Archive:EU and EFTA born population living in another EU or EFTA country - statistical overview

Data extracted in July 2019.

Planned article update: July 2020.

Highlights

In 2018, at least 5 out of every 100 people of working age born in an EU-28/EFTA country resided in an EU-28/EFTA country other than their country of birth.

In 2018, about 35 % of the total EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population were born in an EU-28/EFTA country, while the remaining 65 % were born elsewhere in the world.

EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population by origin, 2008-2018

This article looks at the size, composition and labour market situation of the foreign-born population of working age (from 20 to 64) residing within the EU-27, the EFTA and the United Kingdom (UK), by their country of birth. The analysis addresses separately foreign-born people with origins in an EU-27/EFTA/UK country (‘intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population’) and those from other countries. It then compares these two broad categories with each other and with the EU-27/EFTA/UK native-born population (i.e. people born in an EU-27/EFTA country or the UK who reside in their country of birth).

While intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK mobility (i.e. the movement within the EU-27, EFTA territories and the UK of people born in an EU-27/EFTA/UK country) is analysed by country of birth, extra-EU27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population (i.e. those residing in an EU-27/EFTA country or the UK but born outside them) is analysed solely as a single group without any breakdown by country of birth. This is because of quality constraints, for example because the small sample sizes make it difficult to obtain reliable estimates. The analysis is based on European Union — Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) data and covers the period between 2009 and 2019.

Full article

Overview

In 2019, almost 5 out of every 100 people of working age (20-64) born in an EU-27/EFTA country or the UK resided in an EU-27/EFTA country or the UK other than their country of birth (4.9 %). That means 2 more people for every 100 people than in 2009 (3.8 %). ((?????))

On average, over the whole decade, about 35 % of the total EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population were born in an EU-27/EFTA country or the UK, while the remaining 65 % were born elsewhere in the world.

Over the decade, Romanian-born and Polish-born were the two most numerous intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born groups. In 2019, they accounted for 19.4 % and 16.7 % respectively of the total intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population.

In 2019, 36.1 % (about 5.7 million) of the 15.8 million intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population of working age were tertiary graduates, compared with 30.0 % of the third-country foreign-born population and 32.2 % of the native-born population residing within the EU-27, EFTA or UK.

The overall employment rate of the intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population is significantly higher than among the third-country foreign-born population. This also holds true when comparing with employment rates of EU-27, EFTA and UK citizens that reside in their country of birth.

The difference in the employment rate between Greek-born people residing in an EU-27/EFTA/UK country other than Greece and the Greek-resident population stood at +16.7 percentage points (pp), the biggest difference recorded among intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born groups.

Foreign-born people originating in third countries were much less likely to be in employment than those originating in the EU-27/EFTA/UK, chiefly because the average 55.9 % employment rate among foreign-born (outside of the EU/EFTA/UK) women was 15.6 pp lower than that of women originating in an EU-27/EFTA country or the UK.

Between 2009 and 2019, there was a general narrowing of the gender gap in the employment rate except for extra-EU-27/EFTA/UK born group.

Foreign-born population residing within the EU-27, EFTA and the UK - changes over time

In 2019, the foreign-born population of working age (20-64) residing in the EU-27/EFTA/UK country accounted for 14.5 % (((????))) of the total population of these countries, which was 4.3 pp more than a decade ago. In absolute terms, it increased 1.4 times from more than 32 million people in 2009 to more than 45 million in 2019. Looking at their origin, over the decade, the movement within the EU-27, EFTA and UK of people born in the EU-27/EFTA/UK had similar intensity than of people born outside these countries. As a result, in 2019 almost 16 million people born in an EU-27/EFTA country or the UK were residing in the EU-27/EFTA/UK other than their country of birth, which means 1.4 times more than in 2009. They represented almost 5.6 % of the total EU-27/ EFTA/ UK resident population in 2019 compared with 3.8 % in 2009. In 2019, 9.4 % of the EU-27/EFTA/UK resident population, or almost 30 million people, had been born outside the EU-27, EFTA or UK, up from more than 21 million in 2009. On average, in 2019 about 35 % ((???)) of the EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population were born in an EU-27/EFTA country or the UK, while the remaining 65 % were born elsewhere.

Figure 1: EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population by origin, 2009-2019
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbpcoba)

Figure 2 shows the intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population as a share of the total EU-27/EFTA/UK resident population born in the EU-27/EFTA/UK. In 2019, almost 5 out of every 100 people aged 20-64 born within the EU-27/EFTA/UK resided in the EU-27/EFTA/UK other than their country of birth (5.6 %). That means 2 (((????))) more people for every 100 people than in 2009 when it was 3.5 %.

Figure 2: Intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population in total EU-27/EFTA/UK resident population born in EU-27, EFTA countries or the UK, 2009-2019
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbpcoba)

EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population - from which countries?

Breaking down the intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population shows that in 2019, Romanian-born and Polish-born accounted for 19.4% and 16.7 % respectively of the total intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population. This makes them by far the two largest foreign-born groups originating in the EU-27/EFTA/UK residing outside their country of birth, with both groups together accounting for more than a third of the total intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population. German-born came third with 8.6 % and Italian-born and Portuguese-born were the next two foreign-born groups residing outside their country of birth, with 6.6 % and 6.2% respectively. Together, these five groups represented over half the intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population in 2019 (57.5 %).

However, while German-born accounted for 3.4 % of the German native-born population residing in the EU-27/EFTA/UK country (including Germany), their Romanian-born peers accounted for more than a fifth (20.9 %) of the Romanian native-born population residing in the EU-27/EFTA/UK country (Romania included).

Figure 3: Foreign-born population in intra-EU-27/ EFTA/ UK foreign-born population by country of birth, 2009 and 2019 %
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbpcoba)

In 2019, at least 1 in 5 Romanian-born people residing in the EU-27/EFTA/UK did not reside in Luxembourg. The same was true for the Luxembourg-born group (i.e. about 1 in 5 Luxembourg-born people residing in the EU-27/EFTA/UK did not reside in Romania). By comparison, in 2009 about 1 in 10 Romanian-born residing within the EU-27/EFTA/UK resided in the EU-27/EFTA/UK other than Romania: this group recorded the biggest increase in share of natives residing within the EU-27/EFTA/UK but outside their country of birth (+10.5 pp). This share can be seen as a good measurement of emigration, except for Luxembourg which is a special case in this context. For instance, in 2014 (the last reference year for which breakdown by generation is available), only 32.0 % of Luxembourg’s residents were native-born, while in all other EU-27/EFTA countries and the UK at least 67 % of the resident population is native-born (see ‘First and second-generation immigrants — statistics on main characteristics’, Table 1). This indicates that a large proportion of people born in Luxembourg actually do not move to another country but possibly return back to their parents’ country of birth or move to other countries as this category tends to be more mobile. It cannot be estimated how large this phenomenon is, but it is clearly significant as such and in comparison with other EU-27/EFTA countries and the UK. The top five biggest foreign-born groups by share of natives residing within the EU-27/EFTA/UK but outside their country of birth is completed by Portuguese-born (15.5 %), Lithuanian-born (15.4 %) and Latvian-born (14.4 %).

The second-largest foreign-born group by increase in the share of natives residing within the EU-27/EFTA/UK but outside their country of birth was Latvian-born people, which increased by 9.7 pp. By contrast, the biggest decrease was recorded among Cypriot-born people (from at least 1 in every 6 people in 2009 to 1 in every 8 in 2019, i.e. -3.7 pp).

Figure 4: Foreign-born population in total native population residing in the EU-27/EFTA/UK, by country of birth, 2009 and 2019
Source: Eurostat (lfsa_pgacws)

Top origin countries - compared to a decade ago

Between 2009 and 2019, Romanian-born and Polish-born were the two largest native groups in terms of absolute growth of those residing within the EU-27/ EFTA/UK but outside of their country of birth. Romanian-born increased by 1.5 million people, from almost 1.6 million in 2009 to almost 3.1 million in 2019. The absolute increase over this period for Polish-born was 1.4 million people, from 1.2 million to 2.6 million.

The foreign-born population originating in 8 other countries increased by at least 100 000 people in 2019 compared with 2009: Bulgarian-born (305 000 people), Hungarian-born (233 600 people), Italian-born (159 800 people), French-born (145 100 people), Lithuanian-born (143 600 people), Spanish-born (138 500 people), Latvian-born (114 800 people) and German-born (105 700 people).

By contrast, the intra-EU-27/EFTA/UK foreign-born population originating from 6 out of the 31 EU-27/EFTA countries and the UK decreased over the decade in absolute terms: Ireland (-43 500 people), Finland (-42 100 people), Cyprus (-16 900 people), Denmark (-15 900 people), Malta (-3 200 people) and Norway (-1 500 people).

Figure 5: Absolute growth of foreign-born population by country of birth, 2018 versus 2008
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbpcoba)

EU28/EFTA foreign-born population - educational level

In 2018, 35.0 % (about 5.4 million) of the 15.6 million intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population of working age were tertiary graduates, compared with 29.4 % of third-country foreign-born and 31.3 % of the EU-28/EFTA native-born population. The trend over time indicates an increase in the level of educational attainment level among the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population: it gradually increased from 26.0 % in 2008 to 35.0 % in 2018, while the corresponding share of people with a primary education level declined from 29.1 % in 2008 to 22.6 % in 2018. Secondary education is still the most common level of educational attainment among the intra-EU28/EFTA foreign-born population, with a share remaining approximately stable over the decade, dipping to 41.5 % in 2016 and peaking at 44.9 % in 2008.

Figure 6: Intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population by education attainment level, 2008-2018
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbpcobed)

Comparing the share of people with tertiary education among the three broad population categories analysed in this paper shows that the highest proportion is observed among the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population. Throughout the decade, the proportion of highly educated people was very similar among the third-country foreign-born and the EU-28/EFTA native-born populations. All three broad categories followed the same trend, ascending with approximately the same coefficient.

Figure 7: Share of highly educated people by broad categories of origin, 2008-2018
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbpcobed)

EU28/EFTA foreign-born population - employment rate

Figure 8 shows that, between 2008 and 2018, the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population had better labour market outcomes than the extra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population, as 77.0 % of them were in some form of employment as compared with only 64.5 % for the latter group. The overall employment rate of the third-country foreign-born population was lower than that of any other foreign-born group originating in an EU-28/EFTA country. For 15 out of the 31 EU-28/EFTA countries, the employment rates in 2018 of their native-born populations residing in an EU-28/EFTA country other than their country of birth exceeded that of the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population as a whole. At least four fifths of Hungarian-born, Austrian-born, Polish-born, Lithiuanian-born, Latvian-born, Irish-born, Finish-born, Swedish-born and Danish-born groups residing in an EU-28/EFTA country other than their country of birth was in some form of employment in 2018.

Figure 8: Employment rate by country of birth, 2008 and 2018
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbercoba)

The largest increase in the employment rate among intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born groups was recorded for Slovenian-born people, increasing from 61.7 % in 2008 to 76.2 % in 2018 (+14.5 pp). This was followed by the rate among Cypriot-born, which increased from 58.3 % to 72.6 % (+14.3 pp) and Latvian-born which increased from 67.9 % to 81.3 % (+13.4 pp). By contrast, the largest decline in employment rate was recorded among the Luxembourg-born population residing in an EU-28/EFTA country other than Luxembourg; this rate fell from 70.1% in 2008 to 65.8 % in 2018. The same was true for Bulgarian-born who also registered a decline in employment rate from 73.2 in 2008 to 70.4 in 2018.

Figure 9 compares, by country of birth, the employment rate of intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born groups with the employment rate of the resident population of their country of birth. In 18 of the 31 EU-28 and EFTA countries, the employment rates of people residing outside their country of birth was higher than of those residing in their own country of birth. The differences were significant among the Greek-born (+17.2 pp), Croatian-born (+14.3 pp), Italian-born (+13.8 pp), and Spanish-born (+11.1 pp) populations living abroad but in an EU-28/EFTA country. By contrast, the employment rate of the foreign-born population is at least 5 pp less than that of the population residing in their country of birth among the Swiss-born (-11.4 pp), Icelandic-born (-9.9 pp), British-born (-7.4 pp), Dutch-born (-6.5 pp), Luxembourg-born (-6.3 pp) and Norwegian-born (-5.7 pp).

Figure 9: Employment rate gap between foreign-born population and resident population of their country of birth, by country of birth, 2018 (%)
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbercoba) and (lfsa_ergacob)

Over the decade, the employment intensity of the EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population varied. As illustrated in Figure 10, the third-country foreign-born population systematically recorded lower employment rates than the foreign-born population originating in an EU-28/EFTA country. The trend was also different: the employment rate among the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population increased slightly over time (except for a short period of 2 years between 2009 and 2010). By contrast, the employment rate among the third-country foreign-born population decreased between 2008 and 2013. However, the employment rate among the third-country foreign-born population picked up in 2014-2018, exceeding slightly the initial 2008 level (64.5 % in 2018 compared with 64.2 % in 2008).

Changes in the employment rate of the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population and their peers residing in their country of birth were similar. Both rates increased (except for a short period of 2 years between 2009 and 2010), although slightly more among the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population. Thus, the gap between the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born and the corresponding intra-EU-28/EFTA native-population gradually increased from 0.6 pp in 2008 to 2.9 pp in 2018 (in favour of the intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born).

Figure 10: Employment rate by broad group of origin, 2008-2018
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbercoba)

EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population - gender employment gap

Despite policy initiatives of national governments and the European Commission promoting women’s participation on the labour market, gender inequalities persist. Looking at the gender breakdown of EU-28/EFTA-level employment rates by origin in 2018, the highest employment rate (84.2 %) was recorded among the male foreign-born population originating in an EU-28/EFTA country, which was +13.9 pp more than the corresponding rate of their female peers. By contrast, the foreign-born female population originating in a third country recorded the lowest employment rate (55.3 %), with the largest gender gap (-19.1 pp). Thus, foreign-born people originating in third countries were much less likely to be in employment than those originating in an EU-28/EFTA country. This is chiefly because the average employment rate of 55.3 % among women was 15.0 pp lower than that of their female peers from an EU-28/EFTA country. The male employment rate of the EU-28/EFTA resident population was in between (79.3 %), with the smallest gender gap (+10.4 pp). Overall, the employment rates for women were significantly lower than those of men, irrespective of their origin.

Figure 11: Employment gender gap by broad categories of origin, 2018
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbercobg)

Between 2008 and 2018 there was a general narrowing of the gender gap within the employment rate for all broad groups by origin. The highest relative reduction in the gender gap was registered among EU-28/EFTA residents (-4.0 pp) followed by foreign-born originating in an EU-28/EFTA country (-3.7 pp) and those originating in third-countries (-2.3 pp).

Figure 12:Employment gender gap by broad categories of origin, 2008-2018
Source: Eurostat (lfst_lmbercobg)

Source data for tables and graphs

EU-28EFTA born population living in another EU-28EFTA country

Data sources

The section Labour mobility provides demographical and labour statistics on people of working age (25-64) either born in the European Union (EU) and European Free Trade Association (EFTA) area or having the citizenship of an EU/EFTA country and residing elsewhere on the EU and EFTA territories except their country of birth/citizenship. This implies a new “emigration” (country of origin) perspective, as the estimates coming from the Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) of all EU/EFTA countries, except that of origin or nationality, are aggregated in order to find all the persons of a certain nationality or country of origin that reside elsewhere where the EU rules regarding the free movement of people apply. On the other hand, they can be effectively identified only if a change of residence implying crossing a border has taken place, meaning they reside (or intend to do so) in another country for at least 12 months. Short term movements are therefore not taken into account.

The reference population is the European Union and EFTA countries except Lichtenstein which does not participate in the EU LFS data collection. The analysis is restricted to the working age population 20-64, in order to limit as much as possible the impact of those who are not (yet/ any longer) active on the labour market and are more likely to be abroad for studying (or retirement) rather than employment reasons.

Concepts (some created/adapted for the purpose of this article):

‘foreign-born’ refers to any person born in a country other than their country of residence and whose residence period in the host country is, or is expected to be, at least 12 months
‘intra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population’ is the total number of foreign-born people who both reside and were born within the EU-28 and EFTA territories
‘third-country foreign-born population’ or ‘extra-EU-28/EFTA foreign-born population’ refers to the total number of foreign-born people residing within the EU-28 and EFTA but born outside them.
‘native-born’ refers to any person born in their country of residence
‘EU-28/EFTA native-born population’ refers to the total number of people born in an EU-28/EFTA country and residing in their country of birth
‘working age’ is defined as between 20 and 64 years

Acronyms:

EU-28 is the European Union of the 28 Member States for the 2017 reference year
EFTA is the European Free Trade Association, an intergovernmental organisation including Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

Context

The free movement of workers is a fundamental principle of the Treaty enshrined in Article 45 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union and developed by EU secondary legislation and the Case law of the Court of Justice. EU citizens are entitled to: look for a job in another EU country; work there without needing a work permit; reside there for that purpose; stay there even after employment has finished and enjoy equal treatment with nationals in access to employment, working conditions and all other social and tax advantages. EU nationals may also have certain types of health and social security coverage transferred to the country in which they go to seek work (see coordination of social security systems).

Free movement of workers also applies, in general terms, to Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, which are part of the European Economic Area. People working in some occupations may also be able to have their professional qualifications recognised abroad (see mutual recognition of professional qualifications).

EU social security coordination provides rules to protect the rights of people moving within the EU, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.

The EU is working to increase fair labour mobility in Europe by removing barriers that hinder it.

The EU supports mobility by helping job-seekers and employers in Europe find each other, wherever they are. It also seeks to make sure that the EU's mobile workers are not abused (for example through the Posting of workers directive, May 2014 (Official Journal of the EU) and to help coordinate the fight against undeclared work (Decision on establishing a European Platform to enhance cooperation in tackling undeclared work (Official Journal of the EU).

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Notes