Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Eurostat, the statistical office of the European Union
1.2. Contact organisation unit
Eurostat, C1, National accounts methodology. Indicators
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
Office address: Joseph Bech building 5, Rue Alphonse Weicker 2721 Luxembourg
Functional mail box:ESTAT-MIP@ec.europa.eu
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
25 November 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
25 November 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
25 November 2025
3.1. Data description
The Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) is a surveillance mechanism that aims to identify potential macroeconomic risks early on, prevent the emergence of harmful macroeconomic imbalances, and correct the imbalances that are already in place. It is a mechanism for monitoring economic policies and detecting potential harm to the proper functioning of the economy of a Member State, of the Economic and Monetary Union, and the European Union as a whole.
The MIP covers a number of sequential steps, having the Alert Mechanism Report (AMR) as a starting point. The report includes a Statistical Annex, displaying the MIP Scoreboard indicators. The Statistical Annex and the Alert Mechanism Report are published at the same time, based on the last available annual data. The AMR for year T is published in year T – 1, with data based on year T – 2 (e.g., the 2023 AMR was published in November 2022 based on 2021 data).
The mips_sa table in Eurobase, to which this metadata file is attached, presents the different versions of the Statistical Annexes of the AMR. Each Annex covers 10-year time series by Member State at the following cut-off dates:
31 October 2025 for the 2026 AMR
31 October 2024 for the 2025 AMR
31 October 2023 for the 2024 AMR
21 October 2022 for the 2023 AMR
22 October 2021 for the 2022 AMR
23 October 2020 for the 2021 AMR
25 October 2019 for the 2020 AMR
24 October 2018 for the 2019 AMR
24 October 2017 for the 2018 AMR
24 October 2016 for the 2017 AMR
26 October 2015 for the 2016 AMR
1 November 2014 for the 2015 AMR
1 November 2013 for the 2014 AMR
1 November 2012 for the 2013 AMR
30 January 2012 for the 2012 AMR
The AMR identifies the Member States for which further analyses (in the form of country in-depth reviews) are deemed necessary to decide whether an imbalance requires policy action or not.
The MIP Scoreboard comprises a small number of relevant, practical, simple, measurable and available macroeconomic and macrofinancial indicators. It is used as a tool to facilitate early identification and monitoring of imbalances and consists of headline indicators with defined indicative thresholds, serving as alert levels. A wider set of auxiliary indicators is used for the economic reading of the scoreboard.
It should be stressed that the scoreboard indicators are not mechanically interpreted. Countries are assessed by looking at the evolution of indicators over time and by taking into account the most recent developments and outlook combined to additional relevant information.
3.2. Classification system
Since September 2014, the classification for the compilation of National (NA) and Financial Accounts (FA) and Government Finance Statistics (GFS) follows a new national accounting framework, the European System of national and regional Accounts 2010 (ESA 2010) as defined in Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 May 2013. This is particularly the case for the classification of institutional sectors and transactions, other flows and balance sheet items (assets/liabilities). In addition, the structure of the ESA 2010 is consistent with worldwide guidelines on national accounting set out in the System of National Accounts (SNA) 2008.
The EU-SILC results are produced in accordance with the relevant international classification systems. The main classifications used are: ISCED 2011 for the level of education, ISCO (88(COM) and 08(COM) from 2011) for occupation and NACE (Rev.1.1 and Rev. 2 from 2008) for economic activity.
Several EU classifications are used in the EU-LFS for the codification of economic activity (NACE), occupation (ISCO), professional status (ICSE), country and region (NUTS), degree of urbanisation and education (ISCED). The respective code lists and some additional information on their development over time can be found at in the EU Labour Force Survey (Statistics Explained) - Methodology page.
Notes: All data published in the Statistical Annex of the 2026 Alert Mechanism Report are compliant with the BPM6 and ESA 2010 standards.
In the 2015 and 2016 Statistical Annexes, data marked with the 'd' flag were compiled according to BPM5 and ESA95. All data published in the 2012, 2013 and 2014 AMRs for their respective domains were compiled according to the previous statistical standards, namely the fifth edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments Manual (BPM5) and the European System of National and Regional accounts (ESA95).
MIP scoreboard indicators - 2026 AMR
EXTERNAL IMBALANCES AND COMPETITIVENESS, INTERNAL IMBALANCES, EMPLOYMENT INDICATORS
Indicator
Thresholds
Data
Statistical domain
Standards/Regulations
Current account balance % of GDP (3 year average)
-4/6%
Eurostat
BoP/NA
Sixth Edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Positions Manual (BPM6) European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010) – used for the denominator United Nations' Manual on Statistics of International Trade in Services (2010) OECD Benchmark Definition of Foreign Direct Investment, fourth edition
Net international investment position % of GDP
-35%
Eurostat / ECB
BoP/NA
Real effective exchange rate 42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)
+/-3% (EA) & +/-10%
DG ECFIN
DG ECFIN methodology
Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)
-3%
Eurostat, OECD
BoP
Sixth Edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Positions Manual (BPM6)
Nominal unit labour cost index, per hour worked (3 year % change)
9% (EA) & 12%
Eurostat
NA
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
General government gross debt (% of GDP)
60%
Eurostat
GFS
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Household debt (incl. NPISH), consolidated (% of GDP)
55%
Eurostat
NA (FA)
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
NFC debt, consolidated (% of GDP)
85%
Eurostat
NA (FA)
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Labour force participation rate, % of total population aged 15-64 years (3 year change in p.p.)
-0.2 pp
Eurostat
EU-LFS
European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS)
MIP auxiliary indicators
Indicator
Data source
Statistical domain
Standards/Regulations
Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP)
Eurostat
BoP / NA
Sixth Edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Positions Manual (BPM6) European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Net lending/borrowing (Current plus capital account) (% of GDP)
Eurostat
BoP / NA
Sixth Edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Positions Manual (BPM6) European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Net trade balance of energy products (% of GDP)
Eurostat
International Trade / NA
Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Real GDP per capita (EUR)
Eurostat
NA
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Gross fixed capital formation (% of GDP)
Eurostat
NA
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D (% of GDP)
Eurostat
Business Statistics / NA
Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community (NACE Rev.2, 2008) Field of science and technology classification (FOS 2007) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 2011) European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Export market share, percentage of world exports (3 year % change)
Eurostat, IMF
BoP
Sixth Edition of the IMF’s Balance of Payments and International Investment Positions Manual (BPM6)
Labour productivity, per hour worked (1 year % change)
Eurostat
NA
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (pps)
Eurostat
HICP
European Classification of Individual Consumption according to Purpose (ECOICOP)
Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH) (% of GDI)
Eurostat
NA (FA)
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans)
European Central Bank
CBD
European Central Bank - Statistical Data Warehouse, metadata
Tier-1 capital ratio of banking sector (% of risk-weighted assets)
European Central Bank
CBD
European Central Bank - Statistical Data Warehouse, metadata
Return on equity of banking sector (%)
European Central Bank
CBD
European Central Bank - Statistical Data Warehouse, metadata
Standardised house price-to-income ratio (ratio vs the average, since 2000)
Eurostat
Real estate statistics/NA
European Parliament and Council Regulation (EU) 2016/792
Commission Regulation (EU) 2023/1470
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Building permits (m2 per 1000 inhabitants)
Eurostat
STS
Statistical Classification of Products by Activity in the European Economic Community (CPA classification)
European System of National and Regional Accounts (ESA 2010)
Long term unemployment rate (% of labour force aged 15-74)
Eurostat
EU-LFS
European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)
Youth unemployment rate (% of labour force aged 15-24)
Eurostat
EU-LFS
European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)
Young people neither in employment nor in education and training (% of population aged 15-29)
Eurostat
EU-LFS
European Union Labour Force Survey (EU-LFS) International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED)
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (% of total population)
Eurostat
EU-SILC
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
People at risk of poverty after social transfers (% of total population)
Eurostat
EU-SILC
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
Severely materially and socially deprived people (% of total population)
Eurostat
EU-SILC
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
People living in households with very low work intensity (% of population aged 0-64)
Eurostat
EU-SILC
European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
Note: NA - National Accounts; BoP – Balance of Payments; CBD - Consolidated Banking Data; FA – Financial Accounts; GFS – Government Finance Statistics; HICP - Harmonized Index of Consumer Prices; EU-LFS – Labour Force Survey/Labour Market Statistics; EU-SILC – Statistics on Income and Living Conditions; STS - Short-term Business Statistics
3.3. Coverage - sector
Not applicable
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Information on statistical concepts and definitions (as stated in the latest AMR) are published in their respective metadata files, accessible in the table below.
Details on definitions, indicators and changes compared to the previous AMRs are published in the Introduction of each Statistical Annex.
MIP Scoreboard indicators - 2026 AMR
Indicator
Metadata
Data definition
Current account balance (3 year average, % of GDP)
This indicator provides information about the transactions of a country with the rest of the world. It is calculated as the 3-year backward moving average of the current account balance expressed in percent of GDP and calculated as: [[( CAt / GDPt ) + ( CAt-1 / GDPt-1 ) + ( CAt-2 / GDPt-2 )] / 3] * 100. The indicative thresholds for the indicator are of +6% and -4%.
The MIP indicator provides an aggregate view of the net financial position (assets minus liabilities) of a country vis-à-vis the rest of the world. It is calculated as: [ NIIPt / GDPt ] * 100. The indicative threshold is -35%.
Real effective exchange rate,42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)
The Real effective exchange rate (REER) presents percentage change over 3 years of the real effective exchange rate based on consumer price index deflators relative to 42 trading partners. The calculation formula is: [(REER_HICP_42)t - (REER_HICP_42)t-3 ] / (REER_HICP_42)t-3 ] * 100. The indicative thresholds are +/-3% for euro area and +/-10% for non-euro area countries.
Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)
The MIP scoreboard indicator is the export performance against advanced economies expressed as a percentage change over a 3-year period, with a lower indicative threshold of -3%. The calculation formula is: [ [ (EXPc,t / EXPadv,t) - (EXPc,t-3 / EXPadv,t-3) ] / (EXPc,t-3/EXPadv,t-3) ] * 100.
The Nominal unit labour cost (NULC) index is the percentage change over 3 years. The MIP scoreboard indicator is calculated using the formula: [ (ULCt – ULCt-3) / ULCt-3 ] * 100. The indicative threshold is 9% for the euro area countries and 12% for the non-euro area countries.
The stock of government debt is equal to the sum of liabilities, at the end of year, of all units classified within the general government sector in the following categories: currency and deposits, debt securities and loans. The MIP headline indicator is calculated as: [ GGDt / GDPt ] * 100. The indicative threshold is 60% of GDP.
Household debt (incl. NPISH), consolidated (% of GDP)
The indicator represents the stock of liabilities (at the end of the year) held by the sector of households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) and is calculated as: [ HHDt / GDPt ] * 100, with an indicative threshold of 55%. Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector, expressed in % of GDP.
The indicator represents the stock of debt (at the end of the year) of the sector non-financial corporations and is calculated as: [ NFCDt / GDPt ] * 100, with an indicative threshold of 85%. Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector, expressed in % of GDP.
The indicator represents the net amount of liabilities which the sectors households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) have incurred during the year. The indicative threshold is 14%, the indicator is calculated as: [ HHCFt / STOCKSt-1 ] * 100. Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector and are expressed in % of debt stock at the end of the year before.
NFC credit flow (excl. FDI), consolidated (% of GDP)
The indicator represents the net amount of liabilities which the sector non-financial corporations have incurred during the year. The instruments taken into account to compile this indicator are debt securities and loans, from which foreign direct investments (FDI) are subtracted. The indicative threshold is 13%, the indicator is calculated as: [ (NFCCF-FDI_FLOWS)t / (NFC_STOCKS-FDI_STOCKS)t-1 ] * 100. Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector and are expressed in % of debt stock at the end of the year before excluding FDI.
The House price index captures price changes of all residential properties purchased by households (flats, detached houses, terraced houses, etc.), both new and existing, independently of their final use and their previous owners. Only market prices are considered, self-build dwellings are therefore excluded. The land component is included. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the one year percentage change of the nominal HPI, with an indicative threshold of 9%. It is calculated as: [ [ HPIt – HPIt-1 ] / HPIt-1 ] * 100.
The unemployment rate is the number of people unemployed as a percentage of the labour force. Unemployed persons comprise persons aged 15 to 74 who fulfil all the three following conditions: were not employed during the reference week; are available to start work within the next two weeks following the reference week and have been actively seeking work in the past four weeks preceding the reference week or have already found a job to start within the next three months. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the number of unemployed persons aged 15-74 as a percentage of the labour force and is calculated as: [ Ut / LFt ]. The indicative threshold is 10%.
Labour force participation rate (3 y pps change, % of total population aged 15-64 years)
The labour force participation rate rate is the percentage of economically active population aged 15-64 on the total population of the same age. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) for the purposes of labour market statistics classifies as employed, unemployed and outside the labour force. The economically active population (also called labour force) is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Persons outside the labour force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the 3 year change in percentage points, with an indicative threshold of -0.2 pp.
MIP auxiliary indicators
Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP)
The indicator is a subset of the Net international investment position (NIIP) that abstracts from its pure equity-related components, i.e. foreign direct investment (FDI) equity and equity shares, and from intracompany cross-border FDI debt, and represents the NIIP excluding instruments that cannot be subject to default. The indicator is based on annual figures from the Eurostat Balance of payments and is defined as the NIIP minus net direct investment (FA__D__F) minus net portfolio equity (FA__P__F51). It is calculated as a % of GDP.
Net lending / borrowing (Current plus capital account) (% of GDP)
Net lending/borrowing of a country corresponds to the sum of total current and capital accounts’ balances in balance of payments. It represents the net resources that the total economy makes available to the rest of the world (if it is positive) or receives from the rest of the world (if it is negative).
The trade balance of energy products is calculated, for each Member State, as the difference between exports to and imports from the rest of the world (intra-EU and extra-EU trade) of goods included in the SITC section 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials.
The indicator is calculated as the ratio of real gross domestic product to the average population of a specific year. GDP measures the value of total final output of goods and services produced by an economy within a certain period of time.
Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) consists of resident producers' acquisitions less disposals, of fixed assets during a given period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of producers or institutional units.
Research and experimental development (R&D) comprises creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge (Frascati Manual, 2015 edition, § 2.5 ).
Export market share % of world exports (3 year % change)
The indicator is the percentage change of export market shares (of goods and services) of a country divided by total exports of the world over 3 years.
Labour productivity per hour worked (1 year % change)
The labour productivity is the ratio of gross domestic product (market prices in millions, chain-linked volumes reference year 2015) to total hours worked (domestic concept). The GDP per hour worked gives an indication of how much economic production activity can be attributed to each hour worked in the economy.
Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (percentage points)
The core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area is an annual data indicator measuring the HICP annual average rate of change of the all-items excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco (TOT_X_NRG_FOOD) aggregate of the EU member states in comparison to the euro area.
It is calculated in percentage points by subtracting the euro area annual average TOT_X_NRG_FOOD rate of change from the one of the respective member state. It is also measured for the European fixed country composition aggregates – EU27 and EA20 – being by definition equal to 0.0 for the latter.
Household debt (incl. NPISH), consolidated (% of GDI)
The households sector debt is the stock of liabilities held by the sectors Households and Non-Profit institutions serving households (S.14_S.15). The instruments that are taken into account to compile private sector debt are Debt securities (F.3) and Loans (F.4). Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. do not take into account transactions within the same sector, and are expressed in % of gross adjusted disposable income (AGDI, B7G). Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010. The indicator is calculated as: [HHDt/AGDIt]*100.
Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans)
A loan, other than held for trading, is considered as non-performing if it satisfies either or both of the following criteria: (a) It is a material loan which is more than 90 days past-due; (b) The debtor is assessed as unlikely to pay its credit obligations in full without realisation of collateral, regardless of the existence of any past-due amount or of the number of days past-due. Non-performing loans include defaulted and impaired loans and follow the harmonised definition of the European Banking Authority (EBA) used for supervisory reporting. The MIP indicator is defined as total gross non-performing loans and advances as % of total gross loans and advances (gross carrying amount), for the reporting sector "domestic banking groups and stand-alone banks, foreign controlled subsidiaries and foreign controlled branches, all institutions". Data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors at the prudential perimeter of consolidation.
Tier-1 capital ratio of banking sector (% of risk weighted assets)
EU banking rules require banks to maintain enough capital to cover unexpected losses, which are driven by the risks banks have on their books. In the CBD2 dataset, the aggregate Tier 1 ratio shows the relationship between aggregate Tier 1 capital and aggregate risk-weighted assets of a banking system. Tier 1 capital provides loss absorption on a going-concern basis. It consists of the sum of the Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital and Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital. CET1 capital is the highest quality of capital as defined by banking law, as it absorbs losses immediately when they occur. It typically includes shares, retained earnings and other reserves. Some debt instruments, such as perpetual contingent convertible capital instruments, may be included in AT1 but not in CET1. Risk-weighted assets are a measure of the risks the banks have on their books. The higher the Tier 1 ratio, the better the loss absorption capacity on a going-concern basis.
Return on equity (ROE) is a measure of financial performance calculated by dividing the profit or loss for the year by shareholders' equity. In the CBD2 dataset, aggregate ROE is considered a gauge of profitability and how efficient a banking system is in generating profits. Higher ROE indicates higher profitability.
Standardised house price-to-income ratio (% of long term average, 2000-current)
The standardised house price-to-income ratio is defined as the ratio of the current price to income ratio relative to the long-term average price-to-income ratio, calculated over the period 2000 to the most recent data available. If the ratio equals 100, it means the current price-to-income ratio is equal to its long term average. Income is calculated as adjusted household gross disposable income (B7G) per head of population.
The annual building permits data are business cycle indicators providing information on the development of granted building permits in one year. Builders apply for building permits and local building administrations issue them normally before the beginning of the construction work. Therefore building permits are considered as a leading indicator of the creation of new residential buildings. The data cover the permits for all types of residential buildings (including residences for communities).
The data are expressed in square meters of usable floor area per 1000 inhabitants.
Long-term unemployment rate (% of labour force aged 15-74)
The long-term unemployment rate is the number of persons unemployed for 12 months or longer as a percentage of the labour force (i.e. economically active population aged 15-74).
Youth unemployment rate (% of labour force aged 15-24)
The employment rate of the total population is calculated by dividing the number of person aged 20 to 64 in employment by the total population of the same age group. The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey.
Young people neither in employment nor in education and training (% of total population aged 15-29)
The indicator Young people Neither in Employment nor in Education and Training (NEET) provides information on young people (15-29 years) who meet the following two conditions: (a) they are not employed (i.e. unemployed or inactive according to the ILO), and (b) they have not received any education or training in the four weeks preceding the survey.
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (% of total population)
This indicator corresponds to the proportion of persons who are at risk of poverty, or severely materially deprived, or living in households with very low work intensity. Persons are only counted once even if they are present in several sub-indicators.
People at risk of poverty after social transfers (% total population)
The indicator measures the proportion of persons with an equalised disposable income below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equalised disposable income (after social transfers) as a % of total population.
Severely materially and socially deprived people (% total population)
Severely materially and socially deprived persons have living conditions severely constrained by a lack of resources, such that they experience an enforced lack of at least 7 out of 13 deprivation items: i) capacity to face unexpected expenses, ii) capacity to afford paying for one week annual holiday away from home, iii) capacity to being confronted with payment arrears (on mortgage or rental payments, utility bills, hire purchase instalments or other loan payments), iv) capacity to afford a meal with meat, chicken, fish or vegetarian equivalent every second day, v) ability to keep home adequately, vi) have access to a car/van for personal use, vii) replacing worn-out furniture, viii) having internet connection, ix) replacing worn-out clothes by some new ones, x) having two pairs of properly fitting shoes (including a pair of all-weather shoes), xi) spending a small amount of money each week on him/herself, xii) having regular leisure activities, or xiii) getting together with friends/family for a drink/meal at least once a month.
People living in households with very low work intensity (% of population aged 0-64)
People living in households with very low work intensity are people aged 0-59 living in households where the adults (aged 18-59) worked less than 20% of their total work potential during the past year. Students are excluded.
3.5. Statistical unit
The statistical unit varies according to the relevant statistical domain of the source data used for each MIP indicator's calculation - see the respective indicators' metadata files (§ 3.4).
3.6. Statistical population
The statistical population varies according to the relevant statistical domain of the source data used for the MIP indicator's calculation - see the respective indicators' metadata files (§3.4).
3.7. Reference area
The MIP scoreboard presents data for each EU Member State and for euro area (EA) and the European Union as a whole. EU and EA aggregates were added in 2023.
The United Kingdom left the European Union on 31 January 2020 on the basis of the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community ('the Withdrawal Agreement', OJ C 384 I, 12 November 2019, p. 1). Therefore, UK data is presented in this dataset only until year 2019 included.
3.8. Coverage - Time
The data series published in each AMR cover a 10-years period:
2026 AMR - 2015-2024
2025 AMR - 2014-2023
2024 AMR - 2013-2022
2023 AMR - 2012-2021
2022 AMR - 2011-2020
2021 AMR - 2010-2019
2020 AMR - 2009-2018
2019 AMR – 2008-2017
2018 AMR – 2007-2016
2017 AMR – 2006-2015
2016 AMR – 2005-2014
2015 AMR – 2004-2013
2014 AMR – 2003-2012
2013 AMR – 2001-2011
2012 AMR – 2001-2010
The length of the series for each different indicator varies according to the respective statistical domain and Member State. For information on the availability of up-to-date statistics, please check the respective metadata file listed above (para 3.4).
3.9. Base period
Not applicable.
Indicators - 2026 AMR
Unit
MIP Scoreboard indicators
Current account balance, % of GDP
3 year average
Net international investment position
% of GDP
Real effective exchange rate
3 year % change
Export performance against advanced economies
3 year % change
Nominal unit labour cost index, per hour worked
3 year % change
General government gross debt
% of GDP
Household debt (incl. NPISH), consolidated
% of GDP
NFC debt, consolidated
% of GDP
Household credit flow (incl. NPISH), consolidated
% of debt stock t-1
NFC credit flow (excl. FDI), consolidated
% of debt stock t-1 excl. FDI
House price index, nominal
1 year % change
Unemployment rate
% of labour force aged 15-74
Labour force participation rate
% of total population aged 15-64 years (3 year change in % points)
MIP auxiliary indicators
Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments
% of GDP
Net lending/borrowing (Current plus capital account)
% of GDP
Net trade balance of energy products
% of GDP
Real GDP per capita
EUR
Gross fixed capital formation
% of GDP
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D
% of GDP
Export market share, percentage of world exports
3 year % change
Labour productivity,per hour worked
1 year % change
Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area
pps
Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH)
% of GDI
Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities
% of gross loans
Tier-1 capital ratio of banking sector
% of risk-weighted assets
Return on equity of banking sector
%
Standardised house price-to-income ratio
ratio vs the average, since 2000
Building permits
m2 per 1000 inhabitants
Long term unemployment rate
% of labour force aged 15-74
Youth unemployment rate
% of labour force aged 15-24
Employment rate
% of population aged 20-64
Young people neither in employment nor in education and training
% of population aged 15-29
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
% of total population
People at risk of poverty after social transfers
% of total population
Severely materially and socially deprived people
% of total population
People living in households with very low work intensity
% of population aged 0-64
The reference period is the calendar year.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
The legislative framework establishing a surveillance procedure to prevent and correct macroeconomic imbalances consists in the following regulations:
Detailed information on legal acts and agreements in the different statistical domains is available in the respective indicators' metadata files (§3.4).
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Not applicable.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Regulation 2015/759 of 29 April 2015, amending Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics of 11 March 2009 [recital 24 and Article 20(4)], stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Not applicable.
8.1. Release calendar
The AMRs are usually published in November (apart from the first AMR issued in February 2012) in the context of the annual policy cycle, as defined in the European Semester. The data used for the preparation of the SAs to the AMRs were extracted from Eurostat database.
Underlying statistical data used for the MIP indicators' calculations are released in accordance with the release policy in their respective domains. MIP indicators are updated as soon as their underlying source data are released.
8.2. Release calendar access
A release calendar for MIP scoreboard indicators is not available. Underlying source data used for the calculation of the MIP indicators issued as Eurostat indicators are published in accordance with the Eurostat release calendar.
In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice, Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see §10 'Accessibility and clarity') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users.
The Alert Mechanism Report is published once per year (usually in November). Underlying data are disseminated monthly, quarterly and annually, depending on their respective statistical domain. The corresponding MIP indicators are updated and released accordingly.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
The publication of the AMR and its SA is accompanied by a news release.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
The Statistical Annex is a part of the AMR – see the different versions at this website.
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
The tables displayed in the 2023 Statistical Annex can also be downloaded in Excel format. Complete AMRs and their respective data are accessible through Eurostat's data platform and the Eurostat dedicated web-section. Data used in the AMR are 'frozen' close to its publication date. Eurostat disseminates up-to-date statistics through the MIP Scoreboard.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Not applicable.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Not applicable.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
Detailed explanations on methodology are published in the Introduction of the Statistical Annexes. Further methodological information is accessible through the Eurostat MIP dedicated web-section and in the respective indicators' metadata information – see §3.4.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
Eurostat's mission is to provide the European Union with a high-quality statistical information service (see Eurostat quality framework).
Moreover, the statistics underlying the Scoreboard indicators are subject to a specific quality assurance framework developed within the MIP context.
11.1. Quality assurance
Quality is assured through validation of data delivered from Member States to Eurostat and by application of concepts according to domain specific regulations and common methodology:
Information on source and methods applied at national level ensures that data are collected from reliable sources, applying high standards with regard to methodology and ensuring high comparability.
For more information on the MIP quality framework, please visit the MIP dedicated section.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
Data are collected from reliable sources applying high standards with regard to methodology and ensuring high comparability. Eurostat conducts an annual compliance exercise on transmitted data, which focuses mainly on data availability and timeliness. The findings are made available to national compilers.
The quality assurance framework for the Macroeconomic imbalance procedure (MIP) follows a three-level structure:
The first level assesses the reliability and comparability of MIP underlying statistics and addresses relevant quality issues; it also enhances the communication on quality assurance of MIP statistics towards the European Parliament and Council, policy makers and the public at large. This level draws on the information gathered in levels two and three (see below).
The second level consists of domain-specific quality reports produced by Eurostat and the ECB summarising the main findings for the euro area or the EU Member States. Reports assess the underlying compilation process and its robustness, describe its legal basis and evaluate whether the statistics are in line with international statistical standards.
The third level consists of national quality reports (self-assessments) produced by the institution compiling the national statistics. Most of these reports are voluntarily published by Members States on the CMFB’s website and their availability depends upon the statistical domain.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
The Statistical Annex of the Alert Mechanism Report is based on a set of indicators (Scoreboard and Auxiliary indicators) covering the major sources of macroeconomic imbalances. The MIP Scoreboard is used as an early warning system in the context of macroeconomic surveillance of the EU Member States. The aim of the Scoreboard is to trigger in-depth studies, which will determine whether potential imbalances identified in the early stage-warning system are benign or problematic.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
Not available.
12.3. Completeness
Recalculations of source data series for statistics before 2014 according to the new methodology (ESA2010 and BMP6), are provided by Member States on a voluntary basis and according to the legislative basis.
Due to the lack of complete 10 year data series for some countries, data published in the 2016 and 2015 Statistical Annexes are mixed – according to the previous statistical standards (ESA95 and BMP5) and current standards (ESA2010 and BMP6). Data compiled according to old standards are marked with '*' in the 2016 Statistical Annex and with the 'd' flag in the 2015 Statistical Annex. In previous reports data are based on ESA95 and BPM5. Detailed explanations on data completeness are available in the Annex.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
MIP indicators are associated with a high level of overall accuracy. Data transmitted by Member States are checked in Eurostat for their consistency and plausibility. If any problem is detected, Eurostat contacts the relevant Member State asking for further checks of the figures or confirming the changes that may have occurred.
For further details see the dedicated metadata files under each domain.
13.2. Sampling error
Not applicable.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Not applicable.
14.1. Timeliness
Timeliness varies according to the respective statistical domain – see the respective metadata files (§3.4).
14.2. Punctuality
Not applicable.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
The underlying methodological framework ensures a high degree of comparability across Member States. Detailed explanations on data comparability are published in the Annex and in the respective indicators' metadata files – see §3.4.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Data are considered as highly comparable over time. In some Member States, methodological breaks can affect time series (normally on a temporary basis only). In such cases feasible backward calculations are provided to ensure full time series consistency.
Member States provide recalculations of source data series for statistics before 2014 according to BPM6 methodology on a voluntary basis and according to the legislative basis. Transmission of statistics pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 (data according ESA2010 standards) may be arranged with granted derogations to Member States.
Due to the lack of complete 10 year data series for some countries, data published in the 2016 and 2015 Statistical Annexes tables are mixed – according to the old (ESA95 and BPM5) and new standards (ESA2010 and BPM6).
Information on data, breaks in series, flags are provided in the footnotes published under each data table. Detailed explanations on data comparability are available in the Annex and in the respective indicators' metadata files – see §3.4.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Consistency checks are possible with the component and underlying data. Detailed information is published in the respective indicators' metadata files – see §3.4.
All reported errors (once validated) result in corrections of the disseminated vintages.
Reported errors are corrected in the disseminated vintages as soon as the correct data have been validated.
Already disseminated vintages are not updated when updated data are received: updated data are published as separate vintages.
Thus, even when the data that the vintages are taking 'snapshots' of are missing for certain countries or flagged as provisional or of low reliability for certain countries, the disseminated vintages are not updated.
18.1. Source data
Eurostat publishes data compiled on the basis of data provided by the Member States. Detailed information on source data is published in the respective indicators' metadata files – see §3.4.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Data collection varies among all statistical domains - it might be annual, quarterly, monthly.
18.3. Data collection
Data once compiled by national authorities (in the required reporting format) are then transmitted to Eurostat. Detailed information is published in the respective indicators' metadata files – see §3.4.
18.4. Data validation
Eurostat performs various checks on data received from Member States. These checks verify plausibility (e.g. development of time series), internal consistency (aggregates should match the sum of sub-items), and correspondence with data already disseminated on the country's NSI web-page.
18.5. Data compilation
Data are compiled in accordance to the respective legislation in each statistical domain. Details are provided in the metadata files for each domain – see §3.4.
The Macroeconomic Imbalance Procedure (MIP) is a surveillance mechanism that aims to identify potential macroeconomic risks early on, prevent the emergence of harmful macroeconomic imbalances, and correct the imbalances that are already in place. It is a mechanism for monitoring economic policies and detecting potential harm to the proper functioning of the economy of a Member State, of the Economic and Monetary Union, and the European Union as a whole.
The MIP covers a number of sequential steps, having the Alert Mechanism Report (AMR) as a starting point. The report includes a Statistical Annex, displaying the MIP Scoreboard indicators. The Statistical Annex and the Alert Mechanism Report are published at the same time, based on the last available annual data. The AMR for year T is published in year T – 1, with data based on year T – 2 (e.g., the 2023 AMR was published in November 2022 based on 2021 data).
The mips_sa table in Eurobase, to which this metadata file is attached, presents the different versions of the Statistical Annexes of the AMR. Each Annex covers 10-year time series by Member State at the following cut-off dates:
31 October 2025 for the 2026 AMR
31 October 2024 for the 2025 AMR
31 October 2023 for the 2024 AMR
21 October 2022 for the 2023 AMR
22 October 2021 for the 2022 AMR
23 October 2020 for the 2021 AMR
25 October 2019 for the 2020 AMR
24 October 2018 for the 2019 AMR
24 October 2017 for the 2018 AMR
24 October 2016 for the 2017 AMR
26 October 2015 for the 2016 AMR
1 November 2014 for the 2015 AMR
1 November 2013 for the 2014 AMR
1 November 2012 for the 2013 AMR
30 January 2012 for the 2012 AMR
The AMR identifies the Member States for which further analyses (in the form of country in-depth reviews) are deemed necessary to decide whether an imbalance requires policy action or not.
The MIP Scoreboard comprises a small number of relevant, practical, simple, measurable and available macroeconomic and macrofinancial indicators. It is used as a tool to facilitate early identification and monitoring of imbalances and consists of headline indicators with defined indicative thresholds, serving as alert levels. A wider set of auxiliary indicators is used for the economic reading of the scoreboard.
It should be stressed that the scoreboard indicators are not mechanically interpreted. Countries are assessed by looking at the evolution of indicators over time and by taking into account the most recent developments and outlook combined to additional relevant information.
25 November 2025
Information on statistical concepts and definitions (as stated in the latest AMR) are published in their respective metadata files, accessible in the table below.
Details on definitions, indicators and changes compared to the previous AMRs are published in the Introduction of each Statistical Annex.
MIP Scoreboard indicators - 2026 AMR
Indicator
Metadata
Data definition
Current account balance (3 year average, % of GDP)
This indicator provides information about the transactions of a country with the rest of the world. It is calculated as the 3-year backward moving average of the current account balance expressed in percent of GDP and calculated as: [[( CAt / GDPt ) + ( CAt-1 / GDPt-1 ) + ( CAt-2 / GDPt-2 )] / 3] * 100. The indicative thresholds for the indicator are of +6% and -4%.
The MIP indicator provides an aggregate view of the net financial position (assets minus liabilities) of a country vis-à-vis the rest of the world. It is calculated as: [ NIIPt / GDPt ] * 100. The indicative threshold is -35%.
Real effective exchange rate,42 trading partners, HICP deflator (3 year % change)
The Real effective exchange rate (REER) presents percentage change over 3 years of the real effective exchange rate based on consumer price index deflators relative to 42 trading partners. The calculation formula is: [(REER_HICP_42)t - (REER_HICP_42)t-3 ] / (REER_HICP_42)t-3 ] * 100. The indicative thresholds are +/-3% for euro area and +/-10% for non-euro area countries.
Export performance against advanced economies (3 year % change)
The MIP scoreboard indicator is the export performance against advanced economies expressed as a percentage change over a 3-year period, with a lower indicative threshold of -3%. The calculation formula is: [ [ (EXPc,t / EXPadv,t) - (EXPc,t-3 / EXPadv,t-3) ] / (EXPc,t-3/EXPadv,t-3) ] * 100.
The Nominal unit labour cost (NULC) index is the percentage change over 3 years. The MIP scoreboard indicator is calculated using the formula: [ (ULCt – ULCt-3) / ULCt-3 ] * 100. The indicative threshold is 9% for the euro area countries and 12% for the non-euro area countries.
The stock of government debt is equal to the sum of liabilities, at the end of year, of all units classified within the general government sector in the following categories: currency and deposits, debt securities and loans. The MIP headline indicator is calculated as: [ GGDt / GDPt ] * 100. The indicative threshold is 60% of GDP.
Household debt (incl. NPISH), consolidated (% of GDP)
The indicator represents the stock of liabilities (at the end of the year) held by the sector of households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) and is calculated as: [ HHDt / GDPt ] * 100, with an indicative threshold of 55%. Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector, expressed in % of GDP.
The indicator represents the stock of debt (at the end of the year) of the sector non-financial corporations and is calculated as: [ NFCDt / GDPt ] * 100, with an indicative threshold of 85%. Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector, expressed in % of GDP.
The indicator represents the net amount of liabilities which the sectors households and non-profit institutions serving households (NPISH) have incurred during the year. The indicative threshold is 14%, the indicator is calculated as: [ HHCFt / STOCKSt-1 ] * 100. Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector and are expressed in % of debt stock at the end of the year before.
NFC credit flow (excl. FDI), consolidated (% of GDP)
The indicator represents the net amount of liabilities which the sector non-financial corporations have incurred during the year. The instruments taken into account to compile this indicator are debt securities and loans, from which foreign direct investments (FDI) are subtracted. The indicative threshold is 13%, the indicator is calculated as: [ (NFCCF-FDI_FLOWS)t / (NFC_STOCKS-FDI_STOCKS)t-1 ] * 100. Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector and are expressed in % of debt stock at the end of the year before excluding FDI.
The House price index captures price changes of all residential properties purchased by households (flats, detached houses, terraced houses, etc.), both new and existing, independently of their final use and their previous owners. Only market prices are considered, self-build dwellings are therefore excluded. The land component is included. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the one year percentage change of the nominal HPI, with an indicative threshold of 9%. It is calculated as: [ [ HPIt – HPIt-1 ] / HPIt-1 ] * 100.
The unemployment rate is the number of people unemployed as a percentage of the labour force. Unemployed persons comprise persons aged 15 to 74 who fulfil all the three following conditions: were not employed during the reference week; are available to start work within the next two weeks following the reference week and have been actively seeking work in the past four weeks preceding the reference week or have already found a job to start within the next three months. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the number of unemployed persons aged 15-74 as a percentage of the labour force and is calculated as: [ Ut / LFt ]. The indicative threshold is 10%.
Labour force participation rate (3 y pps change, % of total population aged 15-64 years)
The labour force participation rate rate is the percentage of economically active population aged 15-64 on the total population of the same age. The International Labour Organisation (ILO) for the purposes of labour market statistics classifies as employed, unemployed and outside the labour force. The economically active population (also called labour force) is the sum of employed and unemployed persons. Persons outside the labour force are those who are neither employed nor unemployed. The MIP Scoreboard indicator is the 3 year change in percentage points, with an indicative threshold of -0.2 pp.
MIP auxiliary indicators
Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments (% of GDP)
The indicator is a subset of the Net international investment position (NIIP) that abstracts from its pure equity-related components, i.e. foreign direct investment (FDI) equity and equity shares, and from intracompany cross-border FDI debt, and represents the NIIP excluding instruments that cannot be subject to default. The indicator is based on annual figures from the Eurostat Balance of payments and is defined as the NIIP minus net direct investment (FA__D__F) minus net portfolio equity (FA__P__F51). It is calculated as a % of GDP.
Net lending / borrowing (Current plus capital account) (% of GDP)
Net lending/borrowing of a country corresponds to the sum of total current and capital accounts’ balances in balance of payments. It represents the net resources that the total economy makes available to the rest of the world (if it is positive) or receives from the rest of the world (if it is negative).
The trade balance of energy products is calculated, for each Member State, as the difference between exports to and imports from the rest of the world (intra-EU and extra-EU trade) of goods included in the SITC section 3: Mineral fuels, lubricants and related materials.
The indicator is calculated as the ratio of real gross domestic product to the average population of a specific year. GDP measures the value of total final output of goods and services produced by an economy within a certain period of time.
Gross fixed capital formation (GFCF) consists of resident producers' acquisitions less disposals, of fixed assets during a given period plus certain additions to the value of non-produced assets realised by the productive activity of producers or institutional units.
Research and experimental development (R&D) comprises creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge – including knowledge of humankind, culture and society – and to devise new applications of available knowledge (Frascati Manual, 2015 edition, § 2.5 ).
Export market share % of world exports (3 year % change)
The indicator is the percentage change of export market shares (of goods and services) of a country divided by total exports of the world over 3 years.
Labour productivity per hour worked (1 year % change)
The labour productivity is the ratio of gross domestic product (market prices in millions, chain-linked volumes reference year 2015) to total hours worked (domestic concept). The GDP per hour worked gives an indication of how much economic production activity can be attributed to each hour worked in the economy.
Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area (percentage points)
The core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area is an annual data indicator measuring the HICP annual average rate of change of the all-items excluding energy, food, alcohol and tobacco (TOT_X_NRG_FOOD) aggregate of the EU member states in comparison to the euro area.
It is calculated in percentage points by subtracting the euro area annual average TOT_X_NRG_FOOD rate of change from the one of the respective member state. It is also measured for the European fixed country composition aggregates – EU27 and EA20 – being by definition equal to 0.0 for the latter.
Household debt (incl. NPISH), consolidated (% of GDI)
The households sector debt is the stock of liabilities held by the sectors Households and Non-Profit institutions serving households (S.14_S.15). The instruments that are taken into account to compile private sector debt are Debt securities (F.3) and Loans (F.4). Data are presented in consolidated terms, i.e. do not take into account transactions within the same sector, and are expressed in % of gross adjusted disposable income (AGDI, B7G). Definitions regarding sectors and instruments are based on the ESA 2010. The indicator is calculated as: [HHDt/AGDIt]*100.
Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (% of gross loans)
A loan, other than held for trading, is considered as non-performing if it satisfies either or both of the following criteria: (a) It is a material loan which is more than 90 days past-due; (b) The debtor is assessed as unlikely to pay its credit obligations in full without realisation of collateral, regardless of the existence of any past-due amount or of the number of days past-due. Non-performing loans include defaulted and impaired loans and follow the harmonised definition of the European Banking Authority (EBA) used for supervisory reporting. The MIP indicator is defined as total gross non-performing loans and advances as % of total gross loans and advances (gross carrying amount), for the reporting sector "domestic banking groups and stand-alone banks, foreign controlled subsidiaries and foreign controlled branches, all institutions". Data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors at the prudential perimeter of consolidation.
Tier-1 capital ratio of banking sector (% of risk weighted assets)
EU banking rules require banks to maintain enough capital to cover unexpected losses, which are driven by the risks banks have on their books. In the CBD2 dataset, the aggregate Tier 1 ratio shows the relationship between aggregate Tier 1 capital and aggregate risk-weighted assets of a banking system. Tier 1 capital provides loss absorption on a going-concern basis. It consists of the sum of the Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital and Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital. CET1 capital is the highest quality of capital as defined by banking law, as it absorbs losses immediately when they occur. It typically includes shares, retained earnings and other reserves. Some debt instruments, such as perpetual contingent convertible capital instruments, may be included in AT1 but not in CET1. Risk-weighted assets are a measure of the risks the banks have on their books. The higher the Tier 1 ratio, the better the loss absorption capacity on a going-concern basis.
Return on equity (ROE) is a measure of financial performance calculated by dividing the profit or loss for the year by shareholders' equity. In the CBD2 dataset, aggregate ROE is considered a gauge of profitability and how efficient a banking system is in generating profits. Higher ROE indicates higher profitability.
Standardised house price-to-income ratio (% of long term average, 2000-current)
The standardised house price-to-income ratio is defined as the ratio of the current price to income ratio relative to the long-term average price-to-income ratio, calculated over the period 2000 to the most recent data available. If the ratio equals 100, it means the current price-to-income ratio is equal to its long term average. Income is calculated as adjusted household gross disposable income (B7G) per head of population.
The annual building permits data are business cycle indicators providing information on the development of granted building permits in one year. Builders apply for building permits and local building administrations issue them normally before the beginning of the construction work. Therefore building permits are considered as a leading indicator of the creation of new residential buildings. The data cover the permits for all types of residential buildings (including residences for communities).
The data are expressed in square meters of usable floor area per 1000 inhabitants.
Long-term unemployment rate (% of labour force aged 15-74)
The long-term unemployment rate is the number of persons unemployed for 12 months or longer as a percentage of the labour force (i.e. economically active population aged 15-74).
Youth unemployment rate (% of labour force aged 15-24)
The employment rate of the total population is calculated by dividing the number of person aged 20 to 64 in employment by the total population of the same age group. The indicator is based on the EU Labour Force Survey.
Young people neither in employment nor in education and training (% of total population aged 15-29)
The indicator Young people Neither in Employment nor in Education and Training (NEET) provides information on young people (15-29 years) who meet the following two conditions: (a) they are not employed (i.e. unemployed or inactive according to the ILO), and (b) they have not received any education or training in the four weeks preceding the survey.
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion (% of total population)
This indicator corresponds to the proportion of persons who are at risk of poverty, or severely materially deprived, or living in households with very low work intensity. Persons are only counted once even if they are present in several sub-indicators.
People at risk of poverty after social transfers (% total population)
The indicator measures the proportion of persons with an equalised disposable income below the risk-of-poverty threshold, which is set at 60 % of the national median equalised disposable income (after social transfers) as a % of total population.
Severely materially and socially deprived people (% total population)
Severely materially and socially deprived persons have living conditions severely constrained by a lack of resources, such that they experience an enforced lack of at least 7 out of 13 deprivation items: i) capacity to face unexpected expenses, ii) capacity to afford paying for one week annual holiday away from home, iii) capacity to being confronted with payment arrears (on mortgage or rental payments, utility bills, hire purchase instalments or other loan payments), iv) capacity to afford a meal with meat, chicken, fish or vegetarian equivalent every second day, v) ability to keep home adequately, vi) have access to a car/van for personal use, vii) replacing worn-out furniture, viii) having internet connection, ix) replacing worn-out clothes by some new ones, x) having two pairs of properly fitting shoes (including a pair of all-weather shoes), xi) spending a small amount of money each week on him/herself, xii) having regular leisure activities, or xiii) getting together with friends/family for a drink/meal at least once a month.
People living in households with very low work intensity (% of population aged 0-64)
People living in households with very low work intensity are people aged 0-59 living in households where the adults (aged 18-59) worked less than 20% of their total work potential during the past year. Students are excluded.
The statistical unit varies according to the relevant statistical domain of the source data used for each MIP indicator's calculation - see the respective indicators' metadata files (§ 3.4).
The statistical population varies according to the relevant statistical domain of the source data used for the MIP indicator's calculation - see the respective indicators' metadata files (§3.4).
The MIP scoreboard presents data for each EU Member State and for euro area (EA) and the European Union as a whole. EU and EA aggregates were added in 2023.
The United Kingdom left the European Union on 31 January 2020 on the basis of the Agreement on the withdrawal of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland from the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community ('the Withdrawal Agreement', OJ C 384 I, 12 November 2019, p. 1). Therefore, UK data is presented in this dataset only until year 2019 included.
The reference period is the calendar year.
MIP indicators are associated with a high level of overall accuracy. Data transmitted by Member States are checked in Eurostat for their consistency and plausibility. If any problem is detected, Eurostat contacts the relevant Member State asking for further checks of the figures or confirming the changes that may have occurred.
For further details see the dedicated metadata files under each domain.
Indicators - 2026 AMR
Unit
MIP Scoreboard indicators
Current account balance, % of GDP
3 year average
Net international investment position
% of GDP
Real effective exchange rate
3 year % change
Export performance against advanced economies
3 year % change
Nominal unit labour cost index, per hour worked
3 year % change
General government gross debt
% of GDP
Household debt (incl. NPISH), consolidated
% of GDP
NFC debt, consolidated
% of GDP
Household credit flow (incl. NPISH), consolidated
% of debt stock t-1
NFC credit flow (excl. FDI), consolidated
% of debt stock t-1 excl. FDI
House price index, nominal
1 year % change
Unemployment rate
% of labour force aged 15-74
Labour force participation rate
% of total population aged 15-64 years (3 year change in % points)
MIP auxiliary indicators
Net international investment position excluding non-defaultable instruments
% of GDP
Net lending/borrowing (Current plus capital account)
% of GDP
Net trade balance of energy products
% of GDP
Real GDP per capita
EUR
Gross fixed capital formation
% of GDP
Gross domestic expenditure on R&D
% of GDP
Export market share, percentage of world exports
3 year % change
Labour productivity,per hour worked
1 year % change
Core inflation differential vis-à-vis the euro area
pps
Household debt, consolidated (incl. NPISH)
% of GDI
Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities
% of gross loans
Tier-1 capital ratio of banking sector
% of risk-weighted assets
Return on equity of banking sector
%
Standardised house price-to-income ratio
ratio vs the average, since 2000
Building permits
m2 per 1000 inhabitants
Long term unemployment rate
% of labour force aged 15-74
Youth unemployment rate
% of labour force aged 15-24
Employment rate
% of population aged 20-64
Young people neither in employment nor in education and training
% of population aged 15-29
People at risk of poverty or social exclusion
% of total population
People at risk of poverty after social transfers
% of total population
Severely materially and socially deprived people
% of total population
People living in households with very low work intensity
% of population aged 0-64
Data are compiled in accordance to the respective legislation in each statistical domain. Details are provided in the metadata files for each domain – see §3.4.
Eurostat publishes data compiled on the basis of data provided by the Member States. Detailed information on source data is published in the respective indicators' metadata files – see §3.4.
The Alert Mechanism Report is published once per year (usually in November). Underlying data are disseminated monthly, quarterly and annually, depending on their respective statistical domain. The corresponding MIP indicators are updated and released accordingly.
Timeliness varies according to the respective statistical domain – see the respective metadata files (§3.4).
The underlying methodological framework ensures a high degree of comparability across Member States. Detailed explanations on data comparability are published in the Annex and in the respective indicators' metadata files – see §3.4.
Data are considered as highly comparable over time. In some Member States, methodological breaks can affect time series (normally on a temporary basis only). In such cases feasible backward calculations are provided to ensure full time series consistency.
Member States provide recalculations of source data series for statistics before 2014 according to BPM6 methodology on a voluntary basis and according to the legislative basis. Transmission of statistics pursuant to Regulation (EU) No 549/2013 (data according ESA2010 standards) may be arranged with granted derogations to Member States.
Due to the lack of complete 10 year data series for some countries, data published in the 2016 and 2015 Statistical Annexes tables are mixed – according to the old (ESA95 and BPM5) and new standards (ESA2010 and BPM6).
Information on data, breaks in series, flags are provided in the footnotes published under each data table. Detailed explanations on data comparability are available in the Annex and in the respective indicators' metadata files – see §3.4.
