enhance collective efforts to tackle prison radicalisation. Establishing collaborative initiatives for research, training, and legislative harmonisation can improve the effectiveness of counter-radicalisation measures across jurisdictions. 

9. Aligning Strategies from International to Local Levels 

P/CVE efforts should integrate global, national, and local strategies to ensure coherence and effectiveness. Compliance with international resolutions and the EU Strategic Orientations on Prevention of Radicalisation should be coupled with localised interventions tailored to the specific challenges of each penitentiary system. 

10. Adapting Legislation to Address Emerging Extremist Threats 

As radicalisation tactics evolve, both European and national legislative systems must remain agile. Regularly updating criminal laws to address new forms of violent extremism, including online radicalisation and encrypted communications, is essential for maintaining an effective legal response to terrorism-related activities within prison settings. 

The results of this study led by the Euro-Arab Foundation demonstrate that radicalisation in penitentiary environments is a complex and evolving threat that requires a multi-layered approach. The Escribano Operation exemplifies how intelligence-led interventions, legal adaptations, and multi-agency collaboration can effectively prevent radicalisation within prisons. However, continuous research, policy refinement, and strategic adaptation are necessary to address emerging challenges. By implementing the above recommendations, prison systems can enhance security, disrupt extremist networks, and facilitate the rehabilitation and reintegration of inmates, ultimately contributing to broader P/CVE efforts. 

Author: Euro-Arab Foundation for Higher Studies (FUNDEA)