Archive:Asylum quarterly report

Data extracted on 9 March 2020.

Planned article update: June 2020.

Highlights

First-time asylum applicants up 11 % in Q4 2019 compared with Q3 2019.

In the 4th quarter of 2019, 42 % of first instance decisions on asylum applications taken by EU 27 Member States were positive.

This article describes recent developments in relation to numbers of asylum applicants and first instance decisions on asylum applications in the European Union (EU). Asylum is a form of international protection given by a state on its territory. It is granted to a person who is unable to seek protection in his/her country of citizenship and/or residence, in particular for fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion.

Full article

Main trends in the number of asylum applicants

The number of first-time asylum applicants^[1] in the EU-27 increased by 22 % in the fourth quarter of 2019 compared with the same quarter of 2018 and by 11 % compared with the third quarter of 2019. As such, the number of persons seeking asylum from non-EU countries in the EU-27 during the fourth quarter of 2019 amounted to 171 300 (Figure 1, Table 2).

The number of first-time asylum applicants in the EU-27 accounted for 92 % of the total number of asylum applicants (187 200), including repeated applicants, recorded in the fourth quarter of 2019 (Figure 1, Table 2).

Figure 1: Asylum applicants, EU-27, between Q1 2014 and Q4 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Where do asylum applicants come from?

Citizens of 142 countries, as well as stateless persons, sought asylum for the first time in the EU in the fourth quarter of 2019. Syrian, Afghan and Venezuelan were the top 3 citizenships of asylum seekers, lodging 21 000, 18 900 and 13 700 applications respectively (Table 1).

Table 1: First-time asylum applicants in the EU-27, 30 main citizenships, Q4 2018 – Q4 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Colombians (8 500 more applicants compared with the fourth quarter of 2018) contributed most to the overall increase in first-time asylum applicants in absolute terms, followed by Venezuelans (7 800 more) and Afghans (7 300 more). By contrast, the number of asylum applicants decreased most in absolute terms for citizens of Iran (2 600 fewer), Iraq (2 100 fewer), Albania (1 700 fewer), Georgia (1 600 fewer) and Guinea (1 500 fewer). (Table 1).

The countries of citizenships which increased most in relative terms in the fourth quarter of 2019 compared with the same quarter of 2018 were Peru (310 % more), Colombia (281 % more), Honduras (201 % more), Venezuela (132 % more) and El Salvador (106 % more). By contrast, the most substantial relative decrease in the number of asylum applicants in the EU in the fourth quarter of 2019 compared with the same quarter of 2018 was recorded for Iranians (41 % fewer), Guineans (35 % fewer) and Albanians (31 % fewer) (Figure 2, Table 1).

Figure 2: First-time asylum applicants by citizenship, EU-27, relative change between Q4 2018 and Q4 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm), see country codes

Where do asylum applicants go to?

The highest number of first-time asylum applicants in the fourth quarter of 2019 was registered in Spain (with 35 400 first-time applicants, or 21 % of all first-time applicants in the EU Member States), followed by France (32 800, or 19 %), Germany (31 600, or 18 %) and Greece (28 000, or 16 %). These four Member States together account for almost three quarters of all first-time applicants in the EU-27 (Table 2).

Table 2: Asylum applicants, Q4 2018 – Q4 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Trends in the number of asylum applicants varied from country to country in the fourth quarter of 2019 compared with the same quarter of 2018 (Table 2). Germany (with 4 700 fewer applicants) was the country with the largest absolute decrease in the number of first-time applicants, followed by Bulgaria (700 fewer applicants). By contrast, in Spain the number of asylum seekers increased by 20 300 and in Greece by 9 000 in the fourth quarter of 2019 compared with the same quarter of 2018.

In relative terms, Bulgaria (65 % fewer), Denmark, Czechia (both 20 % fewer) and Luxembourg (19 % fewer) recorded the largest relative decreases in first-time asylum seekers. Among the countries with more than 10 000 applicants in the fourth quarter of 2019, only Germany recorded relative decreases (13 % fewer) in the fourth quarter of 2019 compared with the same quarter of 2018. By contrast, Croatia (276 % more), Spain (134 % more), Romania (104 % more) and Malta (101 % more) recorded the largest relative increases of first-time asylum seekers in the fourth quarter of 2019 compared with the same quarter of 2018 (Figure 3).

Figure 3: First-time asylum applicants, relative change between Q4 2018 and Q4 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm), see country codes

Syrian was the main citizenship of asylum seekers in eight EU Member States, Afghan in four, while Venezuelan, although among the top 3, was the main citizenship in only one EU Member State, namely Spain (Table 3). Of the 21 000 Syrians who applied for the first time for asylum in the EU in the fourth quarter of 2019, 41 % were registered in Germany (8 700) while 90 % of 13 700 Venezuelans applied for asylum in Spain (12 300). Of the 18 900 Afghans, 60 % (11 400) applied for the first time for asylum in Greece. (Table 4).

Table 3: Five main citizenships of first-time asylum applicants, 4th quarter 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Table 4: Thirty main citizenships of first-time asylum applicants by destination country in the EU 27, 4th quarter 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asyappctzm)

Compared with the population of each Member State, the highest rate of registered first-time applicants during the fourth quarter of 2019 was recorded in Cyprus (3 728 first-time applicants per million population), followed by Malta (2 725) and Greece (2 613). By contrast, the lowest rates were observed in Hungary (8 applicants per million population), Slovakia (9 applicants per million population) and Estonia (13 applicants per million population). In total in the EU as a whole, there were 383 first-time asylum applicants per million population in the fourth quarter of 2019 (Table 2).

Decisions on asylum applications

During the fourth quarter of 2019, 145 600 first instance decisions^[2] were made by the national authorities of EU Member States. Among them, 42 % were positive (i.e. granting a type of protection status) (Table 5).

Table 5: First instance decisions by outcome and recognition rates, 4th quarter 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asydcfstq)

Germany issued the most total first instance decisions^[3] during the fourth quarter of 2019 (32 400 decisions), followed by Spain (30 500), France (28 000), Italy (22 300), Greece (8 800) and Sweden (5 700) (Figure 4). These six Member States counted together 88 % of all first instance decisions issued in the EU-27. For more detailed information about the distribution of decision outcomes please refer to Table 6.

Figure 4: First instance decisions by outcome, selected Member States, 4th quarter 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asydcfstq)

Table 6: First instance decisions by citizenship and outcome, selected Member States, 4th quarter 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asydcfstq)

Most first instance decisions in the EU-27 were issued to Venezuelans (21 400), followed by Syrians (15 900) and Afghans (8 700) (Table 7, Figure 5).

Venezuelans received the highest number of decisions granting protection status in the EU Member States, including protection based on national legislations (20 900 positive first instance decisions, or 98 % rate of recognition^[4]) (Table 7).

For more detailed information on decision outcomes please refer to Table 8.

Table 7: First instance decisions by outcome and recognition rates, 30 main citizenships of asylum applicants granted decisions in the EU-27, 4th quarter 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asydcfstq)

Figure 5: First instance decisions in the EU-27 by outcome, selected citizenships, 4th quarter 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asydcfstq)

Table 8: First instance decisions by destination country and outcome in the EU-28, selected citizenships of asylum applicants, 4th quarter 2019 - Source: Eurostat (migr_asydcfstq)

Data sources

The data used for this publication are provided to Eurostat by the interior and justice ministries or immigration agencies of the Member States and EFTA countries. Data on asylum applications are collected monthly while data on first instance decisions are collected quarterly. Data are based entirely on relevant administrative sources.

Apart from statistics on first asylum applicants, these data are supplied in accordance with the provisions of Article 4 of the Regulation (EC) No 862/2007 of 11 July 2007 on Community statistics on migration and international protection. All data presented in this publication are rounded to the nearest 5, and are provisional (except as otherwise stated) and may be subject to change.

Context

The Directorate-General Migration and Home Affairs (DG HOME) is responsible for developing EU policies on asylum.

The 1951 Geneva Convention relating to the status of refugees (as amended by the 1967 New York Protocol) has, for over 60 years, defined who is a refugee, and laid down a common approach towards refugees that has been one of the cornerstones for the development of a common asylum system within the EU.

Since 1999, the EU has worked towards creating a common European asylum regime in accordance with the Geneva Convention and other applicable international instruments. A number of directives in this area have been developed. The four main legal instruments on asylum — all recently recast — are:

the Qualification Directive 2011/95/EU on standards for the qualification of non-EU nationals and stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection;
the Asylum Procedures Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection;
the Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection;
the Dublin Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or stateless person.

The Hague programme was adopted by heads of state and government on 5 November 2004. It puts forward the idea of a common European asylum system (CEAS), in particular, it raises the challenge to establish common procedures and uniform status for those granted asylum or subsidiary protection. The European Commission’s policy plan on asylum (COM(2008) 360 final) was presented in June 2008 which included three pillars to underpin the development of the CEAS:

bringing more harmonisation to standards of protection by further aligning the EU Member States’ asylum legislation;
effective and well-supported practical cooperation;
increased solidarity and sense of responsibility among EU Member States, and between the EU and non-member countries.

With this in mind, in 2009 the European Commission made a proposal to establish a European Asylum Support Office (EASO). The EASO supports EU Member States in their efforts to implement a more consistent and fair asylum policy. It also provides technical and operational support to EU Member States facing particular pressures (in other words, those EU Member States receiving large numbers of asylum applicants). The EASO became fully operational in June 2011 and has worked to increase its capacity, activity and influence, working with the European Commission and the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR).

In May 2010, the European Commission presented an action plan for unaccompanied minors (COM(2010) 213 final), who are regarded as the most exposed and vulnerable victims of migration. This plan aims to set-up a coordinated approach and commits all EU Member States to grant high standards of reception, protection and integration for unaccompanied minors. As a complement to this action plan, the European Migration Network has produced a comprehensive EU study on reception policies, as well as return and integration arrangements for unaccompanied minors.

In December 2011, the European Commission adopted a Communication on ‘Enhanced intra-EU solidarity in the field of asylum’ (COM(2011) 835 final). This provided proposals to reinforce practical, technical and financial cooperation, moving towards a better allocation of responsibilities and improved governance of the asylum system in the EU, namely through:

introducing an evaluation and early warning mechanism to detect and address emerging problems;
making the supporting role of the EASO more effective;
increasing the amount of funds available and making these more flexible, taking into account significant fluctuations in the number of asylum seekers;
developing and encouraging the relocation of beneficiaries of international protection between different EU Member States.

Direct access to

Legislation

the Qualification Directive 2011/95/EU on standards for the qualification of non-EU nationals and stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection (Summary)
the Asylum Procedures Directive 2013/32/EU on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (Summary)
the Reception Conditions Directive 2013/33/EU laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (Summary)
the Dublin Regulation (EU) No 604/2013 establishing the criteria and mechanisms for determining the Member State responsible for examining an application for international protection lodged in one of the Member States by a third-country national or stateless person

Notes

↑ First-time applicant for international protection is a person who lodged an application for asylum for the first time in a given Member State. The indicator 'First-time asylum applicants' excludes repeated applicants i.e. persons applying for asylum more than once in one country and therefore more accurately presents the number of persons applying for international protection in the EU Member States. The use of this indicator is possible as all Member States are able to provide it to Eurostat since 2014.
↑ Data on first instance decisions relate to decisions on applications granted to all asylum applicants i.e. first-time asylum applicants and repeated asylum applicants.
↑ Total decisions equal to positive decisions plus negative decisions.
↑ Rate of recognition is the share of (first instance) positive decisions in the total number of decisions at first instance. In this report, the exact number of decisions has been used for calculations instead of the presented rounded numbers. Rates of recognition for humanitarian status are not shown, but are part of the 'Total recognition rate'.

[1] First-time applicant for international protection is a person who lodged an application for asylum for the first time in a given Member State. The indicator 'First-time asylum applicants' excludes repeated applicants i.e. persons applying for asylum more than once in one country and therefore more accurately presents the number of persons applying for international protection in the EU Member States. The use of this indicator is possible as all Member States are able to provide it to Eurostat since 2014.

[2] Data on first instance decisions relate to decisions on applications granted to all asylum applicants i.e. first-time asylum applicants and repeated asylum applicants.

[3] Total decisions equal to positive decisions plus negative decisions.

[4] Rate of recognition is the share of (first instance) positive decisions in the total number of decisions at first instance. In this report, the exact number of decisions has been used for calculations instead of the presented rounded numbers. Rates of recognition for humanitarian status are not shown, but are part of the 'Total recognition rate'.

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