Statistical Service of Cyprus (CYSTAT)

Demography, Social statistics and Tourism

Statistical Service of Cyprus

CY-1444

Nicosia

Cyprus

3 September 2024

3 September 2024

3 September 2024

The European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) is a survey-based instrument aiming at collecting timely and comparable cross-sectional and longitudinal multidimensional microdata on income, poverty, social exclusion and living conditions. In addition, it collects module variables every three years, six years or ad-hoc new policy needs modules.

The EU-SILC instrument provides two types of data:

• Cross-sectional data pertaining to a given time or a certain time period with variables on income, poverty, social exclusion and other living conditions;
• Longitudinal data pertaining to individual-level changes over time, observed periodically over four‐or more year rotation scheme (Annex III (2) of 2019/1700).

Social exclusion and housing condition information is collected mainly at household level while labour, education and health information is obtained for persons aged 16 and over. The core of the instrument is income information at very detailed component level and mainly collected at personal level.

• International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED'2011);
• International Standard Classification of Occupations (ISCO-08);
• Classification of Economic Activities (NACE Rev.2-2008);
• Common classification of territorial units for statistics (NUTS 2);
• SCL Geo Code- Geographical code list;
• The recommendations made by the United Nations in the Canberra Group Handbook on Household Income Statistics should also be taken into account.

For more details on the classification used please, see EU Vocabularies.

Data refer to all private households and individuals living in the private households in the national territory at the time of data collection.

The EU-SILC survey is a key instrument for the European Semester and the European Pillar of Social Rights, providing information on income distribution, poverty and social exclusion, as well as for various related living conditions and poverty EU policies, such as on child poverty, access to health care and other services, housing, over-indebtedness and quality of life. It is also the main source of data for microsimulation purposes and flash estimates of income distribution and poverty rates.

Statistical concepts and definitions for EU-SILC are specified in Regulation (EU) 2019/1700, Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2181, and Commission Implementing Regulation

(EU) 2019/2242.  Additional  information is  available in  the EU  statistics  on  income and  living conditions (EU-SILC) methodologyand in the methodological guidelines and description of EU- SILC target variables (see CIRCABC).

Further details are provided in items 5, 15.1.1.1, 15.2.2 and 18.3.

Statistical units are private households and all persons living in these households who have usual residence in the Member State. Annex II of the Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2019/2242 defines specific statistical units per variable and specifies the content of the quality reports on the organization of a sample survey in the income and living conditions domain pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council.

The target population is private households and all persons composing these households having their usual residence in the Member State. Private household means a person living alone or a group of persons who live together, providing oneself or themselves with the essentials of living.

 Definitions of reference population, household and household membership

The sub-populations that are not covered by the data collection includes: those who moved out of the country’s territory; or those with no usual residence; or those living in institutions or who have moved to an institution compared to the previous year.

Government-controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus.

The EU-SILC survey has been carried out in Cyprus annually since 2005.

Not applicable.

The data involves several units of measure depending upon the variables. Income variables are transmitted to Eurostat in national currency. For more information, see methodological guidelines and description of EU-SILC target variables available on CIRCABC.

Description of reference period used for incomes

Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 was publish in OJ on 10 October 2019, establishing a common framework for European statistics relating to persons and households, based on data at individual level collected from samples (IESS). The Annex to the Commission implementing regulation (EU) 2019/2180 of 16 December 2019 specifies the detailed arrangements and content for the quality reports pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/1700 of the European Parliament and of the Council and Regulation (EU) 2019/2242.

Article 3 of the national Official Statistics Law, No. 25(I) of 2021 defines the functions of the Statistical Service of Cyprus regarding the production and dissemination of official statistics. Moreover, Article 13, explicitly stipulates the mandate for data collection and introduces a mandatory response to statistical enquiries by stipulating the obligation of respondents to reply to surveys and provide the data required. This relates not only to national but also to European statistics which, by virtue of Article 8 of the said Law, are incorporated in the annual and multiannual programmes of work without any further procedure.

Confidential microdata are not disclosed by Eurostat. Access to confidential microdata for scientific purposes may be granted on the basis of Commission Regulation 557/2013 and Regulation 223/2009 of  the European Parliament and the Council on European statistics.

Official statistics are released in accordance to all confidentiality provisions of the following:

• National Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021 (especially Article 16 on statistical confidentiality).
• Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on European statistics and its later amendments (especially Chapter 5 on statistical confidentiality).
• European Statistics Code of Practice (especially Principle 5 on statistical confidentiality).
• Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data.

The treatment of confidential data is regulated by Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data.

• Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data:

Notifications about the dissemination of statistics are published in the release calendar, which is available on CYSTAT’s web portal. The annual release calendar, announced during the 4^th quarter of the year, includes provisional dates of publication for the following year, which are finalized the week before publication

Please refer to the Release calendar - Eurostat (europa.eu) publicly available on the Eurostat’s website.

Link to CYSTAT’s release calendar can be found in CY statistical website.

In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice, Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see section 10 - 'Accessibility and clarity'), respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostatprotocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users. Additional information about microdata access is available in EU statistics on income and living conditions - Microdata - Eurostat.

According to the Dissemination and Pricing Policy of the Statistical Service of Cyprus (section 2.3) CYSTAT΄s main channel for dissemination of statistics is the web portal, which offers the same conditions to everyone and is updated at the same time every working day (12:00 noon). No privileged pre-released access is granted. 

In addition to the annual release calendar, users are informed of the various statistical releases through the “Alert” service provided by CYSTAT. 

• Dissemination and Pricing Policy of the Statistical Service of Cyprus:

Annual

Press release - Poverty and Social Exclusion 2024

AT RISK OF POVERTY AND SOCIAL EXCLUSION INDICATORS, 2008-2024.

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Statistical micro-data from CYSTAT’s surveys are accessible for research purposes only and under strict provisions as described below:

 Under the provisions of the Official Statistics Law, CYSTAT may release microdata for the sole use of scientific research. Applicants have to submit the request form "APPLICATION FOR DATA FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES" giving thorough information on the project for which micro-data are needed.

The application is evaluated by CYSTAT’s Confidentiality Committee and if the application is approved, a charge is fixed according to the volume and time consumed for preparation of the data. Micro-data may then be released after an anonymization process which ensures no direct identification of the statistical units but, at the same time, ensures usability of the data. The link for the application is attached below.

• Link to the application for access to microdata on CYSTAT's website:

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

Methodological Information for EU-SILC on CYSTAT's website.   

Please see Annex – CY_2024_Annex 10-Metadata on benefits

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

The quality of statistics in CYSTAT is managed in the framework of the European Statistics Code of Practice which sets the standards for developing, producing and disseminating European Statistics as well as the ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF). CYSTAT endorses the Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System. In addition, CYSTAT is guided by the requirements provided for in Article 11 of the Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021 as well as Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics, which sets out the quality criteria to be applied in the development, production and dissemination of European statistics. 

• European Statistics Code of Practice.
• ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF).
• Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System.
• Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021.
• Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (consolidated text).

Not applicable.

The main users of EU-SILC statistical data are policy makers, research institutes, media, and students.

Eurostat carried out an online general User Satisfaction Survey (USS) in the period between April and July 2019 (repeated in June-July 2022) to obtain better understanding about users’ needs and satisfaction with the services provided by Eurostat. The survey has shown that EU-SILC is of very high relevance for users. For the majority, both aggregates and microdata were important or essential in their work, irrespective of the purpose of their use. The use of the ad-hoc modules was less widespread than the use of the nucleus variables. Users emphasized their strong need for more detailed microdata.

For more information, please consult the User Satisfaction Survey by years.

Since 2008 (with the exception of 2010, 2013 and 2020) CYSTAT carries out an annual online “Users Satisfaction Survey”. The results of the surveys are available on CYSTAT’s web portal at the link attached below. 

Overall, there is a high level of satisfaction of the users of statistical data published by CYSTAT. 

• Results of CYSTAT’s User Satisfaction Surveys.

All the nucleus variables included in the regulation were collected. Moreover, all the variables included in the three-year rolling module on “children’s health and living conditions” and the six-year rolling module on “access to services” were collected. However, the optional variables:  HY030G -Imputed rent, RL080 - Remote education, HI130G - Interest expenses and HI140G - Household debts were not collected.

Please also note the following:

-  HY110G: included in 2024 CY SILC, but no cases for 2024.

-  HY145: the following rule applies: “This variable should be filled when the country has recorded only net income at the component level. If the income at the component level is reported gross or some of the components are reported gross and some net of tax, adjustments will be recorded in the variable HY140G.”

Not applicable.

According to Reg. (EU) 2019/1700 Annex II, precision requirements for all data sets are expressed in standard errors and are defined as continuous functions of the actual estimates and of the size of the statistical population in a country or in a NUTS 2 region. For the income and living conditions domain, the estimated standard errors of the following indicators are examined according to certain parameters set:

• · Ratio at‐risk‐of‐poverty or social exclusion to population;
• · Ratio of at‐persistent‐risk‐of‐poverty over four years to population;
• · Ratio at‐risk‐of‐poverty or social exclusion to population in each NUTS 2 region.

Further information is provided in section 13.2 Sampling error.

EU-SILC is a complex survey involving different sampling designs in different countries. In order to harmonize and make sampling errors comparable among countries, Eurostat (with the substantial methodological support of Net-SILC2) has chosen to apply the "linearization" technique coupled with the “ultimate cluster” approach for variance estimation.

Linearization is a technique based on the use of linear approximation to reduce non-linear statistics to a linear form, justified by asymptotic properties of the estimator. This technique can encompass a wide variety of indicators, including EU-SILC indicators. The "ultimate cluster" approach is a simplification consisting in calculating the variance taking into account only variation among Primary Sampling Unit (PSU) totals. This method requires first stage sampling fractions to be small which is nearly always the case. This method allows a great flexibility and simplifies the calculations of variances. It can also be generalized to calculate variance of the differences of one year to another.

The main hypothesis on which the calculations are based is that the "at risk of poverty" threshold is fixed. According to the characteristics and availability of data for different countries, we have used different variables to specify strata and cluster information. 

In particular, countries have been split into 3 groups:

1) BE, BG, CZ, IE, EL, ES, FR, HR, IT, LV, HU, PL, PT, RO, SI, UK and AL, whose sampling design could be assimilated to a two-stage stratified type we used DB050 (primary strata) for strata specification and DB060 (Primary Sampling Unit) for cluster specification;

2) DK, DE, EE, CY, LT, LU, NL, AT, SK, FI, CH whose sampling design could be assimilated to a one stage stratified type we used DB050 for strata specification and DB030 (household ID) for cluster specification;

3) MT, SE, IS, NO, whose sampling design could be assimilated to a simple random sampling, we used DB030 for cluster specification and no strata.

Please see Annex - CY_2024_Annex 3-Sampling_errors

The concept of accuracy refers to the precision of estimates computed from a sample rather than from the entire population. Accuracy depends on sample size, sampling design effects and structure of the population under study. In addition to that, sampling errors and non-sampling errors need to be taken into account. Sampling error refers to the variability that occurs at random because of the use of a sample rather than a census and non-sampling errors are errors that occur in all phases of the data collection and production process.

Please see Annex - CY_2024_Annex A EU-SILC - content tables

Non-sampling errors are basically of 4 types:

• Coverage errors: errors due to divergences existing between the target population and the sampling frame.
• Measurement errors: errors that occur at the time of data collection. There are a number of sources for these errors such as the survey instrument, the information system, the interviewer and the mode of collection.
• Processing errors: errors in post-data-collection processes such as data entry, keying, editing and weighting.
• Non-response errors: errors due to an unsuccessful attempt to obtain the desired information from an eligible unit. Two main types of non-response errors are considered:
  • Unit non-response: refers to absence of information of the whole units (households and/or persons) selected into the sample.
  • Item non-response: refers to the situation where a sample unit has been successfully enumerated, but not all required information has been obtained.

Coverage errors include over-coverage, under-coverage and misclassification:

• Over-coverage: relates either to wrongly classified units that are in fact out of scope, or to units that do not exist in practice.
• Under-coverage: refers to units not included in the sampling frame.
• Misclassification: refers to incorrect classification of units that belong to the target population

Sampling frame and coverage errors

The sampling frame used for the 2024 survey was the list of households from the 2021 Census of Population. The reference date for the Census was October 1, 2021. Consequently, the only housing units not included in the sampling frame were those built after that date. As we move further away from 2021, more coverage errors are encountered. Therefore, the 2024 survey experienced more coverage errors compared to 2023, although still significantly fewer than in the previous waves conducted using the 2021 Census.

Coverage error

Not applicable.

 Measurement error for cross-sectional data

Cross-sectional data

Non-response errors are errors due to an unsuccessful attempt to obtain the desired information from an eligible unit. Two main types of non-response errors are considered:

1) Unit non-response which refers to the absence of information of the whole units (households and/or persons) selected into the sample. According to Annex VI of the Reg.(EU) 2019/2242

• Household non-response rates (NRh) is computed as follows:

NRh=(1-(Ra * Rh)) * 100

Where Ra is the address contact rate defined as:

Ra= Number of address/selected person (including phone, mail if applicable) successfully contacted/Number of valid addresses/selected person (including phone, mail if applicable) selected

and Rh is the proportion of complete household interviews accepted for the database

Rh=Number of household interviews completed and accepted for database/Number of eligible households at contacted addresses (including phone, mail if applicable)

• Individual non-response rates (NRp) is computed as follows:

NRp=(1-(Rp)) * 100

Where Rp is the proportion of complete personal interviews within the households accepted for the database

Rp= Number of personal interview completed/Number of eligible individuals in the households whose interviews were completed and accepted for the database

• Overall individual non-response rates (*NRp) is computed as follows:

*NRp=(1-(Ra * Rh * Rp)) * 100

For those Members States where a sample of persons rather than a sample of households (addresses, phones, mails etc.) was selected, the individual non-response rates will be calculated for ‘the selected respondent.

2) Item non-response which refers to the situation where a sample unit has been successfully enumerated, but not all the required information has been obtained.

Unit non-response rate for cross-sectional

 where

A=total (cross-sectional) sample,

B =New sub-sample (new rotational group) introduced for first time in the survey this year,

C= Sub-sample (rotational group) surveyed for last time in the survey this year.

Unit non-response rate for longitudinal data

 Please see Annex - CY_2024_Annex A EU-SILC - content tables

The computation of item non-response is essential to fulfil the precision requirements. Item non-response rate is provided for the main income variables both at household and personal level.

Item non-response which refers to the situation where a sample unit has been successfully enumerated, but not all the required information has been obtained.

Please see Annex - CY_2024_Annex 2-Item_non_response

 Description of data entry, coding controls and the editing system

Please see Annex - CY_2024_Annex A EU-SILC - content tables

Not applicable.

For the EU-SILC 2024 survey, the final microdata files were transmitted on the 28^th of February 2025, i.e. 2 months after the end of the reference year.

The first results were published on CYSTAT’s website on the 20^th of March 2025, 2.7 months after the end of the reference year. On Eurostat’s website, the first results were published on the 21^st of March 2025.

On Eurostat’s website, the final results were published on the 21^st of March 2025.

Please see point 14.2.1

According to CYSTAT’s annual programme of statistical activities of 2024, the EU-SILC survey results were published earlier according to schedule, 3 months after the end of the reference year.

Cyprus is classified as one region at the Nuts 2 level

Not applicable.

In the following tables, we compare the results on income components between EU-SILC 2021, EU-SILC 2022, EU-SILC 2023, and EU-SILC 2024 at both the household and personal levels. More specifically, the percentage of households and persons having received an amount on specific income target variables, as well as their mean value per household, are presented in the two tables that follow.

The financial years 2022 and 2023 (the income reference years of the 2023 and 2024 surveys) exhibited a GDP positive growth rate of 14,5% and 6,5%, respectively. As a result, the social and income indicators were expected to improve.

The gradual phasing out, and the final termination at the end of October 2021, of the ad-hoc social benefits introduced by the government in 2020 to alleviate the consequences of the pandemic. had primarily affected the following variables: HY050G - Family/children related allowances, PY090G - Unemployment benefits, and PY120G - Sickness benefits. Furthermore, they significantly impacted variable PY010G - Employee cash or near-cash income, as most of these measures were implemented to support workforce retention.

In addition, mortgage interest rates increased in 2023, explaining the increase in the mean HY100G of EU-SILC 2024. Moreover, due to the overall rise in rents, income from renting a property or land (HY040G) increased.

The increase in the mean of HY140G observed for the 2024 survey can be explained by the general increase in employee income (PY010G).

Comparison between EU-SILC 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 for all income target variables at household level – EU SILC

Comparison between EU-SILC 2021, 2022, 2023 and 2024 for all income target variables at individual level - EU-SILC

Please see Annex – CY_2024_Annex 8-Breaks in series

Not applicable.

F= Fully comparable; L= Largely comparable; P= Partly comparable and NC= Not collected.

The coherence of two or more statistical outputs refers to the degree to which the statistical processes, by which they were generated, used the same concepts and harmonised methods. A comparison with external sources for all income target variables and the number of persons who receive income from each ‘income component’ will be provided, where the Member States concerned consider such external data to be sufficiently reliable.

Please see Annex – Annex - Coherence, 2024

Not applicable.

Please see Annex – CY_2024_Annex 7-Coherence

Not applicable.

The mean interview duration

 Mean Interview duration per household

The mean interview duration per household is calculated as the sum of the duration of all household interviews plus the sum of the duration of all personal interviews, divided by the number of household questionnaires completed. Only households accepted for the database have to be considered

 Mean Interview duration per person

The mean interview duration per person is calculated as the sum of the duration of all personal interviews, divided by the number of personal questionnaires completed. Only persons accepted for the database have to be considered.

Mean (average) interview duration per household = 49,7 minutes.

Mean (average) interview duration per person = 15,6 minutes.

A data revision policy is in place at CYSTAT. It is published on CYSTAT’s web portal.

CYSTAT also publishes a list of scheduled revisions (regular or major revisions), also published on its web portal.

There are no revisions to report. 

Not applicable.

Detailed information concerning sampling frame, sampling design, sampling units, sampling size, weightings and mode of data collection can be found in this section (please see below). Such information is mainly used for the computation of the accuracy measures.

Sampling frame and coverage errors

The sampling frame used for the 2024 survey was the list of households from the 2021 Census of Population. The reference date for the Census was October 1, 2021. Consequently, the only housing units not included in the sampling frame were those built after that date. As we move further away from 2021, more coverage errors are encountered. Therefore, the 2024 survey experienced more coverage errors compared to 2023, although still significantly fewer than in the previous waves conducted using the 2021 Census.

Moreover, the data was not only collected through household interviews but also supplemented by registers for several income components. These registers included pensions (of all types) provided by the Social Insurance Services and the Public Sector, the Guaranteed Minimum Income (GMI), other social and disability benefits, the student grant, the student's package, and the income of Public Sector employees.

 Distribution of all household members by data status - RB250

 Type of sampling design

The longitudinal component of EU-SILC 2024 as transmitted to EUROSTAT consists of rotational groups R4 for the years 2021-2024, R1 for the years 2022, 2023 and 2024 and of the rotational group R2 for the years 2023 and 2024. The rotational group R4 for the years 2021-2024 was drawn with the sample of 2021, the rotational group R1 with the sample of 2022 and the rotational group R2 with the sample of 2023.

The cross-sectional component of EU-SILC 2024 included the rotational groups of R1, R2, R3 and R4. The rotational group R3 was the new sub-sample added in 2024.

The sample design was one-stage stratification.

Stratification and sub stratification criteria

 Geographical stratification criteria were used for the sample selection. The households were stratified in 9 strata based on District (Urban / Rural), i.e. 1) Lefkosia Urban, 2) Lefkosia Rural, 3) Ammochostos Rural(1), 4) Larnaka Urban, 5) Larnaka Rural, 6) Lemesos Urban, 7) Lemesos Rural, 8) Pafos Urban, 9) Pafos Rural.

  (1)Ammochostos Urban is an area not under the effective control of the Government of the Republic of Cyprus.

Sample selection schemes

The sample was selected from each stratum with simple random sampling.

Sample distribution over time

The survey for the year 2021 was carried out from the 1st of February 2021 to the 27th of August 2021, while the survey for the year 2022 was carried out from the 11th of April 2022 to the 30th of September 2022. The survey for the year 2023 was carried out from the 20th of March 2023 to the 30th of September 2023 and the survey for the year 2024 was carried out from the 19th of February 2024 to the 30th of September 2024.

Substitutions

 No substitution procedures were applied.

Method of selection of substitutes

Not applicable.

 Renewal of sample: rotational groups

The year 2005 was the initial year of the survey. The sample in the first round was divided in 4 sub-samples as it was based on a rotational design of 4 replications with a rotation of one replication per year. Each subsample was separately selected so as to represent the whole population. Every year one sub-sample is dropped and substituted by a new one. For 2021 one specific sub-sample, pre-selected from 2017 (R4) was dropped and substituted by a new one (R4). For 2021 the rotational group 1 (R1), was dropped and substituted by a new one (R1). For 2023 the rotational group 2 (R2), was dropped and substituted by a new one (R2). For 2024 the rotational group 3 (R3), was dropped and substituted by a new one (R3).

 The size of each Rotational Group for the 2024 survey (longitudinal component) is shown in the table below:

The sampling units are private households, which were selected with simple random sampling within each stratum.

 The longitudinal component for the years 2021 to 2024, the 4-year trajectory is illustrated in the figure below:

The dataset of the longitudinal component consists in total of 4.774 households. These households are broken down into the original households selected in the first wave of 2021 (N=1.800), the follow-up households of 2022 (N=1.040), the split households of 2022 (N=13), the follow-up households of 2023 (N=975), the split households of 2023 (N=15), the follow-up households of 2024 (N=926) and the split households of 2024 (N=5). 

The sample results for the longitudinal component of 2021-2024, the 4-year trajectory are shown in the table that follows: 

 Sample size, addresses and household interviews (R4)

The table below is a breakdown of addresses and persons present in each year of the 4-year longitudinal component:

Households and persons (R4)

Achieved sample size

The table below presents analytically the accepted personal interviews, as well as the accepted household interviews, within the 4-year longitudinal component.

 Sample Size and Accepted Interviews longitudinal component(R4)

The tables below refer to the cross-sectional component of the year 2024.

 Sample size and allocation criteria

As the sample is based on a rotational design of 4 replications with a rotation of one replication per year, the selection of one new sub-sample was required. More specifically, for 2024 one sub-sample of 2020 survey was dropped (R3), and a new sub-sample (R3) was separately selected in the same manner as in 2005, so as to represent the whole population. Due to the non-response of 2023 survey and the number of non-existent or not successfully contacted addresses, the initial sample of 2024 survey was 4.978 households. The status of our sample for the 2024 round in each rotational group is as follows:

Population and sample distribution 

For the data collection 24 interviewers were appointed, 8 for Lefkosia district, 6 for Larnaka/ Ammochostos, 8 for Lemesos and 2 for Pafos. The sampled households were grouped as much as possible in small areas and according to their rotational group. For households in the 1^st wave each interviewer had to interview on average 15 households per week, while for households in the 2^nd, 3^rd or 4^th wave they had to interview on average 18 households.

The 2024 sample results are shown in the table below: 

The 149 addresses that were out of scope of the survey correspond to vacant accommodation, or buildings used as secondary residences or for business purposes, or demolished housing units. Furthermore, 9 addresses were not successfully contacted. Out of the 4.820 addresses successfully contacted, 4.301 households completed the Household questionnaire and were all accepted for the database and meets the precision requirements set by the Reg. (EU) 2019/1700, Annex II. Thus, the achieved sample size was 4.301 households, 10.733 persons in total and 8.998 persons aged 16 or over. In order to achieve this, the number of households of the new sub-sample selected was 1.650.

 Achieved sample size

The table below presents the achieved samples of persons aged 16 years and over, as well as of households, within each rotational group:

 Sample Size and Accepted Interviews

Substitutions

 No substitution procedures were applied.

Method of selection of substitutes

 Not applicable.

Renewal of sample: rotational groups

The sample in the first round was divided in 4 sub-samples as it was based on a rotational design of 4 replications with a rotation of one replication per year. Each sub-sample was separately selected so as to represent the whole population. Every year one sub-sample is going to be dropped and substituted by a new one. Thus, for 2024 one specific sub-sample, pre-selected from 2020 (R3), was dropped and substituted by a new one (R3). The new sub-sample was also separately selected, so as to represent the whole population.

CYSTAT collects EU-SILC data annually. The table that follows gives an overview of the cumulative sample development during the fieldwork period from the 19^h of February 2024 to the 30^th of September 2024.

 Sample distribution over time

Mode of data collection

The main modes of data collection for the EU-SILC survey for 2024 were CATI (96,0%) and CAPI (4,0%).  Paper Assisted Personal Interviewing (PAPI) was only used in the extreme case of a technical problem with the interviewer’s laptop. CAPI was used only for some of the interviews of the 1st wave, while for the rest of the sample (2nd, 3rd and 4th wave) CATI was used. For the 1st wave, the first conduct with the households was made by home visits where the interviewees had the option to choose between CAPI or CATI (by providing a valid phone number) at a suitable for them time. For the rest of the sample, the phone numbers collected the previous year were used for CATI.

 Of all completed personal questionnaires 13.3% were filled with proxy interviews. For these cases, we preferred to have a personal questionnaire filled with a proxy interview rather than a refusal.

 The following table shows the results for the mode of collection. 

Description of collecting income variables

Please see Annex - CY_2024_Annex 4-Data_collection

Please see point 13.3.4.

Please find below a description of the weighting and imputation procedures.

Imputation is the process used to assign replacement values for missing, invalid or inconsistent data that have failed edits. This includes automatic and manual imputations; it excludes follow-up with respondents and the corresponding corrections (if applicable). The unweighted imputation rate for a variable is the ratio of the number of imputed values to the total number of values requested for the variable.

This metadata concept complements the information provided in the point 18.5 and 13.3.4.

Please see Annex - Imputation and estimation, 2024

Please see Annex – Weighting, C & L data, 2024

 Please see Annex - Imputation and estimation, 2024

Not applicable.

Not applicable.

For information on the quality of the rolling module, please see Annex 9 - Rolling module.

Please find in the annexes the Cyprus 2024 EU-SILC questionnaire.