Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Air emissions accounts (AEA) record flows of gaseous and particulate materials emitted into the atmosphere as a result of economic activity.
AEA are a subset of environmental-economic accounts. They offer a detailed breakdown for 64 emitting economic activities (NACE), plus households, as defined in the national accounts of EU countries. They are aligned with economic statistics and GDP. These features make them suitable for integrated environmental-economic analyses and modelling – for example of 'carbon footprints' and climate-change modelling scenarios.
National Statistical Institutes (NSI) submit AEA to Eurostat through a mandatory annual data collection. The data collection includes an electronic questionnaire and this quality report.
3.2. Classification system
The AEA dataset has the following dimensions:
Air pollutant: Emissions to air of the following gaseous and particulate substances are collected (greenhouse gases, air pollutants:
Carbon dioxide without emissions from biomass (CO2),
Carbon dioxide from biomass (Biomass CO2)*,
Nitrous oxide (N2O),
Methane (CH4),
Perfluorocarbons (PFCs),
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),
Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) including nitrogen trifluoride (NF3),
Nitrogen oxides (NOx),
Non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOC),
Carbon monoxide (CO),
Particulate matter < 10μm (PM10),
Particulate matter < 2,5μm (PM2.5),
Sulphur oxides (SOx),
Ammonia (NH3).
Geopolitical entity: EU Member States, EFTA Countries, Candidate Countries etc.
Economic activities: include 64 production activities (classified by NACE rev.2 A*64), and households’ consumption (3 sub-classes).
Time: reference year for which air emissions are reported.
Unit: tonnes and thousand tonnes.
3.3. Coverage - sector
The data refer to national economies as defined in the system of national accounts. Greenhouse gases and air pollutants emitted by resident units representing the national economy are covered.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Conceptually AEA belong to the international system of environmental economic accounting (SEEA-Central Framework). Furthermore, AEA is one of several physical modules of Eurostat's programme on European environmental economic accounts. It is covered by Regulation (EU) No.691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts. AEA are closely related to concepts and definitions of national accounts. Most notably, they follow the residence principle, i.e. they record emissions related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.Further methodological guidelines are provided in various publications by Eurostat (see Eurostat website > Environment > Methodology, heading: 'Air emissions accounts').
3.5. Statistical unit
Data refer to emissions by resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA), including households.
3.6. Statistical population
The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA), i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units.
3.7. Reference area
Republic of Croatia
The reference area is the economic territory as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory. By following this residence principle, the Air Emission Accounts record emissions from resident units' activities, regardless where they occur. This is the main conceptual difference to emission inventories for greenhouse gases (UNFCCC) and air pollutants (CLRTAP).
3.8. Coverage - Time
2008 - 2022.
3.9. Base period
Not applicable because AEA are not reported as indices.
The unit of measure is tonnes or thousand tonnes.
CO2 and Biomass CO2 are reported in thousand tonnes.
N2O and CH4 are reported in tonnes.
F-gases (HFC, PFC and SF6) are reported in tonnes of CO2 equivalents. There is no NF3 emission in Croatia.
SOX is reported in tonnes of SO2 equivalents, and NOX is reported in tonnes of NO2 equivalents.
NH3, NMVOC, CO, PM10 and PM2.5 are reported in tonnes.
The data refer to calendar years.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Air emissions accounts (AEA) are legally covered by Regulation (EU) 691/2011on European Environmental Economic Accounts.
This Regulation establishes a common framework for the collection, compilation, transmission and evaluation of European environmental economic accounts, for the purpose of setting up environmental economic accounts as satellite accounts to ESA 2010, by providing methodology, common standards, definitions, classifications and accounting rules intended to be used for compiling environmental economic accounts.
Annex I of this Regulation defines the data to be collected, compiled, transmitted and evaluated for air emissions accounts. Those data need to be developed in a way that links emissions to economic production and consumption activities by industries and households. The direct emissions data reported under this Regulation are combined with the economic input-output tables, supply and use tables and household consumption data that are already reported to the Commission (Eurostat) as part of ESA 2010 reporting.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Not applicable at national level.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Law on Official Statistics (OG 25/20).
The Ordinance on the conditions and manner of use of confidential statistical data for scientific purposes (OG 5/23).
Statistical data collected by surveys, according to the Law on Official Statistics (OG 25/20) is confidential and its purpose is restricted exclusively to statistical usage.
The results will be published in a cumulative form which prevents displaying data on individuals.
Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 (L 87/164) stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used TO PRODUCE of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Data are not published separately but only at the level of the Republic of Croatia.
8.1. Release calendar
06 December 2024, please find information at this website (Okolis).
Publishing Programme: 2024.
Subject Matter Area: Environment and Energy.
Subject Matter Sub-area: Environment.
Publishing media: PC Axis Databases.
Nos. per Year: 1.
Reference period: 2022.
Level: Republic of Croatia.
Planned date of publishing: 06 December 2024.
Calendar of Statistical Data Issues and Publishing Programme 2024.
Calendar of Statistical Data Issues in 2024.
27 September 2024, Statistics in Line OEN-2024-1-5, Air Emissions Accounts, 2022 - Provisional Data, Calendar of Statistical Data Issues in 2024, pp. 39.
Please find more information at this website (Kalendar).
Release Calendar contains the review of publications planned to be issued in current year and by the end of May for next year, which depends on when the processing of a particular statistical survey can be finished and on whether it is feasible to make a particular kind of publication or not. All Calendars are publicly available.
According to the Release Date announced in the Publishing Programme and in the Calendar of Statistical Data Issues, publications of the Croatian Bureau of Statistics are released at 11:00 a.m. precisely, both in electronic format and hard copy, thus abiding by the Principle of Timeliness of the European Statistics Code of Practice, i.e. standard daily time set for the release.
The User Communication Department provides the following services to the users of statistical data:
Provisional data for 2022 will be published on the 27th of September 2024.
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
The data will be published in PC Axis database after validation process. Please find information at this website (web DZS).
10.3.1. Data tables - consultations
Not applicable.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
The conditions under which certain users can have access to microdata are regulated by The Ordinance on the conditions and manner of use of confidential statistical data for scientific purposes (OG 5/23).
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Eurostat database.
10.5.1. Metadata - consultations
Not applicable.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
The basic methodological explanations are published within the First Release and in the PC Axis database.
All relevant information are also available on the Eurostat website.
10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate
100%.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
The data on quality are stored in database of quality information (DBQI), and the reports on quality are prepared on the bases of this information and will gradually be available on CBS Internet site.
11.1. Quality assurance
The main tool for the systematic quality assessment and quality management is the database on quality information (DBQI). The DBQI has in first stage the Basic analytical tool for comparative analyses of quality indicators and later will contain Advanced analytical tool for comparative analyses of quality indicators.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
Data is collected from reliable sources applying high standards regarding the methodology and ensuring a high degree of comparability.
Assessments and quality reports:
National descriptions of the methodology used
The methodologies from 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories, recommended by the UNFCCC, were used for emission estimations of greenhouse gases, which are result of anthropogenic activities, i.e. CO2, CH4, N2O, HFCs, PFCs, SF6. Methodology is described in National Inventory Report (NIR 2024), page 45, section 1.3., available on this website (GHG inventories) (for now, the description and link for NIR 2023 are provided, while the data and report for 2024 will be included later, due to the change in the system for reporting greenhouse gas emissions).
The methodology prescribed by EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebooks 2013, 2016 and 2019 as well all other relevant EMEP/EEA guidebooks were used for air pollutants emission estimations. Methodology is described in Informative Inventory Report (IIR 2024), page 43, section 1.4.2., available on this website (Status of reporting and review results).
National quality reports
Information on the quality assurance and quality control plan including verification and treatment of confidentiality issues for NIR 2023 are available on page 51, section 1.5 of Report (for now, the description for NIR 2023 are provided, while the data and report for 2024 will be included later, due to the change in the system for reporting greenhouse gas emissions).
Information on quality assurance and quality control procedures for IIR 2024 are available on page 41, section 1.6 and in Appendix 1 of Report.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Regulation (EU) No 691/2011 on European environmental accounts adopted on 6 July 2011 and amended by Regulation (EU) 538/2014 adopted on 16 April 2014 in Article 7 requires that “Member States shall provide the Commission with a report on the quality of the data transmitted. The quality criteria as referred to in Article 12(1) of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 shall be applied.” Those quality criteria are: relevance, accuracy, timeliness, punctuality, accessibility and clarity, comparability and coherence.
The European Parliament and Council decided air emission accounts shall be provided, through Regulation (EU) No 691/2011 on European environmental accounts.
Air emissions accounts present emissions of 14 different gases originating from 64 industries and from households. Linked to input-output tables, they provide a powerful analytical tool.
These EU accounts are consistent with the System of Environmental-Economic Accounting – Central Framework adopted by the United Nations Statistical Commission as a world-level statistical standard in March 2012.
The main user of air emissions data at national level is Ministry of Environmental Protection and Green Transition.
For greenhouse gas emissions estimates, Regulation on the Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Policies and Mitigation Measures in the Republic of Croatia (OG 5/17) prescribe obligation and procedure for emissions monitoring, which comprise estimation and/or reporting of all anthropogenic emissions and removals.
For the pollutants, Republic of Croatia is obligated to annual report data on emissions of air pollutants covered in the LRTAP Convention, its Protocols and NEC Directive. Republic of Croatia has ratified following protocols under the LRTAP Convention: Protocol on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions in 1998 (OG-IT 17/98 and 3/99), Protocol on Heavy Metals (OG-IT 5/07 and 9/07), Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants (OG-IT 5/07 and 9/07), Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or their Transboundary Fluxes (OG-IT 10/07 and 2/08), Protocol concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or their Transboundary Fluxes (OG-IT 10/07 and 2/08) and Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (“Gothenburg Protocol”) (OG-IT 7/08). In accordance with CLRTAP Executive Body's Decision 2002/10, on emission data reporting under the Convention and the Protocols in force, Croatia is obliged to report on air emissions in line with Emission Reporting Guidelines and methodology described in EMEP/EEA air pollutant emission inventory guidebooks 2013, 2016, and 2019. Specifically, the application of annual emissions under the CLRTAP consists of the preparation of NFR formats (emission reporting template, projections reporting template, gridded emissions template, LPS emissions template) and IIR report.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
CBS carried out testing on customer satisfaction. A survey on the satisfaction of users was conducted in 2015. The results are available on this website (Quality Report Satisfaction Survey).
The most recent survey on the satisfaction of users was conducted in 2022.
12.3. Completeness
The data are sent completely and in accordance with the relevant EU regulations.
12.3.1. Data completeness - rate
Not applicable. To ensure comparability, this will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT in the European quality report using a standardised method.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Methods used in compiling AEA are:
For the greenhouse gas emissions estimates, source of data is National Inventory Report 2024 (NIR 2024), Croatian greenhouse gas inventory for the period 1990 – 2022.
For the pollutants defined according to LRTAP Convention and its eight protocols, source of data is Republic of Croatia 2024 Informative Inventory Report (1990 – 2022) to LRTAP Convention (IIR 2024).
13.2. Sampling error
Not applicable because data are not based on a sample survey.
13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators
Not applicable because data are not based on a sample survey.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Not applicable.
13.3.1. Coverage error
Not applicable.
13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate
Not applicable.
13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion
Not applicable.
13.3.2. Measurement error
Not applicable.
13.3.3. Non response error
Not applicable.
13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate
Not applicable.
13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate
Not applicable.
13.3.4. Processing error
Not applicable.
13.3.5. Model assumption error
Not applicable.
14.1. Timeliness
The Regulation requires air emissions accounts to be provided by 30 September every year.
Croatia transmitted the data to Eurostat on 27th September 2024, covering the years 2008 to 2022.
For the greenhouse gas emissions estimates, National Inventory Report 2024, Croatian greenhouse gas inventory for the period 1990 - 2022 and CRF tables were submitted on 15 March 2024. The tables and report for 2024 will be submitted to UNFCCC later, due to the change in the system for reporting greenhouse gas emissions.
For the air pollutants defined according to LRTAP Convention and its eight protocols, Croatian NFR reporting tables were submitted on 30 January 2024 and Informative Inventory Report (IIR 2024) was submitted on 8 March 2024 to European Commission.
14.1.1. Time lag - first result
27th September 2024.
14.1.2. Time lag - final result
Not applicable.
14.2. Punctuality
All data are always delivered in time based on the planned date of publication.
14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication
Not applicable.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
AEA are compiled according to harmonised guidelines provided by Eurostat and hence comparable across European countries reporting AEA to Eurostat.
15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient
Not applicable.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Time series from 2008 to 2022 are observed and the extent of the changes in the underlying statistical process that have occurred from one period to the next occur because new data were included or harmonization of emission factors with proposed ones in 2006 IPCC Guidelines and GB2019 were done. Explanation is provided in the AEA Questionnaire 2024.
15.2.1. Length of comparable time series
Not applicable. To ensure comparability, this will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT in the European quality report using a standardised method.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Not applicable.
15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics
Not applicable, because AEA data are annual.
15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts
Not applicable.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Not applicable.
There are no costs related to the collection of data.
17.1. Data revision - policy
The users of statistical data are informed about revision (final data, revised data) at CBS web site.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Data revisions are carried out in the case of a change in methodology or subsequent data that significantly impacts the calculation.
17.2.1. Data revision - average size
Not applicable. To ensure comparability, this will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT in the European quality report using a standardised method.
18.1. Source data
Manual for Air Emissions Accounts (AEA), 2015 edition and Annex I to the AEA Manual, 2015 edition (Correspondence between CRF/NFR and NACE rev. 2) were used to calculate emissions. The basis for the calculation of emissions according to the NACE activities, i.e. according to the requirements of the 2024 AEA reporting format, are data from:
Croatian greenhouse gas inventory for the period 1990 - 2022 (National Inventory Report 2024), Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol.
Republic of Croatia 2024 Informative Inventory Report (1990 - 2022), Submission under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD 2016/2284/EU).
PEFA questionnaires - Physical energy flow accounts, 2008 - 2022.
Data sources for NIR 2024 and IIR 2024 are:
Sector
Type of data
Source of data
Energy
Energy balance, fuel sold
Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development (MESD) with assistance of Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Fuel consumption and fuel characteristic data for thermal power plants
Environmental Pollution Register (EPR) - MESD
Verified reports of CO2 emission
Voluntary survey of Power Utility Company
Fuel characteristic data
Voluntary survey of Oil and Gas Company
Natural gas processed (scrubbed), CO2 content before scrubbing and CO2 emission
Voluntary survey of Central Gas Station
Sulphur content in fuels
Major national fuel producer
Registered motor vehicles database
Ministry of Interior
Number of vehicles
Vehicle data base - Ministry of Interior
Annual mileage
Statistical yearbook - Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS)
Odyssee database
Min. and max. temperature for big towns
Statistical yearbook - CBS
Sulphur content in fuel
Major national fuel producer
Vapor pressure for petrol fuels
National regulations
Annual national statistical data on the number of ship arrivals in Croatian ports (seaports and inland ports, i.e. river ports)
MESD, Ministry of Sea, Transport and Infrastructure
Survey requests to ports
Number of flights and fuel amount by cycle and routes
EUROCONTROL data (2005 - 2020)
Annual take-off and landing number by aircraft type and at airports
Croatian Civil Aviation Agency
Average flight time by type of aircraft for domestic aviation and international air traffic. In respect of international air traffic by category of flights shorter than 1,000 nm and for flights longer than 1,000 nm (km or nm of airline)
Croatian Civil Aviation Agency
Amount of fuel treated, stored, distributed
Energy balance - MESD with assistance of Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Plinacro Ltd.
Data on production and used inputs for fugitive emissions from fuel
MESD (survey request: oil refineries)
Emission data for fugitive emissions
EPR - MESD
Industrial Processes and Product Use
Activity data on production/consumption of material for particular industrial process/source category
MESD - survey requests to manufacturers
CBS, Industry, Energy and Information Society Department, Annual Report on Industrial Production - PRODCOM
EPR - MESD
Database on Volatile Organic Compound emissions (VOC database)
Activity data on production/consumption of halogenated hydrocarbons (HFCs, PFCs,) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
MESD
Import and export data
EUROSTAT database (2001 - 2022)
Data on consumption and composition of natural gas in ammonia production
Data on cement production
Data on lime production
Survey of ammonia manufacturer
Survey of cement manufacturers
Survey of lime manufacturers
MESD
Fuel sold for non-energy consumption
Energy balance - MESD with assistance of Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Population data
Statistical yearbooks - CBS
Agriculture
Livestock number
Statistical yearbooks - CBS
Ministry of Agriculture
Production of N-fixing crops and non N-fixing crops
CBS
Area of histosols
MESD
Activity data on mineral fertilisers applied
Voluntary survey of Fertilizer Companies
Amount of N-fertilizers sold
MESD - survey requests: fertilizers producers
Activity data on sewage sludge applied
MESD
Crop yield and harvested area
Statistical yearbook - CBS
Data on crop yield and area of crop to be burned
Statistical yearbook - CBS
Ministry of Agriculture
LULUCF
(Land Use Land-Use Change and Forestry)
Activity data on areas of different land use categories, annual increment and annual harvest and wildfires
Activity data on crop production
Ministry of Agriculture with assistance of public company “Hrvatske šume”
MESD
CBS
Waste
Activity data on solid waste disposal
MESD
Activity data on biological treatment of solid waste - composting
MESD
Composting facilities
Activity data on biological treatment of solid waste - anaerobic digestion at biogas facilities
MESD
Biogas facilities
Activity data on waste incineration
MESD
Activity data on open-burned waste
Ministry of Agriculture
CBS
Activity data on wastewater treatment and discharge
State company Croatian Water (“Hrvatske vode”)
CBS
FAOSTAT
Activity data on conditions living space
Census 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011, 2021 - CBS
Number of car and house fires
Ministry of Interior
Natural sources
Area of land burned and amount of wood burned
Statistical yearbooks - CBS
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Annually.
18.3. Data collection
Data are obtained from data sources in electronic form.
18.4. Data validation
The important part of the NIR and IIR reports is the verification of the input data and results, all this with the aim to increase the quality and reliability of the calculation.
According to Article 7. of the Regulation on the Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Policies and Mitigation Measures in the Republic of Croatia, within the competence of Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development is the preparation of quality assurance and quality control plan regarding GHG inventory (QA/QC plan), implementation of the quality assurance procedures in accordance with the QA/QC plan and archiving activity data for emission calculation, emission factors and documents used for planning, preparing, controlling and assuring inventory quality. QA/QC plan is a part of quality assurance and quality control system (QA/QC system), stipulated by Decision 19/CMP.1 Guidelines for national systems under Article 5, paragraph 1, of the Kyoto Protocol. Implementation of QA/QC system is based on the following documents: Annual Data Collection Plan (ADCP), QA/QC Plan, Category-specific QC checklist and Improvement Plan.
Quality control (QC) activities regarding GHG and pollutants inventory include general methods such as accuracy checks on data acquisition and calculations and the use of approved standardized procedures for emission calculations, measurements, estimating uncertainties, archiving information and reporting. Higher tier of QC activities includes technical reviews of source categories, activity and emission factor data and methods.
Quality assurance(QA) activities include a planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the inventory compilation/development process. Reviews, preferably by independent third parties, should be performed upon a finalized inventory following the implementation of QC procedures. Reviews verify that data quality objectives were met, ensure that the inventory represents the best possible estimates of emissions and sinks given the current state of scientific knowledge and data available, and support the effectiveness of the QC programme.
18.5. Data compilation
Regulation on the Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Policies and Mitigation Measures in the Republic of Croatia (OG 5/17) prescribe obligation and procedure for GHG emissions monitoring, which comprise estimation and/or reporting of all anthropogenic emissions and removals. In the NIR 2023 inventory, national emissions and removals for the Republic of Croatia are presented for the period from 1990 to 2021. Monitoring of GHG gases is stipulated by Article 21 of the Act on climate change and ozone layer protection (OG 127/19). The NIR is prepared in accordance with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories as adopted by the COP by its Decision 24/CP.19. The methodologies used in the calculation of emissions are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Guidelines) and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Good Practice Guidance) prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). As recommended by the IPCC Guidelines country-specific methods have been used where appropriate and where they provide more accurate emission data. The calculation includes the emissions which are the result of anthropogenic activities and these include the following GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated carbons (HFCs, PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen fluoride (NF3) and indirect GHGs: carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The GHGs covered by the Montreal Protocol on the pollutants related to ozone depletion (freons) are reported in the framework of this protocol and therefore are excluded from NIR report. GHG emission sources and sinks are divided into five main sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry and Waste. Generally, the methodology for emission calculation could be described as a product of the particular activity data (e.g. fuel consumption, cement production, number of animals, increase of wood stock etc.) with corresponding emission factors. The use of specific national emission factors is recommended wherever possible and justified, whereas, on the contrary, the methodology gives typical values of emission factors for all relevant activities of the particular sectors.
In the IIR 2022 inventory, national emissions for the Republic of Croatia are presented for the period from 1990 to 2020. Due to the missing Informative Inventory Report (IIR 2023) as a key data source, data published on EEA website and re-published by Eurostat serve as a basis for calculation of AEA for air pollutant emissions for 2021. The process of IIR inventory preparation has three main phases: planning, preparation and reporting and archiving. Inventory preparation phase is a central phase in the process, which includes identification and updating of emission sources according to Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) format, collection and processing of activity data, updating of emission factors (if necessary), emission calculation and recalculations if necessary according to EMEP/EEA methodology, filling the databases (CollectER and COPERT) and preparation of report and formats requiring for the following annual reporting requirements. Activity data needed for emissions calculation are extracted from regular publications and databases of Central Bureau of Statistics and other relevant governmental organizations and ministries. For particular sub-sectors and source categories, data that are more detailed are required then those published in official statistical reports, such as disaggregated energy balance, vehicle fleet etc.). Beside official publications, Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development sends questionnaires directly to the Large Point Sources asking for activity data, which they use for emissions calculations in order to check consistency of data provided by different sources. After activity data are collected, they are distributed to NFR and SNAP sectors, sub-sectors and source categories database with corresponding update emission factors entered into central database CollectER. Croatia is using CollectER III (Version 3 of October 2010) for annual inventory preparation. The CollectER III was conducted in accordance with the recommendations TFEIP/EIONET and ETC/ACC European Environment Agency (EEA). Emissions from road transport are calculated by means of program application COPERT 5 (v3) that contains activity data on vehicle fleet and procedures for emissions calculation from road transport. For the calculation of emissions from non-road transport (NFR 1.A.2.gvii and 1.A.4.ii), agriculture (NFR 3.B and 3.D), use of pesticides (NFR 3.D.f), field burning of agricultural residues (NFR 3.F), small combustion - residential (NFR 1.A.4.b.i), Waste and the IPPU sectors, engineering-mathematical models are used. Pollutant emissions are reporting in defined NFR19 format (Excel spreadsheet), which discusses the sources of emissions of the following sectors: Energy (NFR 1); Industrial Processes and product use (NFR 2); Agriculture (NFR 3); Waste (NFR 5); and Natural sources (NFR 11). The NFR format under the CLRTAP is in full compliance with the CRF format under the UNFCCC. Emission factors not recommended in EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebooks (GB 2013, 2016 and 2019) are mainly taken from the sectoral guidelines for determining the emission of pollutants produced in the framework of the project Reconstruction of the National Inventory System and enforcement of its implementation (LIFE/TCY/CRO/00086). The methodology used for calculation of emissions includes product of activity data (e.g. fuel consumption, the production statistics, number of animals, waste treated, etc.) and corresponding emission factor. Emission factors used are default, plant specific emission factors (calculated from direct emissions observed plants reported in Croatian EPR base) and country specific emission factors.
18.5.1. Imputation - rate
Not applicable.
18.5.2. Method used to allocate emissions to economic activities
Data on industry were allocated according to file Correspondence_matrices.xls that were adjusted to Croatian circumstances.
18.5.3. Method used to determine and distribute road transport emissions
Data on emissions of road transport were allocated according to file Correspondence_matrices.xls.
18.5.4. Adjustments for residence principle
PEFA questionnaires (Physical energy flow accounts, 2008 - 2022) were used for adjustments for residence principle.
18.6. Adjustment
Not applicable.
18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment
Not applicable.
No further comments.
Air emissions accounts (AEA) record flows of gaseous and particulate materials emitted into the atmosphere as a result of economic activity.
AEA are a subset of environmental-economic accounts. They offer a detailed breakdown for 64 emitting economic activities (NACE), plus households, as defined in the national accounts of EU countries. They are aligned with economic statistics and GDP. These features make them suitable for integrated environmental-economic analyses and modelling – for example of 'carbon footprints' and climate-change modelling scenarios.
National Statistical Institutes (NSI) submit AEA to Eurostat through a mandatory annual data collection. The data collection includes an electronic questionnaire and this quality report.
30 September 2024
Conceptually AEA belong to the international system of environmental economic accounting (SEEA-Central Framework). Furthermore, AEA is one of several physical modules of Eurostat's programme on European environmental economic accounts. It is covered by Regulation (EU) No.691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts. AEA are closely related to concepts and definitions of national accounts. Most notably, they follow the residence principle, i.e. they record emissions related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.Further methodological guidelines are provided in various publications by Eurostat (see Eurostat website > Environment > Methodology, heading: 'Air emissions accounts').
Data refer to emissions by resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA), including households.
The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA), i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units.
Republic of Croatia
The reference area is the economic territory as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory. By following this residence principle, the Air Emission Accounts record emissions from resident units' activities, regardless where they occur. This is the main conceptual difference to emission inventories for greenhouse gases (UNFCCC) and air pollutants (CLRTAP).
The data refer to calendar years.
Methods used in compiling AEA are:
For the greenhouse gas emissions estimates, source of data is National Inventory Report 2024 (NIR 2024), Croatian greenhouse gas inventory for the period 1990 – 2022.
For the pollutants defined according to LRTAP Convention and its eight protocols, source of data is Republic of Croatia 2024 Informative Inventory Report (1990 – 2022) to LRTAP Convention (IIR 2024).
The unit of measure is tonnes or thousand tonnes.
CO2 and Biomass CO2 are reported in thousand tonnes.
N2O and CH4 are reported in tonnes.
F-gases (HFC, PFC and SF6) are reported in tonnes of CO2 equivalents. There is no NF3 emission in Croatia.
SOX is reported in tonnes of SO2 equivalents, and NOX is reported in tonnes of NO2 equivalents.
NH3, NMVOC, CO, PM10 and PM2.5 are reported in tonnes.
Regulation on the Monitoring of Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Policies and Mitigation Measures in the Republic of Croatia (OG 5/17) prescribe obligation and procedure for GHG emissions monitoring, which comprise estimation and/or reporting of all anthropogenic emissions and removals. In the NIR 2023 inventory, national emissions and removals for the Republic of Croatia are presented for the period from 1990 to 2021. Monitoring of GHG gases is stipulated by Article 21 of the Act on climate change and ozone layer protection (OG 127/19). The NIR is prepared in accordance with the UNFCCC reporting guidelines on annual inventories as adopted by the COP by its Decision 24/CP.19. The methodologies used in the calculation of emissions are based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Guidelines) and the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories (IPCC Good Practice Guidance) prepared by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). As recommended by the IPCC Guidelines country-specific methods have been used where appropriate and where they provide more accurate emission data. The calculation includes the emissions which are the result of anthropogenic activities and these include the following GHGs: carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O), halogenated carbons (HFCs, PFCs), sulphur hexafluoride (SF6), nitrogen fluoride (NF3) and indirect GHGs: carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and sulphur dioxide (SO2). The GHGs covered by the Montreal Protocol on the pollutants related to ozone depletion (freons) are reported in the framework of this protocol and therefore are excluded from NIR report. GHG emission sources and sinks are divided into five main sectors: Energy, Industrial Processes and Product Use, Agriculture, Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry and Waste. Generally, the methodology for emission calculation could be described as a product of the particular activity data (e.g. fuel consumption, cement production, number of animals, increase of wood stock etc.) with corresponding emission factors. The use of specific national emission factors is recommended wherever possible and justified, whereas, on the contrary, the methodology gives typical values of emission factors for all relevant activities of the particular sectors.
In the IIR 2022 inventory, national emissions for the Republic of Croatia are presented for the period from 1990 to 2020. Due to the missing Informative Inventory Report (IIR 2023) as a key data source, data published on EEA website and re-published by Eurostat serve as a basis for calculation of AEA for air pollutant emissions for 2021. The process of IIR inventory preparation has three main phases: planning, preparation and reporting and archiving. Inventory preparation phase is a central phase in the process, which includes identification and updating of emission sources according to Nomenclature for Reporting (NFR) format, collection and processing of activity data, updating of emission factors (if necessary), emission calculation and recalculations if necessary according to EMEP/EEA methodology, filling the databases (CollectER and COPERT) and preparation of report and formats requiring for the following annual reporting requirements. Activity data needed for emissions calculation are extracted from regular publications and databases of Central Bureau of Statistics and other relevant governmental organizations and ministries. For particular sub-sectors and source categories, data that are more detailed are required then those published in official statistical reports, such as disaggregated energy balance, vehicle fleet etc.). Beside official publications, Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development sends questionnaires directly to the Large Point Sources asking for activity data, which they use for emissions calculations in order to check consistency of data provided by different sources. After activity data are collected, they are distributed to NFR and SNAP sectors, sub-sectors and source categories database with corresponding update emission factors entered into central database CollectER. Croatia is using CollectER III (Version 3 of October 2010) for annual inventory preparation. The CollectER III was conducted in accordance with the recommendations TFEIP/EIONET and ETC/ACC European Environment Agency (EEA). Emissions from road transport are calculated by means of program application COPERT 5 (v3) that contains activity data on vehicle fleet and procedures for emissions calculation from road transport. For the calculation of emissions from non-road transport (NFR 1.A.2.gvii and 1.A.4.ii), agriculture (NFR 3.B and 3.D), use of pesticides (NFR 3.D.f), field burning of agricultural residues (NFR 3.F), small combustion - residential (NFR 1.A.4.b.i), Waste and the IPPU sectors, engineering-mathematical models are used. Pollutant emissions are reporting in defined NFR19 format (Excel spreadsheet), which discusses the sources of emissions of the following sectors: Energy (NFR 1); Industrial Processes and product use (NFR 2); Agriculture (NFR 3); Waste (NFR 5); and Natural sources (NFR 11). The NFR format under the CLRTAP is in full compliance with the CRF format under the UNFCCC. Emission factors not recommended in EMEP/EEA Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Guidebooks (GB 2013, 2016 and 2019) are mainly taken from the sectoral guidelines for determining the emission of pollutants produced in the framework of the project Reconstruction of the National Inventory System and enforcement of its implementation (LIFE/TCY/CRO/00086). The methodology used for calculation of emissions includes product of activity data (e.g. fuel consumption, the production statistics, number of animals, waste treated, etc.) and corresponding emission factor. Emission factors used are default, plant specific emission factors (calculated from direct emissions observed plants reported in Croatian EPR base) and country specific emission factors.
Manual for Air Emissions Accounts (AEA), 2015 edition and Annex I to the AEA Manual, 2015 edition (Correspondence between CRF/NFR and NACE rev. 2) were used to calculate emissions. The basis for the calculation of emissions according to the NACE activities, i.e. according to the requirements of the 2024 AEA reporting format, are data from:
Croatian greenhouse gas inventory for the period 1990 - 2022 (National Inventory Report 2024), Submission under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol.
Republic of Croatia 2024 Informative Inventory Report (1990 - 2022), Submission under the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (CLRTAP) and National Emission Ceilings Directive (NECD 2016/2284/EU).
PEFA questionnaires - Physical energy flow accounts, 2008 - 2022.
Data sources for NIR 2024 and IIR 2024 are:
Sector
Type of data
Source of data
Energy
Energy balance, fuel sold
Ministry of Economy and Sustainable Development (MESD) with assistance of Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Fuel consumption and fuel characteristic data for thermal power plants
Environmental Pollution Register (EPR) - MESD
Verified reports of CO2 emission
Voluntary survey of Power Utility Company
Fuel characteristic data
Voluntary survey of Oil and Gas Company
Natural gas processed (scrubbed), CO2 content before scrubbing and CO2 emission
Voluntary survey of Central Gas Station
Sulphur content in fuels
Major national fuel producer
Registered motor vehicles database
Ministry of Interior
Number of vehicles
Vehicle data base - Ministry of Interior
Annual mileage
Statistical yearbook - Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS)
Odyssee database
Min. and max. temperature for big towns
Statistical yearbook - CBS
Sulphur content in fuel
Major national fuel producer
Vapor pressure for petrol fuels
National regulations
Annual national statistical data on the number of ship arrivals in Croatian ports (seaports and inland ports, i.e. river ports)
MESD, Ministry of Sea, Transport and Infrastructure
Survey requests to ports
Number of flights and fuel amount by cycle and routes
EUROCONTROL data (2005 - 2020)
Annual take-off and landing number by aircraft type and at airports
Croatian Civil Aviation Agency
Average flight time by type of aircraft for domestic aviation and international air traffic. In respect of international air traffic by category of flights shorter than 1,000 nm and for flights longer than 1,000 nm (km or nm of airline)
Croatian Civil Aviation Agency
Amount of fuel treated, stored, distributed
Energy balance - MESD with assistance of Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Plinacro Ltd.
Data on production and used inputs for fugitive emissions from fuel
MESD (survey request: oil refineries)
Emission data for fugitive emissions
EPR - MESD
Industrial Processes and Product Use
Activity data on production/consumption of material for particular industrial process/source category
MESD - survey requests to manufacturers
CBS, Industry, Energy and Information Society Department, Annual Report on Industrial Production - PRODCOM
EPR - MESD
Database on Volatile Organic Compound emissions (VOC database)
Activity data on production/consumption of halogenated hydrocarbons (HFCs, PFCs,) and sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
MESD
Import and export data
EUROSTAT database (2001 - 2022)
Data on consumption and composition of natural gas in ammonia production
Data on cement production
Data on lime production
Survey of ammonia manufacturer
Survey of cement manufacturers
Survey of lime manufacturers
MESD
Fuel sold for non-energy consumption
Energy balance - MESD with assistance of Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar
Population data
Statistical yearbooks - CBS
Agriculture
Livestock number
Statistical yearbooks - CBS
Ministry of Agriculture
Production of N-fixing crops and non N-fixing crops
CBS
Area of histosols
MESD
Activity data on mineral fertilisers applied
Voluntary survey of Fertilizer Companies
Amount of N-fertilizers sold
MESD - survey requests: fertilizers producers
Activity data on sewage sludge applied
MESD
Crop yield and harvested area
Statistical yearbook - CBS
Data on crop yield and area of crop to be burned
Statistical yearbook - CBS
Ministry of Agriculture
LULUCF
(Land Use Land-Use Change and Forestry)
Activity data on areas of different land use categories, annual increment and annual harvest and wildfires
Activity data on crop production
Ministry of Agriculture with assistance of public company “Hrvatske šume”
MESD
CBS
Waste
Activity data on solid waste disposal
MESD
Activity data on biological treatment of solid waste - composting
MESD
Composting facilities
Activity data on biological treatment of solid waste - anaerobic digestion at biogas facilities
MESD
Biogas facilities
Activity data on waste incineration
MESD
Activity data on open-burned waste
Ministry of Agriculture
CBS
Activity data on wastewater treatment and discharge
State company Croatian Water (“Hrvatske vode”)
CBS
FAOSTAT
Activity data on conditions living space
Census 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011, 2021 - CBS
Number of car and house fires
Ministry of Interior
Natural sources
Area of land burned and amount of wood burned
Statistical yearbooks - CBS
Data are disseminated annually.
The Regulation requires air emissions accounts to be provided by 30 September every year.
Croatia transmitted the data to Eurostat on 27th September 2024, covering the years 2008 to 2022.
For the greenhouse gas emissions estimates, National Inventory Report 2024, Croatian greenhouse gas inventory for the period 1990 - 2022 and CRF tables were submitted on 15 March 2024. The tables and report for 2024 will be submitted to UNFCCC later, due to the change in the system for reporting greenhouse gas emissions.
For the air pollutants defined according to LRTAP Convention and its eight protocols, Croatian NFR reporting tables were submitted on 30 January 2024 and Informative Inventory Report (IIR 2024) was submitted on 8 March 2024 to European Commission.
AEA are compiled according to harmonised guidelines provided by Eurostat and hence comparable across European countries reporting AEA to Eurostat.
Time series from 2008 to 2022 are observed and the extent of the changes in the underlying statistical process that have occurred from one period to the next occur because new data were included or harmonization of emission factors with proposed ones in 2006 IPCC Guidelines and GB2019 were done. Explanation is provided in the AEA Questionnaire 2024.
