Effects of Biocides on antibiotic resistance
Level 2 - Details on Effects of Biocides
- 1. What are biocides and how widely are they used?
- 2. What are the main uses of biocides?
- 2.1 What are the main applications for biocides in health care?
- 2.2 In which consumer products are biocides used?
- 2.3 How are biocides used in the food industry?
- 2.4 How are biocides used in animal husbandry and in products of animal origin?
- 2.5 How are biocides used in water treatment and industrial applications?
- 3. Is there evidence that bacteria resistant to biocides are emerging?
- 3.1 How can bacterial resistance to biocides be determined?
- 3.2 Has resistance to biocides been observed in health care applications?
- 3.3 Has resistance to biocides been observed in consumer products?
- 3.4 Has resistance to biocides been observed in the food production chain?
- 3.5 Has resistance to biocides due to discharges to the environment been observed?
- 4. How can bacteria become resistant to biocides or antibiotics?
- 5. Does biocide use contribute to the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria?
- 6. What are the potential threats of biocide use in terms of bacterial resistance?
- 7. What explains resistance to both biocides and antibiotics?
- 8. How can risks of resistance to both antibiotics and biocides be assessed?
- 9. Conclusions & recommendations
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