Archive:Chemicals production statistics

Data from September 2012, most recent data: Further Eurostat information, Main tables and Database.

Work on European Union (EU) statistics concerning hazardous substances started in the mid-1990s when a set of environmental pressure indicators (EPIs) related to chemicals were developed. More recently, a set of indicators to monitor the effectiveness of the Regulation on the registration, evaluation, authorisation and restriction of chemicals (REACH) were developed. This article presents two indicators developed and compiled by Eurostat that cover the production of important industrial chemicals.

Figure 1: Total production of chemicals, 1995-2011
(million tonnes) - Source: Eurostat (tsdph320)

Main statistical findings

Total production of chemicals

Figure 2: Production of environmentally harmful chemicals, 1996-2011 (million tonnes) - Source: Eurostat (ten00011)

Figure 3: Production of toxic chemicals, 1995-2011
(million tonnes) - Source: Eurostat (tsdph320)

Figure 1 shows the development of EU-27 and EU-15 chemical production in terms of the level (or quantity) of output. The production of chemicals is largely concentrated in western Europe: Germany was the largest producer in the EU-27 in 2011, followed by France, Italy and the United Kingdom and these four Member States collectively generated nearly half of the EU-27’s chemical production in 2011; adding Belgium, the Czech Republic, Spain, the Netherlands, Hungary, Poland and Finland, the overall share of these eleven Member States was 88 %.

In the EU-15, between 1995 and 2007, the total production of chemicals increased by 64.9 million tonnes (+26.2 %) to reach a total of 313 million tonnes. In 2008, production decreased by 27.1 million tonnes (-8.7 %) and in 2009 by a further 35.8 million tonnes (-12.5 %) to reach its second lowest level of output (250 million tonnes) – just above that recorded in 1995. In 2011, total production of chemicals recovered and stood at 290 million tonnes, marking an expansion of 40 million tonnes compared with the year 2009.

A shorter time series is available for the EU-27 which shows that the total production of chemicals increased continuously between 2002 and 2007, rising overall by 9.6 % to reach a peak of 362 million tonnes. During the financial and economic crisis, production fell by 24 million tonnes (-6.6 %) in 2008 and by another 46 million tonnes (-13.6 %) in 2009. In 2011 the production of industrial chemicals in the EU-27 increased by 55 million tonnes from the year 2009(+19 %) to reach 347 million tonnes, still 16 million tonnes below the pre-crisis peak.

Production of environmentally harmful chemicals

Figure 2 presents the development of production of environmentally harmful chemicals, broken down into five environmental impact classes. Aggregated production of these chemicals in the EU-27 grew from 2002 to 2007 by 10.1 % overall to a peak of 194 million tonnes. Production fell by 32 million tonnes (-16.5 %) over the next two years to a level of 162 million tonnes, which was 8.1 % lower than in 2002. In 2011, the production of environmentally harmful chemicals increased by 26 million tonnes (+16 %) to 188 million tonnes.

EU-15 production of environmentally harmful chemicals increased from 1996 to 2005 by 15.9 % overall to record a peak in production of 168 million tonnes. After a modest reduction in 2006, production recovered again in 2007 to stand at almost the same level as in 2005 (one million tonnes lower, at 167 million tonnes). However, the output of environmentally harmful chemicals then fell (reflecting the impact of the financial and economic crisis), reaching a low point in 2009, at 138 million tonnes. There was a strong recovery in 2010, as the EU-15’s output rose to 160 million tonnes, which was 15.9 % higher than a year before. After a modest growth in 2011, the production of environmental harmful chemicals is now at161 million tonnes.

The share of environmentally harmful chemicals in total EU-27 chemical output has not changed significantly, from 53.3 % in 2002 to 54.2 % in 2011. The 12 Member States that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007 produced 27 million tonnes of environmentally harmful chemicals in 2011, equivalent to 14.5 % of the quantity of production in the EU-27 as a whole, while the share was only 13 % the previous year.

Production of toxic chemicals

Figure 3 presents the development of production quantities of toxic chemicals, broken down into five toxicity classes. The EU-27’s production of toxic chemicals (all five toxicity classes aggregated) increased by 6.8 % between 2002 and 2007 to reach a peak of 218 million tonnes. Production fell by 15 million tonnes in 2008 (-7.0 %) and by 23 million tonnes (-11.3 %) in 2009 to a level of 180 million tonnes. In 2011 the production of toxic industrial chemicals slightly decreased by 2 million tonnes to 203 million tonnes, while at the same time total production increased.

EU-15 production of toxic chemicals increased from 1995 to 2005 by 21.7 % to record a peak in production of 189 million tonnes. In 2010 the EU-15’s output stood at 176 million tonnes, which was still 7 % lower than in 2005. In 2011 a small decrease is observed.

The overall share of chemicals classified as toxic (all five classes) in total EU-27 chemicals production was 60.5 % in 2010 – which was slightly less than the ratio that had been recorded in 2002 (61.8 %). In 2011 the share decreased remarkably to 59 % due to a higher growth of non-toxic chemicals.

EU-27 production of the most toxic chemicals - carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) chemicals - reached 38 million tonnes in 2004. Output fell substantially in 2008 to 32 million tonnes and increased again in 2011 to 39 million tonnes(+21.8 %), a figure that was comparable to the quantity of production for toxic chemicals prior to the financial and economic crisis.

The relative share of CMRs in total EU-27 chemical production fell from 10.8 % in 2004 to 9.4 % in 2008 before increasing again to 11.5 % in 2010 and 11.2 % in 2011. A more detailed analysis shows that most CMRs were produced in lower quantities; however, the production of chlorine compounds, such as vinyl chloride, compensated for these reductions.

The 12 Member States that joined the EU in 2004 or 2007 produced 14.7 % (30 million tonnes) of the EU-27’s toxic chemicals in 2011, in line with the 16 % share of total production of all industrial chemicals.

The development of toxic chemicals production followed a similar path to that recorded for the production of all chemicals. The time series from 2002 to 2010 provides little indication that EU-27 production of chemicals – that are toxic to human health and/or harmful to ecosystems – is being significantly decoupled from the overall production of industrial chemicals.

Data sources and availability

The indicators presented in this article are derived from annual statistics on the production of manufactured goods (Prodcom). EU-15 statistics on toxic chemicals cover the years from 1995 to 2011, while statistics on environmentally harmful substances start in 1996. EU-27 data are available for the years 2002 to 2011 for both of these indicators.

The information presented on the production of environmentally harmful chemicals and the production of toxic chemicals has been aggregated, in both cases, to five impact classes: these classes of environmental impacts and toxicity to human health follow official classifications in EU legislation and scientific expert judgement. It should be noted that the indicators do not describe the actual risks associated with the use of chemicals, but instead their level of production in quantity terms. Indeed, production and consumption are not synonymous with exposure, as some chemicals are handled in closed systems, or as intermediate goods in controlled supply chains.

The production of environmentally harmful chemicals is divided into five classes based on their environmental impact. The impacts, beginning with the most harmful, are:

severe chronic environmental impacts;
significant chronic environmental impacts;
moderate chronic environmental impacts;
chronic environmental impacts;
significant acute environmental impacts.

The production of environmentally harmful chemicals – which is a sustainable development indicator – monitors progress in shifting production from more environmentally harmful to less harmful chemicals; the indicator focuses on aquatic toxicity. It seeks to take into account the inherent eco-toxicity of chemical substances, their potential for bioaccumulation and their persistence in the environment. For this purpose, substance specific data on eco-toxicity, biodegradability and bioaccumulation potential have been used. The production of environmentally harmful chemicals is primarily based on the official environmental classification of substances; certain risk-phrases related to chronic human toxicity are also included.

The indicator on toxic chemicals is also published as a sustainable development indicator within the theme for public health. Aggregated production quantities of toxic chemicals may be broken down into five toxicity classes. The classes, beginning with the most dangerous, are:

carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic (CMR) chemicals;
chronic toxic chemicals;
very toxic chemicals;
toxic chemicals;
chemicals classified as harmful.

The indicator on the production of toxic chemicals monitors progress in shifting production from more toxic to less toxic chemicals and addresses an important objective of REACH: to reduce risks by substitution of hazardous by less hazardous substances.

Eurostat published in 2009, in collaboration with the Directorates General of the European Commission responsible for enterprise and industry and for the environment, a baseline study providing a set of indicators to monitor the effectiveness of the REACH Regulation. In 2012 Eurostat released a 5 years update of the study both as a summary report and a comprehensive study report.

Context

The sixth environment action programme (6th EAP), which runs from 2002 to 2012, requires a complete overhaul of EU policies on chemicals management. It is intended that REACH shall ensure a high level of protection for human health and the environment, including the promotion of alternative methods to assess the hazards of substances, the free circulation of substances on the internal market, and the enhancement of competitiveness and innovation in the EU’s chemical manufacturing sector. Through increasing knowledge about the hazardous properties of chemicals, REACH is expected to enhance conditions for their safe use in supply chains and contribute towards the substitution of dangerous substances by less dangerous ones, such that there are fewer risks to human health and the environment.

For this purpose, statistical indicators that provide information on the production of toxic chemicals and chemicals that are harmful to the environment may be used to measure progress towards a number of objectives. These include the headline objective for public health established under the EU’s sustainable development strategy, alongside the aim of ensuring a high level of protection for human health and the environment.

Further Eurostat information

Publications

Main tables

Sustainable development indicators, see:

Indicators

Public health

Sub-theme: DETERMINANTS OF HEALTH

9. Index of production of toxic chemicals, by toxicity class (QP)

Environment statistics, see:

Production of environmentally harmful chemicals, by environmental impact class (ten00011)

Production of toxic chemicals, by toxicity class (tsdph320)

Source data for tables and figures (MS Excel)

Chemicals management statistics: tables and figures