Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
C1: National accounts methodology; Standards and indicators
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
Office address: Joseph Bech building 5, Rue Alphonse Weicker 2721 Luxembourg
Functional mail box: ESTAT-MIP@ec.europa.eu
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
11 September 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
11 September 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
11 September 2025
3.1. Data description
Consolidated banking data (CBD) contain information on the aggregate consolidated profitability, balance sheets, asset quality, liquidity and solvency of EU banks, and refer to all EU Member States.
CBD are a key component of the ECB/ESCB (European System of Central Banks) statistical toolbox for financial stability analysis and are also one of the main inputs to the statistical support provided by the ECB to the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB).
The indicators retrieved from CBD are tipsbd10, tipsbd30, tipsbd40 and tipsbd20, of which the first three are MIP auxiliary indicators.
Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities as percentage of gross loans, annual data (tipsbd10)
A loan, other than held for trading, is considered as non-performing if it satisfies either or both of the following criteria:
It is a material loan which is more than 90 days past-due;
The debtor is assessed as unlikely to pay its credit obligations in full without realisation of collateral, regardless of the existence of any past-due amount or of the number of days past-due.
The MIP indicator is defined as total gross non-performing loans and advances as % of total gross loans and advances (gross carrying amount), for the reporting sector "domestic banking groups and stand-alone banks, foreign controlled subsidiaries and foreign controlled branches, all institutions".
The indicator is consistent with the macro-financial focus of MIP surveillance and provides complementary information to assess private debt, which features among the variables in the headline scoreboard.
Tier 1 capital ratio, annual data (tipsbd30)
EU banking rules require banks to maintain enough capital to cover unexpected losses, which are driven by the risks banks have on their books. In the CBD2 dataset, the aggregate Tier 1 capital ratio shows the relationship between aggregate Tier 1 capital (numerator) and aggregate risk-weighted assets (denominator) of a banking system. Tier 1 capital provides loss absorption on a going-concern basis. It consists of the sum of the Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital and Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital. CET1 capital is the highest quality of capital as defined by banking law, as it absorbs losses immediately when they occur. It typically includes shares, retained earnings and other reserves. Some debt instruments, such as perpetual contingent convertible capital instruments, may be included in AT1 but not in CET1. Risk-weighted assets reflect both the amount of assets and their riskiness. It provides a measure of the risks the banks have on their books. The higher the Tier 1 capital ratio, the better the loss absorption capacity on a going-concern basis.
It has to be considered that the calculations of the Tier 1 capital ratio have undergone some changes throughout the years, specifically on how various risks are quantified. One important change was the introduction of the output floor in 2025Q1, which limits the extent to which banks using internal models can increase their capital ratio by lowering the amount of their risk-weighted exposures.
Return on equity, annual data (tipsbd40)
Return on equity (ROE) is a measure of financial performance, calculated by dividing the profit or loss for the year by shareholders' equity. In the CBD2 dataset, aggregate ROE is considered a gauge of profitability and how efficient a banking system is in generating profits. Higher ROE indicates higher profitability.
Consolidated banking leverage, annual data (tipsbd20)
The indicator, covering the banking sector only, is defined as total assets divided by total equity, for the reporting sector "domestic banking groups and stand-alone banks, foreign controlled subsidiaries and foreign controlled branches, all institutions, full sample (all banking groups / stand-alone banks irrespective of their accounting / supervisory framework)". Data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors at the prudential perimeter of consolidation.
For all four indicators, data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors at the prudential perimeter of consolidation.
The CBD data contain information on the aggregate consolidated profitability, balance sheets, asset quality, liquidity, funding, capital adequacy and solvency of European union (EU) banks, and refer to all EU Member States.
The coverage includes domestic credit institutions, foreign EU and foreign euro area (EA) controlled subsidiaries and branches.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Consolidation
In general, consolidation involves eliminating transactions and reciprocal stock positions and associated other economic flows among the units being consolidated, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector. For a comprehensive view of risk, the EU authorities report data on domestically controlled banks which have been consolidated across borders and sectors.
Cross-border consolidation
In cross-border consolidation, information on branches and subsidiaries located (from the reporting country's perspective) outside the domestic market is included in the data reported by the parent institution.
Cross-sector consolidation
Cross-sector consolidation involves the inclusion of data on branches and subsidiaries of banks that can be classified as other financial institutions (apart from insurance companies), according to the prudential perimeter of consolidation.
Size groups
The banks are divided into three size groups: small, medium-sized and large. In terms of absolute amounts, the threshold is defined on the basis of the total assets of the banking sector according to data collected in the preceding year.
Bank size
Assets as a percentage of total consolidated assets of EU banks
Large
Greater than 0.5%
Medium-sized
Between 0.5% and 0.005%
Small
Less than 0.005%
Definition of “foreign banks”
Foreign banks are defined as subsidiaries and branches that are controlled by either an EU or a non-EU parent that is “foreign” from the reporting country's point of view. The data for these institutions are excluded from the data on the domestic banking sector and are aggregated under the heading “foreign banks”. The fact that foreign banks account for a significant proportion of the domestic banking sector in some EU countries justifies their separate analysis.
3.5. Statistical unit
Credit institutions operating in the EU Member States.
3.6. Statistical population
Credit institutions operating in the EU Member States.
3.7. Reference area
The data published under the MIP domain present data for each EU Member State, as well as euro area (EA) and the European Union as a whole.
3.8. Coverage - Time
The data published under the MIP domain are annual time series.
3.9. Base period
Not applicable.
The Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (tipsbd10) are expressed as % of gross loans.
Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (tipsbd20) are expressed as asset-to-equity ratio in pure number.
The Tier 1 capital ratio banking sector (tipsbd30) is expressed as a %.
The Return on equity of banks (tipsbd40) is expressed as a %.
The reference period is the calendar year.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
The collection of the CBD data from the national central banks (NCBs) is based on Guideline No ECB/2021/14 of 26 March 2021 on statistical information to be reported on consolidated banking data. There is an ongoing procedure to update the CBD Guideline that will also foresee the possibility that the ECB could compile the CBD data for some countries, under a mutual agreement, utilizing the supervisory data that are reported to the ECB in the context of the SSM.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Not applicable.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Confidentiality constraints may be binding for the CBD data. In general, an observation is regarded as confidential when it covers less than three institutions or when one out of three institutions represents 85% or more of the respective market share. In other words, CBD data may be tagged as confidential in the case that the confidentiality of information for the individual institutions is not ensured.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Not applicable.
8.1. Release calendar
CBD annual data are published by end-June of the year following the year to which the data relate (i.e. annual data for 2020 will be published by end-June 2021).
8.2. Release calendar access
Not applicable.
8.3. Release policy - user access
In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see §10 'Accessibility and clarity') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users.
MIP related indicators are updated and released in accordance to the dissemination of the underlying data.
The indicators provide auxiliary information to the MIP Scoreboard indicators, and are used to identify emerging or persistent macroeconomic imbalances in EU countries. The CBD indicators are published in the Statistical Annex.
Those indicators can be extracted by considering the following values for the reference area and reference sector breakdown: a) for the dimension reference area, “B0” for the EU and “U2” for the euro area; b) for the reference sector, while the value for the country data is Domestic banking groups and stand alone banks, foreign (EU and non-EU) controlled subsidiaries and foreign (EU and non-EU) controlled branches (code 67), the value for the EA is Domestic banking groups and stand-alone banks, foreign (non-EA) controlled subsidiaries and foreign (non-EA) controlled branches (code 57) and the value for the EU is Domestic banking groups and stand-alone banks, foreign (non-EU) controlled subsidiaries and foreign (non-EU) controlled branches (code 47). For the EU and EA aggregates, the indicator refers to a changing composition: the data for a specific year always refer to the EU and EA country composition of that year.
The Consolidated banking data indicators are amongst the auxiliary indicators of the MIP Scoreboard. The MIP Scoreboard is used as an early warning system in the context of the macroeconomic surveillance of the EU Member States. The MIP Scoreboard consists of a set of thirteen indicators, covering the major sources of macroeconomic imbalances. The aim of the scoreboard is to trigger in-depth studies, which will do analyses to determine whether potential imbalances identified in the early-warning system are benign or problematic.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
Not available.
12.3. Completeness
See data.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
The indicators are associated with a high level of overall accuracy. The reporting Member States and the ECB apply a number of validation checks to monitor data quality. In addition, the indicators are based on harmonised frameworks across the EU so they are comparable across countries.
Non-performing loans include defaulted and impaired loans and since end-2014 have followed the harmonised definition of the European Banking Authority (EBA) used for supervisory reporting. The leverage ratio is based on the underlying accounting definitions of assets and equity that follow the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) which is also applied across the EU. Some banks do not follow the IFRS and report the data based on their National Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (nGAAP). Similarly, the return on assets follows the underlying accounting definitions of IFRS (or nGAAP) for the profit (or loss) for the year and assets. The Tier 1 capital ratio is based on the underlying prudential concepts of Tier 1 capital and risk weighted exposure amount, which are defined in the Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on the prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms.
13.2. Sampling error
Sample changes in the CBD are possible for a number of reasons (e.g. merging of institutions) and this may have an effect on the changes observed in the series across time.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Not applicable.
14.1. Timeliness
In line with release calendar.
14.2. Punctuality
Punctuality depends on the delivery of data used for the dissemination of MIP indicators.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
A high level of geographical comparability across countries is the main feature of the CBD data given that the data are based since 2014 on harmonised supervisory reporting and accounting frameworks – the EBA Reporting Frameworks (ITS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) – with the only possible exception of banks reporting national Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (nGAAP).
Specifically, the CBD framework is based on the EBA (ITS) that include Financial Reporting (FINREP) and Common Reporting (COREP). FINREP data are based mainly on the IFRS accounting standards with the exception of banks reporting nGAAP. When FINREP is not available for some categories of firms, other data sources are used in order to cover the whole banking system.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Data are in general comparable across time, however the introduction of the EBA ITS in 2014 could have an impact on the comparability of time series for some countries. Changes in the underlying sample may also impact the comparability of the series across time for some countries.
Data on gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities as percentage of gross loans are available since 2014 for all countries with except of the Czech Republic for which data go back to 2016.
Consolidated banking leverage is available as of 2008 for all countries except for Croatia for which data go back to 2013. In addition, for 13 countries data are available also for 2007. Indicator is not available for Greece for 2011.
Tier 1 capital ratio is available as of 2014 for all countries.
Return on equity is available as of 2014 for all countries.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Not applicable.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Data on gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities as percentage of gross loans refer to banks reporting within the FINREP reporting framework.
Consolidated banking leverage and return on equity cover banks reporting within FINREP and non-FINREP reporting frameworks.
Tier 1 capital ratio covers banks reporting the corresponding COREP data.
The revision policy is therefore effectively the revision policy applied by ECB for Consolidated Banking Data.
The NCBs submit revisions triggered either by the data quality checks that the ECB implements, or due to revisions submitted by the banks of their jurisdictions which lead to revisions of the aggregate (country-level) CBD data submitted by the NCBs.
The revision practice is therefore effectively the revision practice applied by ECB for Consolidated Banking Data – but with a revision periodicity corresponding to the Eurostat retrieval schedule (As the Eurostat retrieval dissemination schedule differs from that of ECB there is a certain time lag in the revisions, and intermediate higher-frequency revisions are not reflected in the Eurostat data).
18.1. Source data
Banks’ supervisory reporting of balance sheet and solvency information.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
The indicators disseminated in the MIP domain are disseminated on an annual basis. Quarterly data are also available on the ECB SDW.
18.3. Data collection
Data at the country level are reported to the ECB by the NCBs.
18.4. Data validation
The data are validated using a number of checks both at the national and the ECB level.
18.5. Data compilation
The raw data are compiled by the NCBs based on the supervisory data reported by the banks of each jurisdiction while the ECB aggregates the data.
18.6. Adjustment
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
Consolidated banking data (CBD) contain information on the aggregate consolidated profitability, balance sheets, asset quality, liquidity and solvency of EU banks, and refer to all EU Member States.
CBD are a key component of the ECB/ESCB (European System of Central Banks) statistical toolbox for financial stability analysis and are also one of the main inputs to the statistical support provided by the ECB to the European Systemic Risk Board (ESRB).
The indicators retrieved from CBD are tipsbd10, tipsbd30, tipsbd40 and tipsbd20, of which the first three are MIP auxiliary indicators.
Gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities as percentage of gross loans, annual data (tipsbd10)
A loan, other than held for trading, is considered as non-performing if it satisfies either or both of the following criteria:
It is a material loan which is more than 90 days past-due;
The debtor is assessed as unlikely to pay its credit obligations in full without realisation of collateral, regardless of the existence of any past-due amount or of the number of days past-due.
The MIP indicator is defined as total gross non-performing loans and advances as % of total gross loans and advances (gross carrying amount), for the reporting sector "domestic banking groups and stand-alone banks, foreign controlled subsidiaries and foreign controlled branches, all institutions".
The indicator is consistent with the macro-financial focus of MIP surveillance and provides complementary information to assess private debt, which features among the variables in the headline scoreboard.
Tier 1 capital ratio, annual data (tipsbd30)
EU banking rules require banks to maintain enough capital to cover unexpected losses, which are driven by the risks banks have on their books. In the CBD2 dataset, the aggregate Tier 1 capital ratio shows the relationship between aggregate Tier 1 capital (numerator) and aggregate risk-weighted assets (denominator) of a banking system. Tier 1 capital provides loss absorption on a going-concern basis. It consists of the sum of the Common Equity Tier 1 (CET1) capital and Additional Tier 1 (AT1) capital. CET1 capital is the highest quality of capital as defined by banking law, as it absorbs losses immediately when they occur. It typically includes shares, retained earnings and other reserves. Some debt instruments, such as perpetual contingent convertible capital instruments, may be included in AT1 but not in CET1. Risk-weighted assets reflect both the amount of assets and their riskiness. It provides a measure of the risks the banks have on their books. The higher the Tier 1 capital ratio, the better the loss absorption capacity on a going-concern basis.
It has to be considered that the calculations of the Tier 1 capital ratio have undergone some changes throughout the years, specifically on how various risks are quantified. One important change was the introduction of the output floor in 2025Q1, which limits the extent to which banks using internal models can increase their capital ratio by lowering the amount of their risk-weighted exposures.
Return on equity, annual data (tipsbd40)
Return on equity (ROE) is a measure of financial performance, calculated by dividing the profit or loss for the year by shareholders' equity. In the CBD2 dataset, aggregate ROE is considered a gauge of profitability and how efficient a banking system is in generating profits. Higher ROE indicates higher profitability.
Consolidated banking leverage, annual data (tipsbd20)
The indicator, covering the banking sector only, is defined as total assets divided by total equity, for the reporting sector "domestic banking groups and stand-alone banks, foreign controlled subsidiaries and foreign controlled branches, all institutions, full sample (all banking groups / stand-alone banks irrespective of their accounting / supervisory framework)". Data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors at the prudential perimeter of consolidation.
For all four indicators, data on domestically controlled banks are consolidated across borders and sectors at the prudential perimeter of consolidation.
11 September 2025
Consolidation
In general, consolidation involves eliminating transactions and reciprocal stock positions and associated other economic flows among the units being consolidated, i.e. data do not take into account transactions within the same sector. For a comprehensive view of risk, the EU authorities report data on domestically controlled banks which have been consolidated across borders and sectors.
Cross-border consolidation
In cross-border consolidation, information on branches and subsidiaries located (from the reporting country's perspective) outside the domestic market is included in the data reported by the parent institution.
Cross-sector consolidation
Cross-sector consolidation involves the inclusion of data on branches and subsidiaries of banks that can be classified as other financial institutions (apart from insurance companies), according to the prudential perimeter of consolidation.
Size groups
The banks are divided into three size groups: small, medium-sized and large. In terms of absolute amounts, the threshold is defined on the basis of the total assets of the banking sector according to data collected in the preceding year.
Bank size
Assets as a percentage of total consolidated assets of EU banks
Large
Greater than 0.5%
Medium-sized
Between 0.5% and 0.005%
Small
Less than 0.005%
Definition of “foreign banks”
Foreign banks are defined as subsidiaries and branches that are controlled by either an EU or a non-EU parent that is “foreign” from the reporting country's point of view. The data for these institutions are excluded from the data on the domestic banking sector and are aggregated under the heading “foreign banks”. The fact that foreign banks account for a significant proportion of the domestic banking sector in some EU countries justifies their separate analysis.
Credit institutions operating in the EU Member States.
Credit institutions operating in the EU Member States.
The data published under the MIP domain present data for each EU Member State, as well as euro area (EA) and the European Union as a whole.
The reference period is the calendar year.
The indicators are associated with a high level of overall accuracy. The reporting Member States and the ECB apply a number of validation checks to monitor data quality. In addition, the indicators are based on harmonised frameworks across the EU so they are comparable across countries.
Non-performing loans include defaulted and impaired loans and since end-2014 have followed the harmonised definition of the European Banking Authority (EBA) used for supervisory reporting. The leverage ratio is based on the underlying accounting definitions of assets and equity that follow the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) which is also applied across the EU. Some banks do not follow the IFRS and report the data based on their National Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (nGAAP). Similarly, the return on assets follows the underlying accounting definitions of IFRS (or nGAAP) for the profit (or loss) for the year and assets. The Tier 1 capital ratio is based on the underlying prudential concepts of Tier 1 capital and risk weighted exposure amount, which are defined in the Regulation (EU) No 575/2013 on the prudential requirements for credit institutions and investment firms.
The Gross non-performing loans, domestic and foreign entities (tipsbd10) are expressed as % of gross loans.
Consolidated banking leverage, domestic and foreign entities (tipsbd20) are expressed as asset-to-equity ratio in pure number.
The Tier 1 capital ratio banking sector (tipsbd30) is expressed as a %.
The Return on equity of banks (tipsbd40) is expressed as a %.
The raw data are compiled by the NCBs based on the supervisory data reported by the banks of each jurisdiction while the ECB aggregates the data.
Banks’ supervisory reporting of balance sheet and solvency information.
MIP related indicators are updated and released in accordance to the dissemination of the underlying data.
In line with release calendar.
A high level of geographical comparability across countries is the main feature of the CBD data given that the data are based since 2014 on harmonised supervisory reporting and accounting frameworks – the EBA Reporting Frameworks (ITS) and International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) – with the only possible exception of banks reporting national Generally Accepted Accounting Practices (nGAAP).
Specifically, the CBD framework is based on the EBA (ITS) that include Financial Reporting (FINREP) and Common Reporting (COREP). FINREP data are based mainly on the IFRS accounting standards with the exception of banks reporting nGAAP. When FINREP is not available for some categories of firms, other data sources are used in order to cover the whole banking system.
Data are in general comparable across time, however the introduction of the EBA ITS in 2014 could have an impact on the comparability of time series for some countries. Changes in the underlying sample may also impact the comparability of the series across time for some countries.
Data on gross non-performing loans of domestic and foreign entities as percentage of gross loans are available since 2014 for all countries with except of the Czech Republic for which data go back to 2016.
Consolidated banking leverage is available as of 2008 for all countries except for Croatia for which data go back to 2013. In addition, for 13 countries data are available also for 2007. Indicator is not available for Greece for 2011.
Tier 1 capital ratio is available as of 2014 for all countries.
Return on equity is available as of 2014 for all countries.
