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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
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1.1. Contact organisation | Hellenic Statistical Authority |
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | External Trade Statistics |
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1.5. Contact mail address | 46 Pireos and Eponiton Str., 185 10 Piraeus |
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2.1. Metadata last certified | 05/01/2021 | ||
2.2. Metadata last posted | 05/01/2021 | ||
2.3. Metadata last update | 05/01/2021 |
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3.1. Data description | |||
The main objective of the trade in goods statistics by enterprise characteristics (TEC) is to bridge two major statistical domains which have traditionally been compiled and used separately, business statistics and international trade in goods statistics (ITGS). Specifically, this new domain was created to answer questions such as:
For this purpose, the trade in goods between countries is broken down by economic activity, size-class of enterprises, trade concentration, geographical diversification and products traded. The new information is used to carry out more sophisticated kinds of analysis, e.g. to evaluate the role of European enterprises in the context of globalisation or to assess the impact of international trade in goods on employment, production and value added, essential in a globalised world where economies are increasingly interconnected.
Available datasets TEC data are grouped into ten datasets, each one focusing on a specific aspect. Mandatory datasets 1 to 6 are available for Greece: 1. Trade by activity sector and enterprise size class — Trade by activity sector and employment size class shows the contributions of economic activities and size classes (measured in terms of number of employees) to total trade. This allows the impact of international trade on employment to be analysed and the importance of small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) to be estimated. 2. Concentration of trade by activity — International trade being typically dominated by a few businesses, this indicator shows the share of the total trade accounted for by the top 5, 10, 20, etc. enterprises. 3. Trade by partner country and activity — Trade by partner country shows how many enterprises were trading with certain partner countries or country zones, and the value they accounted for. This indicator enables the most typical export or import markets to be identified. 4. Trade by number of partner countries and activity — Trade by number of partner countries shows how geographically diversified the export markets are. It shows the number of countries from which goods are imported from or exported to. 5. Trade by commodity and activity — Trade by commodity and activity sector allocates the trade of each commodity to the activity of the trading enterprise. This indicator shows which sectors were involved in the trading of each product group. 6. Trade by type of trader — This indicator provides information on how traders are involved in international trade in goods. It shows the number of enterprises trading within only one flow (exports or imports) or in both flows and the trade value these enterprises account for. |
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3.2. Classification system | |||
Classification of economic activities Economic activities are classified according to the statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community (NACE Rev. 2). NACE Rev. 2 is based on the fourth revision of the United Nations International Standard Industrial Classification of All Economic Activities (ISIC Rev. 4). Within the international trade in goods statistics, the NACE classification refers to the economic activity of enterprises that are active in international trade in goods.
Product classification As the TEC domain aims to categorise trade flows according to economic activities, product classifications which are based on the industrial origin of the goods are more suitable for analysis than classifications based on material of goods. For this reason, the Classification of Products by Activity (CPA) is used as the product classification in TEC. CPA is a European version of the United Nations Central Product Classification (CPC), but arranged so that each product heading is assignable to a single heading of the European activity classification, the NACE Rev. 2. CPA version 2008 is used for TEC data relating to the reference years 2012-2015. CPA version 2.1 is used since 2016 as reference year.
Country classification Except for the cases listed below, the reporting and partner countries are classified according to the 'Nomenclature of countries and territories' for the external trade statistics of the Community and statistics of trade between Member States, known as the 'Geonomenclature'. An ISO alpha-2 coding applies, which means that each country is identified with a two-letter alphabetical code. See the publication Geonomenclature applicable to European statistics on international trade in goods for more information. Exceptions: code CN_X_HK instead of CN for China (except Hong Kong); code UK instead of GB for United Kingdom; code EL instead of GR for Greece.
All classifications and correspondence tables are available on Eurostats metadata server RAMON. |
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3.3. Coverage - sector | |||
Activity sector: The requested data on TEC have to be made available according to NACE Rev. 2 classification. Three different levels of breakdowns are used: 1. Aggregated breakdown in datasets 2, 3 and 4
2. Normal breakdown in datasets 1, 5 and 6
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3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | |||
Trade value The value of traded goods is calculated at the national frontier, on a FOB basis (free on board) for exports and a CIF (cost, insurance, freight) basis for imports. Hence, only incidental expenses (freight, insurance) are included and they are incurred for:
Number of enterprises The number of enterprises consists of a count of the number of enterprises involved in trade during at least a part of the reference period. For intra-EU trade, VAT data are used to estimate the number of traders and trade value of the smallest traders which are exempted from Intrastat reporting. These traders account for a limited share of the trade value – at most 3 % of the total value of the intra-EU exports and 7 % of the total value of the intra-EU imports – but in terms of number of enterprises they consist of the majority. The population of TEC data derives from Intrastat and Extrastat legal units.
Partner country Trade flows are broken down by partner country.
Product The product is the outcome of economic activity and the generic term used for goods and services. Product classifications are designed to categorise goods and services that have common characteristics. They provide the basis for preparing statistics on the production, consumption, international trade and distributive trade. However, the scope of TEC is limited to the trade in goods.
Economic activity The economic activity consists in offering goods and services on a given market. An activity is characterised by an input of products, a production process and an output of products. In other words, an economic activity is said to take place when resources such as equipment, labour, manufacturing techniques, information networks or products are combined, leading to the creation of specific goods or services. Classifications of economic activities are designed to categorise data that can be related to the unit of activity. They provide the basis for preparing statistics of output, the various inputs to the production process, capital formation and the financial transactions of such units. Economic activities are classified according to NACE, the classification used to classify economic entities (enterprises, local units and similar statistical units). Within the international trade statistics, the NACE classification refers to the economic activity of traders, i.e. enterprises that are active in international trade.
Number of employees The number of employees refers to the number of those persons who work for an employer and who have a contract of employment and receive compensation in the form of wages, salaries, fees, gratuities, piecework pay or remuneration in kind. A worker is considered to be a wage or salary earner of a particular unit if he receives a wage or salary from the unit regardless of where the work is done (in or outside the production unit). The number of employees is a mandatory variable to be recorded in the business registers for each enterprise and local unit. According to the Business Register Regulation, the intention is to use the situation at the end of the year. However, as the end date approach is not harmonised, the annual average can also be used as reference.
Type of traders In the context of the TEC data, the type of trader specifies the type of trade activity of the enterprise. It indicates whether the enterprise is involved only in exports or only imports or trade in both flows. The type of trader aims to describe the heterogeneity of enterprises according to their involvement in trade. |
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3.5. Statistical unit | |||
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3.6. Statistical population | |||
The statistical population should comprise all the enterprises involved in intra- and extra-EU trade flows. However, in practice, the linkage between the Trade Register and the Business Register is not systematically straightforward as there may be more complicated linkages or the linkage may not always provide expected outcomes. This relates in particular to the following cases:
The reference population used in the compilation of TEC datasets relates to traders who have reported trade transactions under a valid ID number and were successfully matched with the Business Register. This means that the enterprise characteristics reported in the TEC datasets refer only to a part of total trade. Are out of scope:
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3.7. Reference area | |||
Greece. All regions of Greece are covered. The statistical territory of Greece coincides with their customs territory as defined in Article 3 of Regulation (EEC) No. 2913/92 of 12 October 1992 establishing the Community Customs Code, as amended. |
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3.8. Coverage - Time | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level 2012-2018
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat From 2012 as reference year. |
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3.9. Base period | |||
Not applicable. |
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TEC data disseminated at national level
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat
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The reference period is the same as for monthly trade in goods statistics. It should be the calendar month of export respectively that of import of the goods. However, in practice the reference period is in general:
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6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements | |||
General statistical legislation Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European statistics
Intra-EU trade legislation (or Intrastat)
Extra-EU trade legislation (or Extrastat)
Business Registers legislation
All regulations relevant for the European statistics on international trade in goods can be found in the publication Legislation on European statistics on international trade in goods or consulted from the ‘Legislation’ page of the ‘International trade in goods’ section on Eurostat website. All legal texts are also accessible online on Eur-Lex. |
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6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing | |||
Not applicable. |
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7.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
The issues concerning the observance of statistical confidentiality by the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) are arranged by articles 7, 8 and 9 of the Law 3832/2010 as in force, by Articles 8, 10 and 11(2) of the Regulation on Statistical Obligations of the agencies of the Hellenic Statistical System and by Articles 10 and 15 of the Regulation on the Operation and Administration of ELSTAT. More precisely: ELSTAT disseminates the statistics in compliance with the statistical principles of the European Statistics Code of Practice and in particular with the principle of statistical confidentiality. http://www.statistics.gr/en/statistical-confidentiality?inheritRedirect=true |
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7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
a) these data have been treated, as it is specifically set out in the Regulation on Statistical Obligations of the agencies of the Hellenic Statistical System (ELSS), in such a way that their dissemination does not prejudice statistical confidentiality or b) the statistical unit has given its consent, without any reservations, for the disclosure of data.
a) an appropriate request together with a detailed research proposal in conformity with current scientific standards have been submitted; b) the research proposal indicates in sufficient detail the set of data to be accessed, the methods of analysing them, and the time needed for the research; c) a contract specifying the conditions for access, the obligations of the researchers, the measures for respecting the confidentiality of statistical data and the sanctions in case of breach of these obligations has been signed by the individual researcher, by his/her institution, or by the organisation commissioning the research, as the case may be, and by ELSTAT.
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8.1. Release calendar | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level Publications related to the international trade in goods by enterprise characteristics including tables of data are presented in ELSTAT’s press release calendar. Since reference year 2014, ELSTAT disseminates an annual press release at T+19 months and TEC data (tables 1 - 6) are disseminated on an annual basis.
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat See item 8.1 ‘Release calendar’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’ for more details. |
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8.2. Release calendar access | |||
The release calendar is available on the ELSTAT’s website in the following link: http://www.statistics.gr/en/calendar |
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8.3. Release policy - user access | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level Press release of the international trade in goods by enterprise characteristics, is published in the ELSTAT’s website, in the following link: http://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SFC08/-
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat See item 8.3 ‘Release policy - user access’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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Statistics by enterprise characteristics are updated once a year with a new reference year. Historical data are exceptionally revised. |
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10.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level Since reference year 2014, ELSTAT disseminates an annual press release (including data tables) regarding international trade in goods by enterprise characteristics at T+19 months. The Press Release related to reference year 2018 is published here: http://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SFC08/-
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat See item 10.1 ‘Dissemination format - News release’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’ for more details. |
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10.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level The means of dissemination used so that the TEC data is made available to public, is ELSTAT’s website and the procedure of the provision of TEC data (Datasets 1-6) to users after their requests to ELSTAT portal.
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat See item 10.2 ‘Dissemination format - Publications’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’ for more details. |
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10.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level A number of tables (datasets) according to the data requirements are generated. The following TEC datasets are available: 0. Reference populations 1. Trade by activity sector and type of trader 2. Trade by activity sector and enterprise size class 3. Concentration of trade by activity 4. Trade by partner countries and activity 5. Trade by number of partner countries and activity 6. Trade by commodity and activity
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat See item 10.3 ‘Dissemination format - online database’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’ for more details. |
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10.3.1. Data tables - consultations | |||
Not available. |
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10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
Microdata are made available to users only in the case of approval of the Committee of Statistical Confidentiality. Microdata are made available to users after they are submitting a request to the: Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) Division of Statistical Information and Publications, 46 Peiraios and Eponiton Str., P.O. Box: 80847, 18510 Piraeus Tel: +30 213 135173, Fax: +30 213 135022, e-mail: data.dissem@statistics.gr |
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10.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
The means of dissemination used so that the TEC data is made available to public, is the ELSTAT’s website and the procedure of the provision of TEC data (Datasets 1-6) to users after their requests to ELSTAT portal. |
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10.5.1. Metadata - consultations | |||
Not available. |
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10.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level Single Integrated Metadata Structure (SIMS) https://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SFC08/2018
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat See item 10.6 ‘Documentation on methodology’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’ for more details. |
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10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate | |||
100% |
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10.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level ELSTAT compiles, detailed annual quality report for the International Trade in Goods Statistics based on Eurostat’s requirements. TEC quality indicators refer to relevance, accuracy and timeliness and punctuality. Detailed quality report of International Trade in Goods Statistics, including TEC, is available at the ELSTAT’s portal, in the format required by the European institutional framework: http://www.statistics.gr/en/statistics/-/publication/SFC02/2016-M01 A wide range of data completeness, reliability and validity controls is implemented in order to ensure high quality data. The Intrastat and Extrastat Regulations include detailed provisions on the annual quality reporting procedure. Starting from 2012, TEC was included in this procedure.
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat See item 10.7 ‘Quality management - documentation’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’ for more details. |
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11.1. Quality assurance | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level The quality policy of ELSTAT is described in the following link: http://www.statistics.gr/en/policies
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat See item 11.1 ‘Quality assurance’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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11.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
See item 11.2 ‘Quality management - assessment’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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12.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
The main users are Enterprises, Ministries, Universities, etc. User needs are monitored on a daily basis. |
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12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
ELSTAT conducts a user satisfaction survey as well as an annual users’ Congress in which all potential users are invited to express their opinion and their needs regarding Statistical data. The results of the user satisfaction survey are available at following link: http://www.statistics.gr/en/user-satisfaction-survey. The conclusions of the user conferences are available at the link: http://www.statistics.gr/en/user-conference. |
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12.3. Completeness | |||
See item 12.3 ‘Completeness’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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12.3.1. Data completeness - rate | |||
See document TEC Quality indicators |
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13.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
See item 13.1 ‘Accuracy - overall’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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13.2. Sampling error | |||
Not applicable. Neither the international trade in goods statistics, nor the statistical business registers are affected by errors related to sample surveys. |
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13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators | |||
Not applicable. |
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13.3. Non-sampling error | |||
See item 13.3 ‘Non-sampling error’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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13.3.1. Coverage error | |||
Not applicable. |
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13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate | |||
Not applicable. |
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13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion | |||
Not applicable. |
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13.3.2. Measurement error | |||
Not applicable. |
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13.3.3. Non response error | |||
See item 13.3.3 of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’ |
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13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate | |||
See document TEC Quality indicators |
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13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate | |||
See document TEC Quality indicators |
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13.3.4. Processing error | |||
Not applicable. |
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13.3.5. Model assumption error | |||
Not applicable. |
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14.1. Timeliness | |||
See item 14.1 ‘Timeliness’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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14.1.1. Time lag - first result | |||
See document TEC Quality indicators |
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14.1.2. Time lag - final result | |||
Not applicable. |
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14.2. Punctuality | |||
See item 14.2 ‘Punctuality’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication | |||
See document TEC Quality indicators |
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15.1. Comparability - geographical | |||
See item 15.1 ‘Comparability - geographical’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient | |||
Not applicable. |
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15.2. Comparability - over time | |||
Revised international trade in goods statistics as regards the time series 2010-2018 and the period from January – April 2019 was disseminated in July 2019. The main reason that led to this revision was the implementation of the principle of economic ownership for imports/arrivals and exports/dispatches of ships and aircrafts in line with the provisions of the EU Regulations 96/2010 and 113/2010. The TEC data for the reference years 2010-2017 will be revised and disseminated accordingly. |
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15.2.1. Length of comparable time series | |||
See 15.2 Comparability over time. |
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15.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||
See item 15.3 ‘Coherence - cross domain’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics | |||
Not applicable. |
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15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts | |||
Not applicable. |
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15.4. Coherence - internal | |||
See item 15.4 ‘Coherence - internal’ of the related metadata ‘ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods – trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC)’. |
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Data collection is mainly based on web applications, IT tools, administrative sources resulting in no additional costs for TEC compilation. |
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17.1. Data revision - policy | |||
Data revision, if needed, is based on the Revision Policy of ELSTAT that is available at the link: http://www.statistics.gr/en/policies |
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17.2. Data revision - practice | |||
Revised international trade in goods statistics as regards the time series 2010-2018 and the period from January – April 2019 was disseminated in July 2019. The main reason that led to this revision was the implementation of the principle of economic ownership for imports/arrivals and exports/dispatches of ships and aircrafts in line with the provisions of the EU Regulations 96/2010 and 113/2010. The TEC data for the reference years 2010-2017 will be revised mainly and disseminated accordingly.
A list of ELSTAT's scheduled revisions is available at the link: http://www.statistics.gr/en/scheduledrevisions |
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17.2.1. Data revision - average size | |||
Not applicable. |
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18.1. Source data | |||
International trade in goods statistics by enterprise characteristics are derived from two data sources: the monthly detailed trade in goods data and data taken from the statistical business registers. Trade in goods data are collected on the basis of:
Note that missing data (exempted intra-EU traders, missing Intrastat declarations) are estimated by the NSI in order to disseminate trade in goods data covering 100% of the trade but those estimates are not part of TEC data. The national statistical business registers serve as the sources for the enterprise characteristics. No samples are drawn from the registers, but the full registers are processed. Some differences in the coverage among the countries can occur. Different administrative sources depending on national law, as well as surveys, are used to update the statistical business registers, and in some countries VAT thresholds for registration apply. |
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18.2. Frequency of data collection | |||
Intra-EU trade and Extra-EU trade Monthly
Business Register Annual
TEC data Annual |
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18.3. Data collection | |||
Data collection is mainly based on web applications and IT tools. A reminding system has been established in order to monitor non-response on a monthly basis, for survey collected data. |
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18.4. Data validation | |||
A wide range of completeness, reliability and validation quality controls are applied in order to ensure data quality, including inter-dataset validation and consistency checks, according to the International Standards. A set of quality controls are applied supported by modern IT applications:
All validation rules set up by Eurostat are applied:
See the section ‘Data validation’ of the Compilers guide on European statistics on international trade in goods by enterprise characteristics (TEC) for information on the main validation rules implemented. |
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18.5. Data compilation | |||
1) Upload annual ITGS data to tables designed for TEC data; 2) Update TEC variables (NACE Rev. 2, employees, etc.); 3) Production of TEC tables; 4) Impose confidentiality rules; 5) Validations process according to Eurostat relevant rules.
More specifically, the procedure for the compilation of statistics on trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC) is described as follows: The trade value of each trader is linked with in the ITGS Register and the statistical business register. A number of tables (datasets) according to the data requirements are generated. The reference population 8 is used in all TEC tables: 0. Reference populations 1. Trade by activity sector and type of trader 2. Trade by activity sector and enterprise size class 3. Concentration of trade by activity 4. Trade by partner countries and activity 5. Trade by number of partner countries and activity 6. Trade by commodity and activity
The breakdown variables used in the production of the Tables are:
Flow: imports and exports
Activity sector: The requested data on TEC have to be made available according to NACE Rev. 2 classification. Three different levels of breakdowns are used: 1. Aggregated breakdown in tables 3, 4 and 5:
2. Normal breakdown in tables 1, 2 and 6:
Enterprise size class: measured in numbers of employees. For the purpose of TEC, the following allocation is used:
Concentration of trade: expressed in terms of trade value concentrated in a few top enterprises. ‘Top enterprises’ are the largest enterprises measured in terms of trade value. The following allocation is used:
Partner: The requested data on TEC is broken down into a) Total trade (WORLD), b) Intra-EU trade (INT_EU) and c) Extra-EU trade (EXT_EU).
Number of partner countries: The number of partner countries is calculated by counting first the number of individual partner countries of each enterprise. The enterprises with the same number of partner countries are then summed up to form the following first seven classes:
Commodity: The requested data on TEC have to be made available according to the Classification of Products by Activity in the European Economic Activity (CPA 2008).The following breakdowns is used:
Type of trader: Legal Untis are broken down according to their trade activity into traders who have only export activities, traders who have only import activities and traders who have trade activities in both flows.
Three other categories are derived:
Compilation instruction in Table 1: the categorisation of traders has to be based on the total trade (partner world), taking into account all data sources. Every enterprise can be categorised to only one class (EXP or IMP or TWT). After categorisation, it is included in the counting of number of enterprises and contribution to the trade value by flow and partner. |
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18.5.1. Imputation - rate | |||
No imputation made by Eurostat |
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18.6. Adjustment | |||
TEC data disseminated at national level No adjustment in TEC data is required since they are compiled from population 8, which derives from exhaustive data sources (Intrastat, Extrastat).
TEC data disseminated by Eurostat The trade in goods data used to compile the TEC data do not include adjustments for missing trade (trade below threshold and non-response in intra-EU trade; missing, delayed and incomplete records for extra-EU trade). There are no specific adjustments made to the TEC data. |
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18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment | |||
Not applicable. |
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All reference documents and relevant information on TEC data can be found on the ‘Focus on enterprise characteristics (TEC)’ page of the ‘International trade in goods’ section on Eurostat website. |
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ext_tec_sims - International trade in goods - trade by enterprise characteristics (TEC) |
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