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Archive:Human resources in science and technology - flows

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In this article, we consider statistics in the field of human resources in science and technology (HRST), which provide insights into the demand for people with strong qualifications in science and technology and the supply of such people. We look at the current and future supply of highly-skilled graduates of universities and other specialist educational institutions in the HRST field, in the European Union (EU), the candidate countries and the EFTA countries.

Investment in research, development, education and skills is a key EU policy area. Such investment is essential to boost economic growth and develop a knowledge-based economy. Consequently, interest is growing in the role skills play, and in measuring them. In this context, it is important to measure and analyse the most highly-skilled section of the labour force, both within the EU and internationally.

Statistics on human resources in science and technology (HRST) focus on two main aspects:

  • stocks - the characteristics of the labour force currently working in the field of science and technology; there is a particular focus on scientists and engineers, often the innovators at the centre of technology-led development;
  • flows - showing job-to-job mobility and the inflow from education into the science and technology labour force.

This article focuses on flows data in the HRST field.


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Main statistical findings

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Educational inflows

Educational inflows provide a way to assess how many people will join the HRST population. Indeed, one criterion for inclusion in the HRST population is the level of education attained. Undergraduates, graduates, postgraduates and post-doctoral students are counted as part of the HRST population.

In 2012, there were an estimated 20 million people in higher education in the 28 EU countries. More than five million – 25% of all those in tertiary education - were studying sciences or engineering (S&E). The proportion exceeded 30% of the total in Germany, Greece and Finland.

In 2012, nearly one third (32.2%) of the population of the 28 EU countries aged between 20 and 29 was enrolled in tertiary education. Although the percentage varied, it was above 20% in all the Member States except Luxembourg, where it was just 9.1%. Greece had the highest proportion of tertiary education students among 20-29-year-olds (54.4%), followed closely by Finland, with 48.4% and Lithuania, with 44.2% (see Table 1).

Between 2007 and 2012, the numbers of students in tertiary education rose by an estimated annual average of 1.3% in the EU as a whole, while the numbers in science and engineering rose by 2%. Only a few countries (Estonia, Hungary, Slovenia and Latvia) reported a fall in the number of students at tertiary level, although the numbers in science and engineering actually increased. In Italy, Lithuania, Poland and Romania, both total tertiary-level student numbers and the numbers of science and engineering students rose.

Another way to analyse the future HRST population is to look at graduations. It is estimated that nearly five million tertiary graduations were obtained in 2012 in the EU, representing 7.7% of the 20-29 age group. In all countries, the majority of graduations were accomplished in the first stage of tertiary education. Numbers rose between 2011 and 2012 almost everywhere except Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Sweden.

Across the EU, women's share in higher education reached an estimated 54.9% in 2012, and they accounted for an estimated 30.1% of science and engineering tertiary educated students. They were in the majority in all countries except Turkey, Greece and Switzerland. In science and engineering field, at least one student in four was female, except in the Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, Hungary, Lithuania, Finland and Latvia. The smallest gap between the figures for higher education generally and the field of science and engineering was recorded by Turkey (14 percentage points), while Latvia reported the widest gap (35 percentage points). See Figure 1.

Job-to-job mobility

This means changing jobs from one year to the next. It does not include inflows into the labour market of people who were previously unemployed or inactive.

At country level, less than 10% of the employed HRST changed employer in 2013. Norway, the UK and Denmark had the highest mobility rates (about 9% of the 25-64 HRST population), while less than 2.5% of this population moved jobs in Slovakia and Romania.

As regards age distribution in the mobile population, in 2013 the youngest HRST (25-34-year-olds) were the most frequently represented category everywhere but Denmark, where the age group distribution was even (see Figure 2).


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Notes

  1. ↑ Text of the footnote.



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