Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Data on the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) usage and e-commerce in enterprises are survey data. They are collected by the National Statistical Institutes or Ministries and are in principle based on Eurostat's annual model questionnaires on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises.
The legal basis for ICT enterprise statistics for survey year 2025 is Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1883 of 9 July 2024 laying down the technical specifications of data requirements for the topic 'ICT usage and e-commerce' for the reference year 2025. Large part of the data collected is used to support measuring the implementation and monitoring of the EU’s digital targets for 2030, set by the Digital Decade Policy Programme.
Four of the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the current programme stem from the statistics for which the implementing and delegated acts are enclosed for adoption: Artificial Intelligence, cloud, data analytics and the digital intensity index (DII) - a composite indicator reflecting the digital transformation of business
The aim of the European survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises is to collect and disseminate harmonised and comparable information at European level.
All economic activities in the scope of Annex of the Commission Regulation are intended to be included in the general survey, covering enterprises with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons. These activities are:
Section C - “Manufacturing”
Section D, E - “Electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply”, “Water supply, sewerage, waste management and remediation activities”
Section F - “Construction”
Section G - “Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles”
Section H - “Transportation and storage”
Section I - “Accommodation and food service activities”
Section J - “Information and communication”
Section L - “Real estate activities”
Section M - “Professional, scientific and technical activities”
Section N - "Administrative and support service activities"
Group 95.1 - “Repair of computers and communication equipment”.
For micro-enterprises see the sub-concepts in the full metadata view.
3.3.1. Coverage-sector economic activity for micro-enterprises - All NACE categories are covered
Micro-enterprises are not included in the survey
3.3.2. Coverage sector economic activity for micro-enterprises - If not all activities were covered, which ones were covered?
Micro - enterprises are not covered in the survey.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
The model questionnaire on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides a large variety of variables covering among others the following topics:
Access and use of the Internet
E-commerce sales
Data utilisation and analytics
Use of cloud computing services
Artificial intelligence
ICT and the environment.
The annual model questionnaires and the European businesses statistics compliers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises comprise definitions and explanations regarding the topics of the survey.
As required by Annex of the Commission Implementing Regulation, enterprises with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons are covered by the survey.
For micro-enterprises see the sub-concepts below.
3.6.1. Coverage of micro-enterprises
No
3.6.2. Breakdown between size classes [0 to 1] and [2 to 9]
No
3.6.3. If for micro-enterprises different size delimitation was used, please indicate it.
Not applicable.
3.7. Reference area
Detailed information on the provision of data on NUTS 2 regional level is available in “Annex I. Completeness“.
Percentages of enterprises, Percentages of turnover, Percentages of employees and self-employed persons, Million euro (for selected indicators in some countries).
Where not specified the reference period is current situation (survey period in 2025). Year 2024 for the value or % of sales data and where specified.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Complementary national legislation constituting the legal basis for the survey on the use of ICT in enterprises:
The legal framework concerning the organization and operation of ELSTAT is as follows:
Law 3832/2010 (Government Gazette No 38, Issue Α): “Hellenic Statistical System Establishment of the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) as an Independent Authority”, as amended by article 90 paragraphs 8 and 9 of the Law3842/2010 (Government Gazette No 58, Issue Α): “Restoration of fiscal justice, confrontation of tax evasion and other provisions”, by article 10 of the Law 3899/2010 (Government Gazette No 212, Issue A): “Urgent measures for the implementation of the assistance program of the Greek Economy”, by article 45 of the Law 3943/2011 (Government Gazette No 66, Issue A): “Combating tax evasion, staffing of auditing services and other provisions falling within the competence of the Ministry of Finance”, by article 22 paragraph 1 of the Law 3965/2011 (Government Gazette No 113, Issue A): “Operations Reform of the Consignment and Loan Fund, Public Debt Management Agency, Public Enterprises and Government bodies, the establishment of the General Secretary of Public Property and other provisions” and by article 51 of the Law 4021/2011 (Government Gazette No 218, Issue A): “Enhanced measures for the supervision and restructuring of Credit Institutions – Regulation of issues of financial nature – Ratification of the European Financial Stability Facility (EFSF) Framework-Agreement and its amendments and other provisions.”
Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the European statistics (Official Journal of the European Union L 87/164).
Article 14 of the Law 3470/2006 (Government Gazette No 132, Issue A): “National Export Council, tax regulations and other provisions”.
Article 3, paragraph 1c, of the Law 3448/2006 (Government Gazette No 57, Issue A): “For the further use of information coming from the public sector and the settlement of matters falling within the responsibility of the Ministry of Interior, Public Administration and Decentralization”.
European Statistics Code of Practice adopted by the Statistical Programme Committee on 24 February 2005 and promulgated in the Commission Recommendation of 25 May 2005 on the independence, integrity and accountability of the national and Community statistical Authorities, after its revision, which was adopted on 28 September 2011 by the European Statistical System Committee.
Presidential Decree 226/2000 (Government Gazette No 195, Issue Α): “Organization of the General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece”.
Articles 4, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13, 14, 15 and 16 of the Law 2392/1996 (Government Gazette No 60, Issue Α): “Access of the General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece to administrative sources and administrative files, Statistical Confidentiality Committee, settlement of matters concerning the conduct of censuses and statistical works, as well as of matters of the General Secretariat of the National Statistical Service of Greece”.
The legal framework governing the “Survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises” is as follows:
Regulation (EC) No 2019/2152 of The European Parliament and of the Council
2.The relevant implementing Regulation, by year, which allows for a certain level of flexibility as regards the content of the survey variables. As regards the 2025 survey, it is governed by implementing Commission Regulation (EU) No 2024/1883.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Not applicable
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recital 24 and Article 20(4)) of 11 March 2009 (OJ L 87, p. 164), stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.
At national level:
The issues concerning the observance of statistical confidentiality by the Hellenic Statistical Authority (ELSTAT) are arranged by articles 6, 7 and 8 of the Law 3832/2010, as in force.
Furthermore, ELSTAT disseminates the statistics in compliance with the statistical principles of the European Statistics Code of Practice and in particular with the principle of statistical confidentiality, at the following link:
Finally, the rule applied for primary confidentiality is the minimum number of enterprises for breakdowns to be 3. The link for the Statistical Confidentiality Policy of ELSTAT is:
Data are transmitted via eDamis (encrypted) and delivered to a secure environment where they are treated. Flags are added for confidentiality in case results must not be disclosed.
At national level:
ELSTAT protects and does not disseminate data it has obtained or it has access to, which enable the direct or indirect identification of the statistical units that have provided them by the disclosure of individual information directly received for statistical purposes or indirectly supplied from administrative or other sources. ELSTAT takes all appropriate preventive measures so as to render impossible the identification of individual statistical units by technical or other means that might reasonably be used by a third party. Statistical data that could potentially enable the identification of the statistical unit are disseminated by ELSTAT if and only if:
these data have been treated, as it is specifically set out in the Regulation on Statistical Obligations of the agencies of the Hellenic Statistical System (ELSS), in such a way that their dissemination does not prejudice statistical confidentiality or
the statistical unit has given its consent, without any reservations, for the disclosure of data.
The confidential data that are transmitted by ELSS agencies to ELSTAT are used exclusively for statistical purposes and the only persons who have the right to have access to these data are the personnel engaged in this task and appointed by an act of the President of ELSTAT.
ELSTAT may grant researchers conducting statistical analyses for scientific purposes access to data that enable the indirect identification of the statistical units concerned. The access is granted if the following conditions are satisfied:
an appropriate request together with a detailed research proposal in conformity with current scientific standards have been submitted;
the research proposal indicates in sufficient detail the set of data to be accessed, the methods of analyzing them, and the time needed for the research;
a contract specifying the conditions for access, the obligations of the researchers, the measures for respecting the confidentiality of statistical data and the sanctions in case of breach of these obligations has been signed by the individual researcher, by his/her institution, or by the organization commissioning the research, as the case may be, and by ELSTAT.
Issues referring to the observance of statistical confidentiality are examined by the Statistical Confidentiality Committee (SCC) operating in ELSTAT. The responsibilities of this Committee are to make recommendations to the President of ELSTAT on:
the level of detail at which statistical data can be disseminated, so as the identification, either directly or indirectly, of the surveyed statistical unit is not possible;
the anonymization criteria for the microdata provided to users;
the granting to researchers access to confidential data for scientific purposes.
The staff of ELSTAT, under any employment status, as well as the temporary survey workers who are employed for the collection of statistical data in statistical surveys conducted by ELSTAT and acquire access by any means to confidential data, are bound by the principle of confidentiality and must use these data exclusively for the statistical purposes of ELSTAT. After the termination of their term of office, they are not allowed to use these data for any purpose.
Violation of data confidentiality and/or statistical confidentiality by any civil servant or employee of ELSTAT constitutes the disciplinary offence of violation of duty and may be punished with the penalty of final dismissal.
ELSTAT, by its decision, may impose a penalty amounting from ten thousand (10,000) up to two hundred thousand (200,000) euros to anyone who violates the confidentiality of data and/or statistical confidentiality. The penalty is always imposed after the hearing of the defence of the person liable for the breach, depending on the gravity and the repercussions of the violation. Any relapse constitutes an aggravating factor for the assessment of the administrative sanction.
8.1. Release calendar
There is no specific release date of the results of ICT Usage & e-commerce in Enterprises. They are usually announced in December of each year, after their transmission to the European Statistical Service (Eurostat) in October of each year and their validation by it.
Users can have access to the survey results after submitting a relevant data request to the Section of Dissemination of Statistical Information, provided the requested data are not confidential.
Results for selected variables collected in the framework of this survey are available for all participating countries on Digital economy and society of Eurostat website.
At national level:
Not available.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Data files are produced on ad hoc basis upon users’ requests.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Not requested
10.5.1. Metadata - consultations
Not requested
10.6. Documentation on methodology
The European businesses statistics compilers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides guidelines and clarifications for the implementation of the surveys.
At national level:
Metadata file available are published both in Greek and in English in SIMS format on ELSTAT's website
10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate
Not requested
10.7. Quality management - documentation
The Methodological Manual compiled by Eurostat provides common standards for the implementation of the survey in all EU Member States. In addition, the use of Eurostat’s standard questionnaire enhances the comparability of results among Member States and ensures quality of produced statistics.
Furthermore, the external survey workers who fill in the questionnaire are well trained, thus ensuring quality of results. In addition, the detailed checking of the questionnaires by ELSTAT staff, as well as the logical checks carried out by the tabulation software guarantee the final quality for the results.
Finally, quality is ensured through the Quality Policy implemented by ELSTAT, which is available at the following website: Policies - ELSTAT (statistics.gr).
11.1. Quality assurance
The European businesses statistics compliers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides guidelines and standards for the implementation of the surveys. It is updated every year according to the changed contents of the model questionnaires.
At European level, the recommended use of the annual Eurostat model questionnaire aims at improving comparability of the results among the countries that conduct the survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises. Moreover, the European businesses statistics compilers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides guidelines and clarifications for the implementation of the surveys.
At national level:
ELSTAT applies to the maximum possible extent the European business statistics compliers manual, for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises. Moreover ELSTAT makes use and utilizes the most recent available statistical data of enterprises in the Business Register and from SBS results for the design of the survey, the processing of the data and in the grossing up process.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
National level :
There is no involvement of users at national level, concerning the development of the model questionnaires at a very early stage.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
National level :
A user satisfaction survey is conducted by the Data Dissemination Section of ELSTAT and it is available at the following link:
Comments on reliability and representativeness of results and completeness of dataset
These comments reflect overall standard errors reported for the indicators and breakdowns in section 13.2.1 (Sampling error - indicators) and the rest of the breakdowns for national and European aggregates, as well as other accuracy measurements. The estimated standard error should not exceed 2pp for the overall proportions and should not exceed 5pp for the proportions related to the different subgroups of the population (for those NACE aggregates for the calculation and dissemination of national aggregates). If problems were found, these could have implications for future surveys (e.g. need to improve sampling design, to increase sample sizes, to increase the response rates).
Detailed information is available in “ Annex II. Accuracy “ - related to European aggregates, comments on reliability and use of flag.
Sampling errors are depicted by calculating the Standard Errors of the main survey variables. For the calculation of the Standard Errors see 13.2.1.1.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Standard error (for selected indicators and breakdowns)
Precision measures related to variability due to sampling, unit non-response (the size of the subset of respondents is smaller than the size of the original sample) and other (imputation for item non-response, calibration etc.) are not (yet) required from the Member States for all indicators.
Detailed information is available in“ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2025 “ – worksheets starting with “Standard error".
Various methods can be used for the calculation of the standard error for an estimated proportion. The aim is to incorporate into the standard error the sampling variability but also variability due to unit non-response, item non-response (imputation), calibration etc. In case of census / take-all strata, the aim is to calculate the standard errors comprising the variability due to unit non-response and item non-response.
A) Name and brief description of the applied estimation approach:
One-stage stratified random sampling was applied and Horvitz-Thompson estimator. In addition, the analytic method was applied for the variance estimation of the estimates.
B) Basic formula:
see annex “basic formula Greece”.
C)Main reference in the literature:
c) Kish, L (1965): Survey Sampling. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.
Cochran, W.G. (1977): Sampling Techniques. 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Carl-ErikSärndal, Bengt Swensson, Jan Wretman (1992): Model Assisted Survey Sampling. Springer-Verlag, New York
D)How has the stratification been taken into account?
The overall variance estimation results from the sum of variances in all final strata
E)Which strata have been considered?
The final stratum was defined by crossing: Aggregation of NACE Rev.2 subsections x Region – NUTS2 x size class of enterprise.
See concept 18.1.1. A) Description of frame population.
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
Over-coverage rate 0,90%
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not requested
13.3.2. Measurement error
Measurement errors may occur when completing the questionnaires of the survey. In cases of incomplete filling in of the questionnaire, the responsible person in the enterprise is contacted to get guidance on how to fill in the questionnaire correctly. In a few cases, the questions which have not been answered are imputed based on corresponding answers given by enterprises belonging to a corresponding branch of economic activity and having a corresponding size.
13.3.3. Non response error
See detailed sections below.
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
See detailed sections below.
13.3.3.1.1. Unit response
The following table contains the number of units (i.e. enterprises), by type of response to the survey and by the percentage of these values in relation to the gross sample size.
Type of response
Enterprises
0-9 (or 2-9) employees and self-employed persons
10 or more employees and self-employed persons
Number
%
Number
%
Gross sample size (as in section 3.1 C)
100%
10.543
100%
1. Response (questionnaires returned by the enterprise)
4.184
39,69
1.1 Used for tabulation and grossing up (Net sample or Final Sample; as in section 3.1 D)
4.042
38,34
1.2 Not used for tabulation
142
1,35
1.2.1 Out of scope (deaths, misclassified originally in the target population, etc.)
95
0,90
1.2.2 Other reasons (e.g. unusable questionnaire)
47
0,45
2. Non-response (e.g. non returned mail, returned mail by post office)
6.359
60,31
Comments on unit response, if unit response is below 60%
Enterprises refused the co-operation with ELSTAT mainly due to the increase the burden
13.3.3.1.2. Methods used for minimizing unit non-response
We inform all the enterprises through a letter about: the scope and the use of the survey, the legislation and we ask the correspondents to complete the questionnaire in a time period of a month after the reception of the questionnaire. Later, when this period expires we send a reminder.
When a reasonable additional period passes, we communicate by telephone with person takes place, and we try to explore the causes of non-response.
We offer them our help for filling the questionnaire, or in other cases we try to convince them about the importance of statistical data.
After all, if the enterprise continues to refuse the collaboration with our service, we replace the enterprise with another (with the same characteristics) from the auxiliary sample.
13.3.3.1.3. Methods used for unit non-response treatment
1. No treatment for unit non-response
2.1 Treatment by re-weighting: Re-weighting by the sampling design strata considering that non-response is ignorable inside each stratum (the naïve model)
X
2.2 Treatment by re-weighting: Re-weighting by identified response homogeneity groups (created using sample-level information)
X
2.3 Treatment by re-weighting: Re-weighting through calibration/post-stratification (performed using population information) by the groups used for calibration/post-stratification
3. Treatment by imputation (done distinctly for each variable/item)
4. Method(s) and the model(s) corresponding to the above or other method(s) used for the treatment of unit non-response. (e.g. Re-weighting using Horvitz-Thompson estimator, ratio estimator or regression estimator, auxiliary variables)
Due to non-response,the initial weights of enterprises were adjusted in homogeneity response groups(classes) and Horvitz-Thomson estimator was applied.
The above response classes were defined by crossing:Economic activity x Size class.
13.3.3.1.4. Assessment of unit non-response bias
In case an enterprise refuses to respond the following steps are taken
An information note is sent to the enterprise.
Contact over the phone with the IT responsible of the enterprise more than once.
In case of non-response, the enterprise is replaced by another one in a reserve sample.
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not available
13.3.3.2.1. Methods used for item non-response treatment
1. No treatment for item non-response
2. Deductive imputation An exact value can be derived as a known function of other characteristics.
3. Deterministic imputation (e.g. mean/median, mean/median by class, ratio-based, regression-based, single donor nearest-neighbour) Deterministic imputation leads to estimators with no random component, that is, if the imputation were to be re-conducted, the outcome would be the same.
4. Random imputation (e.g. hot-deck, cold-deck) Random imputation leads to estimators with a random component, that is, if the imputation were re-conducted, it would have led to a different result.
5. Re-weighting
6. Multiple imputation In multiple imputation each missing value is replaced (instead of a single value) with a set of plausible values that represent the uncertainty of the right value to impute. Multiple imputation methods offer the possibility of deriving variance estimators by taking imputation into account. The incorporation of imputation into the variance can be easily derived based on variability of estimates among the multiply imputed data sets.
7. Method(s) and the model(s) corresponding to the above or other method(s) used for the treatment of item non-response.
13.3.3.2.2. Questions or items with item response rates below 90% and other comments
Other comments relating to the item non-response
Additional issues concerning "item non-response" calculation (e.g. method used in national publications): =None
Questions and items with low response rates (cut-off value is 90%) and item non-response rate: Since all the questions have "yes"or "no" answer, we consider that there is no items with response rate below 90%.
13.3.4. Processing error
No processing errors were detected.
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Not requested.
14.1. Timeliness
See detailed sections below.
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
Not applicable
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
Data are to be delivered to Eurostat in the fourth quarter of the reference year (due date for the finalised dataset is 5th October). European results are released before the end of the survey year or in the beginning of the year following the survey year (T=reference year, T+0 for indicators referring to the current year, T+12 months for other indicators referring to the previous year e.g. e-commerce).
At national level:
Results were released at national level on October 8, 2025 with the time lag T+0 for indicators referring to the current year.
14.2. Punctuality
See detailed section in the full metadata view.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
Data were delivered to Eurostat on October 8, 2025; 3 days after the deadline.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
The model questionnaire is generally used by the countries that conduct the survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises. Due to (small) differences in translation, in the used survey vehicle, in non-response treatment or different routing through the questionnaire, some results for some countries may be of reduced comparability. In these cases, notes are added in the data.
Detailed information on differences in the wording of the questions in the national questionnaires is available in “ Annex I. Completeness “ - worksheets related to questionnaire, coverage, additional questions.
Comparability between regions:
The use of common definitions of variables and the implementation of common compilation methods all over Greece and in all EU Member States ensure geographical comparability of the results.
Detailed information on the provision of data on NUTS 2 regional level is available in “Annex I. Completeness“ – worksheets related to regional data.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not applicable
15.2. Comparability - over time
See detailed section in the full metadata view.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
The length of comparable time series depends on the module and the variable considered within each survey module. Additional information is available in annexes attached to the European metadata.
Generally, the main variables of the survey are comparable over time since there are no significant changes in methodology and definitions.
However, the continuous development of Information Technologies necessitates the inclusion of new variables in the survey questionnaire (implementing regulation every year).
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Not applicable
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Not applicable
15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts
Not applicable
15.4. Coherence - internal
Not applicable
Restricted from publication
17.1. Data revision - policy
The revision of data, if necessary, is based on the circular concerning the Revision Policy of ELSTAT, which is available at the following website: Policies - ELSTAT (statistics.gr).
17.2. Data revision - practice
The procedure used for revising the data (if necessary) is based on the change of imputation coefficients, since the survey can not be re-conducted
17.2.1. Data revision - average size
Not requested
18.1. Source data
Frame population description and distribution: For more information see concept 18.1.1.
(Frame population)
Sampling design - Sampling method
Description of the sampling method used (e.g. stratified random sample, quota sampling, cluster sampling; one-stage or two-stage sampling) and information which variables were used to stratify, the categories of those variables, in particular for the NACE Rev. 2 categories related to the "possible calculation of European aggregates", and the final number of strata:
Sampling Design-Sampling method
The applied sampling method is the single stratified sampling, with surveyed unit the enterprise with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons. The sampling frame used for the sample design was extracted from the Statistical Business Register of ELSTAT of reference year 2022.
The enterprises with 10 or more employees that fall under the ICT survey were stratified as follows:
By Region – NUTS 2
By aggregations of NACE Rev.2 subsections, as specified at the European business statistics compilers’ manual for statistics on the ICT usage and e-commerce – 2025 edition, within each Region
By size class of the enterprise. In each one of the major strata (major stratum = Region x Economic Activity), the enterprises were stratified into size classes, according to their size, determined by their average annual number of employees in the Business Register, as follows:
Size Class
Number of employees and self-employed
1
10 – 19
2
20 – 49
3
50 – 99
4
100 – 249
5
250 – 499
6
500 – 999
7
1.000+
Let h be one of the final strata (Final stratum = Region X Economic Activity X Size Class). The total number of final strata was 1.349. In each one of the final strata from the 1st up to and including the 3rd size class, a random sample of nh enterprises was selected with equal probabilities from their total number of enterprises. The final strata from the 4th up to and including the 7th size class are census strata (take-all), because they comprise the large units and the element population variance for all variables is high.
The sample size is 10.543 enterprises (sampling fraction 23,38%), which correspond to 11.594 legal units. The determination of the sample size was carried out so that the estimated standard error for estimated variables not to exceed 5 percentage points for the different NACE subgroups of the population.
Gross sample distribution: Detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2025 “ (Worksheet: GROSS SAMPLE)
Net sample distribution: Detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2025 “ (Worksheet: NET SAMPLE)
a) When was the sample for the ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprise survey drawn?
The sample was selected in February 2025
b) Last update of the Business register that was used for drawing the sample of enterprises for the survey:
The applied sampling method is the single stratified sampling, with surveyed unit the enterprise with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons. The sampling frame used for the sample design was extracted from the Statistical Business Register of ELSTAT of reference year 2022.
c) Indication if the frame population is the same as, or is in some way coordinated with, the one used for the Structural Business Statistics (different snapshots):
The frame population is similar to the one that is used for the compilation of Structural Business Statistics
d) Description if different frames are used during different stages of the statistical process (e.g. frame used for sampling vs. frame used for grossing up):
The sample selection and the grossing up procedure are conducted each time using the most recent available Business Register. However, in the grossing up procedure the used Business Register is expected to be a newer one than the one used in the design stage.
e) Indication the shortcomings in terms of timeliness (e.g. time lag between last update of the sampling frame and the moment of the actual sampling), geographical coverage, coverage of different subpopulations, data available etc., and any measures taken to correct it, for this survey.
There is a time lag of 3 years between the reference date of the Business Register that is used as frame for the sample selection and the reference date of the survey. Moreover, the time lag between the last update of the sampling frame and the moment of the actual sampling is about 2 months.
B) Frame population distribution
Detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2025 “ (Worksheet: FRAME POPULATION)
Data on the Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) usage and e-commerce in enterprises are survey data. They are collected by the National Statistical Institutes or Ministries and are in principle based on Eurostat's annual model questionnaires on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises.
The legal basis for ICT enterprise statistics for survey year 2025 is Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2024/1883 of 9 July 2024 laying down the technical specifications of data requirements for the topic 'ICT usage and e-commerce' for the reference year 2025. Large part of the data collected is used to support measuring the implementation and monitoring of the EU’s digital targets for 2030, set by the Digital Decade Policy Programme.
Four of the key performance indicators (KPIs) of the current programme stem from the statistics for which the implementing and delegated acts are enclosed for adoption: Artificial Intelligence, cloud, data analytics and the digital intensity index (DII) - a composite indicator reflecting the digital transformation of business
The aim of the European survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises is to collect and disseminate harmonised and comparable information at European level.
Name of data collection
ICT Usage & e-Commerce in Enterprises 2025
17 March 2026
The model questionnaire on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises provides a large variety of variables covering among others the following topics:
Access and use of the Internet
E-commerce sales
Data utilisation and analytics
Use of cloud computing services
Artificial intelligence
ICT and the environment.
The annual model questionnaires and the European businesses statistics compliers’ manual for ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises comprise definitions and explanations regarding the topics of the survey.
As required by Annex of the Commission Implementing Regulation, enterprises with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons are covered by the survey.
For micro-enterprises see the sub-concepts below.
Detailed information on the provision of data on NUTS 2 regional level is available in “Annex I. Completeness“.
Where not specified the reference period is current situation (survey period in 2025). Year 2024 for the value or % of sales data and where specified.
Comments on reliability and representativeness of results and completeness of dataset
These comments reflect overall standard errors reported for the indicators and breakdowns in section 13.2.1 (Sampling error - indicators) and the rest of the breakdowns for national and European aggregates, as well as other accuracy measurements. The estimated standard error should not exceed 2pp for the overall proportions and should not exceed 5pp for the proportions related to the different subgroups of the population (for those NACE aggregates for the calculation and dissemination of national aggregates). If problems were found, these could have implications for future surveys (e.g. need to improve sampling design, to increase sample sizes, to increase the response rates).
Detailed information is available in “ Annex II. Accuracy “ - related to European aggregates, comments on reliability and use of flag.
Percentages of enterprises, Percentages of turnover, Percentages of employees and self-employed persons, Million euro (for selected indicators in some countries).
Frame population description and distribution: For more information see concept 18.1.1.
(Frame population)
Sampling design - Sampling method
Description of the sampling method used (e.g. stratified random sample, quota sampling, cluster sampling; one-stage or two-stage sampling) and information which variables were used to stratify, the categories of those variables, in particular for the NACE Rev. 2 categories related to the "possible calculation of European aggregates", and the final number of strata:
Sampling Design-Sampling method
The applied sampling method is the single stratified sampling, with surveyed unit the enterprise with 10 or more employees and self-employed persons. The sampling frame used for the sample design was extracted from the Statistical Business Register of ELSTAT of reference year 2022.
The enterprises with 10 or more employees that fall under the ICT survey were stratified as follows:
By Region – NUTS 2
By aggregations of NACE Rev.2 subsections, as specified at the European business statistics compilers’ manual for statistics on the ICT usage and e-commerce – 2025 edition, within each Region
By size class of the enterprise. In each one of the major strata (major stratum = Region x Economic Activity), the enterprises were stratified into size classes, according to their size, determined by their average annual number of employees in the Business Register, as follows:
Size Class
Number of employees and self-employed
1
10 – 19
2
20 – 49
3
50 – 99
4
100 – 249
5
250 – 499
6
500 – 999
7
1.000+
Let h be one of the final strata (Final stratum = Region X Economic Activity X Size Class). The total number of final strata was 1.349. In each one of the final strata from the 1st up to and including the 3rd size class, a random sample of nh enterprises was selected with equal probabilities from their total number of enterprises. The final strata from the 4th up to and including the 7th size class are census strata (take-all), because they comprise the large units and the element population variance for all variables is high.
The sample size is 10.543 enterprises (sampling fraction 23,38%), which correspond to 11.594 legal units. The determination of the sample size was carried out so that the estimated standard error for estimated variables not to exceed 5 percentage points for the different NACE subgroups of the population.
Gross sample distribution: Detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2025 “ (Worksheet: GROSS SAMPLE)
Net sample distribution: Detailed information is available in “ Annex III. Sample and standard error tables 2025 “ (Worksheet: NET SAMPLE)
The model questionnaire is generally used by the countries that conduct the survey on ICT usage and e-commerce in enterprises. Due to (small) differences in translation, in the used survey vehicle, in non-response treatment or different routing through the questionnaire, some results for some countries may be of reduced comparability. In these cases, notes are added in the data.
Detailed information on differences in the wording of the questions in the national questionnaires is available in “ Annex I. Completeness “ - worksheets related to questionnaire, coverage, additional questions.
Comparability between regions:
The use of common definitions of variables and the implementation of common compilation methods all over Greece and in all EU Member States ensure geographical comparability of the results.
Detailed information on the provision of data on NUTS 2 regional level is available in “Annex I. Completeness“ – worksheets related to regional data.
