1.1. Contact organisation

Ministry of Ecological Transition, Energy, Climate and Risk prevention (MTEECRP)

1.2. Contact organisation unit

General commisionner for sustainable development

Data and Statistical Studies Department

1.3. Contact name

Restricted from publication

1.4. Contact person function

Restricted from publication

1.5. Contact mail address

CGDD Orléans

5 route d'Olivet

CS 16105

45061 cedex 1

1.6. Contact email address

Restricted from publication

1.7. Contact phone number

Restricted from publication

1.8. Contact fax number

Restricted from publication

20 December 2022

2.1. Metadata last certified

8 December 2023

2.2. Metadata last posted

16 January 2024

2.3. Metadata last update

16 January 2024

3.1. Data description

Air emissions accounts (AEA) record flows of gaseous and particulate materials emitted into the atmosphere as a result of economic activity.

AEA are a subset of environmental-economic accounts. They offer a detailed breakdown for 64 emitting economic activities (NACE), plus households, as defined in the national accounts of EU countries. They are aligned with economic statistics and GDP. These features make them suitable for integrated environmental-economic analyses and modelling – for example of 'carbon footprints' and climate-change modelling scenarios.

National Statistical Institutes (NSI) submit AEA to Eurostat through a mandatory annual data collection. The data collection includes an electronic questionnaire and this quality report.

3.2. Classification system

The AEA dataset has the following dimensions:

1. Air pollutant: Emissions to air of the following gaseous and particulate substances are collected (greenhouse gases, air pollutants:

   Carbon dioxide without emissions from biomass (CO2),

   Carbon dioxide from biomass (Biomass CO2)*,

   Nitrous oxide (N2O), Methane (CH4),

   Perfluorocarbons (PFCs),

   Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs),

   Sulphur hexafluoride (SF6) including nitrogen trifluoride (NF3),

   Nitrogen oxides (NOx),

   Non-methane volatile organic compounds, (NMVOC),

   Carbon monoxide (CO),

   Particulate matter < 10μm (PM10),

   Particulate matter < 2,5μm (PM2,5),

   Sulphur dioxide (SO2),

   Ammonia (NH3).

2. Geopolitical entity: EU Member States, EFTA Countries, Candidate Countries etc.
3. Economic activities: include 64 production activities (classified by NACE rev.2 A*64), and households’ consumption (3 sub-classes).
4. Time: reference year for which air emissions are reported.
5. Unit: tonnes and thousand tonnes.

3.3. Coverage - sector

The data refer to national economies as defined in the system of national accounts. Greenhouse gases and air pollutants emitted by resident units representing the national economy are covered.

3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions

Conceptually AEA belong to the international system of environmental economic accounting (SEEA-Central Framework). Furthermore, AEA is one of several physical modules of Eurostat's programme on European environmental economic accounts. It is covered by Regulation (EU) No.691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts.

AEA are closely related to concepts and definitions of national accounts. Most notably, they follow the residence principle, i.e. they record emissions related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.

Further methodological guidelines are provided in various publications by Eurostat (see Eurostat website > Environment > Methodology, heading: 'Air emissions accounts').

3.5. Statistical unit

Data refer to emissions by resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA), including households.

3.6. Statistical population

The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA), i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units.

3.7. Reference area

The reference area is the economic territory as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.

By following this residence principle, the Air Emission Accounts record emissions from resident units' activities, regardless where they occur. This is the main conceptual difference to emission inventories for greenhouse gases (UNFCCC) and air pollutants (CLRTAP).

3.8. Coverage - Time

The period covered is from 2008 to 2023 for all substances.

3.9. Base period

Not applicable because AEA are not reported as indices.

<The unit of measure is tonnes or thousand tonnes.

F-gases (HFC, PFC, SF₆ and NF₃) are reported in tonnes of CO₂ equivalents.

SO_X are reported in tonnes of SO₂ equivalents, and NO_X are reported in tonnes of NO₂ equivalents.

The data refer to calendar years.

Annexes:
Legal base for the elaboration of emission inventories

6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements

Air emissions accounts (AEA) are legally covered by Regulation (EU) 691/2011on European Environmental Economic Accounts.

6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing

Not applicable at national level.

7.1. Confidentiality - policy

Statistical secrecy is defined by french law n° 51-711 of 7 June 1951.

Annexes:
Law relating to statistical confidentiality in France

7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment

In the case of individuals, it is forbidden to publish data that would allow the identification of a physical person.

For companies, no results are published if it concerns less than three companies, nor any data for which a single company represents 85% or more of the value obtained.

8.1. Release calendar

AEAs are published each year on the websites of the Data and Statistical Studies Department.

We do not have a release calendar. Data are usually published at the end of the year.

Annexes:
website of the Data and Statistical Studies Department

8.2. Release calendar access

The release calendar is not published on our website.

8.3. Release policy - user access

Data are published on the website of the statistical service. These data are publicly available to all Internet users.

Data are disseminated annually.

The data, presented in Namea format, can be downloaded from the internet. The files are in csv format. There are no restrictions on their use. A publication (4 pages) accompanies the data. It presents the specificities of AEAs and the potential uses of the data.

Annexes:
AEA overview

10.1. Dissemination format - News release

There is no news releases related to AEA.

10.2. Dissemination format - Publications

National data are published on the website of the statistical department of the Ministry of Ecological Transition. Publication usually takes place at the end of the year.

The characteristics of the AEA inventory are described in the web article.

The AEA inventory and its potential uses are also presented in the following publication: Émissions de polluants atmosphériques et de gaz à effet de serre « Namea-Air », CGDD, février 2017.

Annexes:
database AEA

10.3. Dissemination format - online database

Domain name where the database is published at this website.

Annexes:
URL to national online database

10.3.1. Data tables - consultations

The information is not available at this time.

10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access

The data are available in the same format as the questionnaire sent to Eurostat.

10.5. Dissemination format - other

There aren't other means of dissemination.

10.5.1. Metadata - consultations

The information is not available at this time.

10.6. Documentation on methodology

National inventories in France

• Organization and methods of national air emission inventories in France,  OMINEA - 17th edition, Citepa, Minsitry for an ecological transition, March 2022.

 

Methodology - Elaboration of AEAs

• Emissions in France (metropolitan France and French overseas departments and territories) of air pollutants, AEA,Citepa, Minsitry for an ecological transition, September 2022 / name of attachment file: "AEA_2024_France_AIR_methodology.pdf"

• Energy consumption in France (metropolitan France and French overseas departments and territories) ,Citepa, Minsitry for an ecological transition, September 2022 / name of attachment file: "AEA_2024_France_ENERGY_methodology.pdf"  

AEA methodological documents are available at this website.

Annexes:
Organization and methods of national air emission inventories in France
Methodology for the compilation of french AEA
AEA estimation method
Method for estimating energy consumption by activities

10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate

Our methodological description covers the whole production processe of France AEA.

10.7. Quality management - documentation

The quality document is unique for all French emission inventories : See this website.

Annexes:
Quality management

11.1. Quality assurance

Responsibility for defining and overseeing the National Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory System (known by its acronym SNIEBA) falls to the French Ministry in charge of Ecological transition.

Given the multiple needs for the preparation of air pollutant emissions inventories which often cover similar substances and sources, it is justified, for the sake of consistency, quality and efficiency, to base the inventory system on a single core. 

The Ministry has entrusted CITEPA (Interprofessional Technical Centre for Studies on Air Pollution or Centre Interprofessionnel Technique d’Etudes de la Pollution Atmosphérique) with the following tasks: preparing the emission inventories with regard to methods and preparing their updating, data collection and processing, data storage, production of the reports and various means of disseminating the information, control and quality management.

The organisation of the current system which is the subject of the Ministerial Order of 24 August 2011 which repeals and supersedes the Ministerial Order of 29 December 2006 concerning the National Air Pollutant Emissions Inventory System (SNIEPA).  This organisation is compatible with the guiding framework of national systems as provided for under paragraph 1 of Article 5 of the Kyoto Protocol (decision CMP.1 annexed to UNFCCC decision 20/CP.7) and in line with the requirements of the MMR regulation No 525/2013 on a mechanism for monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emissions.

EAs are prepared by Citepa, which has a quality assurance and quality control programme for all national inventories.

The national emissions inventory system is set up, by incorporating the usual criteria applicable to Quality ManagementSystems (QMS). CITEPA, in charge of preparing the national emissions inventories from a technical viewpoint, has put in place a system for quality assurance and quality control based on the ISO 9001 standard . This approach has been confirmed by the fact that CITEPA was awarded a certificate issued by the French Quality Management Body (AFAQ) in 2004. This was renewed in 2007, 2010, 2013 and follow-up audits were conducted in between. The task of preparing the national emissions inventories is covered by the QMS via several specific processes.

In this framework, several processes for quality assurance and quality control of the inventories are incorporated into the different processes and procedures implemented, corresponding to the different phases and actionson the following points:

• general functions: reviews, resource management, planning, tracking legislative, policy, scientific and technological developments, participation in work outside CITEPA linked to the emission inventories ;
• choice, implementation and development of methodologies as well as the choice of information sources and data collection. The processes for choosing the methods are clearly defined, particularly with regard to the reference frameworks and characteristics of relevance and permanence expected from the data sources. These choices are generally made in consultation with the stakeholders and experts in the areas concerned. Changes in methodology are submitted for approval by the Emissions Inventory Consultation and Information Group (GCIIE) ;
• developing calculating methods, particularly models for calculating emissions, data bases, reporting ;
• high level of traceability and transparency   ;
• implementing and registering controls at key and risk stages in conducting the inventories, via multiple in-house controls both on input data, calculations, data bases, reports, data storage, monitoring changes (corrections of mistakes or improvements), cases of non-compliance. Several tools designed to accompany these controls have been developed ;
• validating and approving the results of the inventories, following the opinion issued by the GCIIE ;
• validating and approving the reports and other means of communication by the Ministry in charge of Environment ;
• systematic archiving of the elements needed to ensure the required traceability.➢disseminating the corresponding information and products
• compatibility with EU requirements in terms of disseminating data and characteristics of emission inventories that the European Commission needs. In particular, in order that the latter can prepare the EU inventories on the basis of the Member States' inventories and thereby contribute to fulfilling the quality requirements set at EU level (ie regarding greenhouse gases which are monitored under specific legislative arrangements) ;
• permanently improving the quality of estimations by developing procedures to avert possible systematic errors, reduce the corresponding uncertainties, extend coverage of substances and emission sources, etc. aimed at meeting quality targets. An action plan is drawn up and regularly updated. It incorporates the required andpossible improvements, taking into account the GCIIE's recommendations ;
• assessing the implementation of quality assurance and quality control arrangements, in particular the targets and the quality plan.

 

General quality assurance  is implemented by :

• comments  from  members  of  the Emissions  Inventories  Consultation  and  Information  Group (GCIIE) ;
• assessments  made  by  regional  authorities  (DREAL) ;
• the  statistics  bodies  in  charge  of  producing  certain  data ;
• reviews  conducted  by  the  UNFCCC  Secretariat ;
• the  reviews  conducted  in  the  different frameworks  (UNFCCC,  UNECE  /  LRTAP,  European Commission  /  EU  Greenhouse  Gas  Emissions  Monitoring  Mechanism,  etc.)  ;
• periodical  examinations  conductedby  various  experts  with  access  to  the  publicly  available emissions inventories or following comments made by third parties.

Annexes:
ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANISATION AND GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF THE NATIONAL INVENTORY SYSTEM

11.2. Quality management - assessment

The overall quality of the AEA combines the quality of the national emission inventories with the quality associated with the allocation of emissions by industry.

The methodological report that describes the development of the AEAs presents the level of reliability of each emission allocation in the nace.

12.1. Relevance - User Needs

The data are used by the statistical department of the Minsitère de la Transition écologique to estimate France's carbon footprint.

They are also used by the French national statistics office to match emissions with national accounting data.

The data is also regularly used by public authorities, researchers, LCA engineers, NGOs, etc.

12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction

We have not collected users' opinions. However, it is possible for the user to query the statistical department in order to obtain additional information.

12.3. Completeness

All data are available, except for issues of "national fishing vessels operating abroad".

12.3.1. Data completeness - rate

Not applicable; To ensure comparability, this will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT in the European quality report using a standardised method.

13.1. Accuracy - overall

See Annex 1.

The evaluation of all data is included in the attached methodology report (in French).

Annexes:
Low data quality

13.2. Sampling error

Not applicable because data are not based on a sample survey.

13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators

Not applicable because data are not based on a sample survey.

13.3. Non-sampling error

Not applicable.

13.3.1. Coverage error

Not applicable.

13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate

Not applicable.

13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion

Not applicable.

13.3.2. Measurement error

Not applicable.

13.3.3. Non response error

Not applicable.

13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate

Not applicable.

13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate

Not applicable.

13.3.4. Processing error

Not applicable.

13.3.5. Model assumption error

Not applicable.

14.1. Timeliness

21 months.

14.1.1. Time lag - first result

Not applicable.

14.1.2. Time lag - final result

Not applicable.

14.2. Punctuality

The data producer (CITEPA) finalised the data set in late August. Modifications were carried out following statistical service of the Ministry of Environment’s check.

All data is transmitted on time.

14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication

The data is delivered on 30 August by the producer. The delivery date is in line with the target objectives.

AEA are transmited to Eurostat before the dead line (30/09).

15.1. Comparability - geographical

AEA are compiled according to harmonised guidelines provided by Eurostat and hence comparable across European countries reporting AEA to Eurostat.

15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient

Not applicable.

15.2. Comparability - over time

See Annex 2.

There aren't breaks in time series. 

Annexes:
Annex 2

15.2.1. Length of comparable time series

Not applicable; To ensure comparability, this will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT in the European quality report using a standardised method.

15.3. Coherence - cross domain

In addition to taking into account the principle of residence, AEAs are comparable to UNFCCC or LRTAP emission inventories. For GHG emissions, small differences are due to emissions from agriculture not included in the UNFCCC. For the LRTAP the main differences come from the geographical coverage. The AEAs take into account the overseas territories whereas the LRTAP covers only metropolitan France.

15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics

Not applicable, because AEA data are annual.

15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts

AEA are consistent with ESA.

15.4. Coherence - internal

We strive to ensure consistency with other environmental accounts, such as energy and national account.

The production cost is estimated at € 90,000 per year.
For the production of AEAs, the time spent is estimated at 0.20 FTE (internal) + 0.40 FTE (external).

17.1. Data revision - policy

Each year, we recalculate the complete AEA time series for the years 1990, 1995, 2000, 2005 and 2008 to N+2. The result is that there are no inconsistencies with the emissions inventory data.

The evaluation of all data is included in the attached methodologies reports (in French) :

• AEA_2023_France_AIR_methodology;
• AEA_2023_France_ENERGY_methodology.

Main changes since the last edition :

• For the application of the residency principle: following the work of the OECD, a significant improvement in the application of the residency principle in the international shipping sector was implemented this year. This has led to a sharp rise in emissions from the shipping sector over the entire period covered. 

A significant proportion of France's shipping business takes place in the rest of the world, i.e. neither from nor to France. These activities largely correspond to those of CMA-CGM. These emissions must also be taken into account in the AEA. In the absence of directly usable data in national inventories, these emissions were initially estimated: 

• From CMA-CGM's successive annual non-financial reports for the years 2016-2021 : these reports indicate in particular the CO2 emissions and quantities of fuel consumed by the fleets of vessels owned and chartered by CMA-CGM. 
• Based on an extrapolation of the evolution of national maritime transport production from the national transport accounts published by SDES for the years 1999-2015 and the evolution between 2005 and 2015 of the environmental performance declared by CMA-CGM in CO2 emitted per t.km.

The statistical service of the Ministry publishes its methodological review policy on its website.

Annexes:
Data revision policy (data and statistical studies department)

17.2. Data revision - practice

We revivise the whole time serie annually, by using revised sources. The data are adjusted to reflect updated data sources ( in particular the energy balance).

Main changes in 2024 :

For centralized electricity production, there was a very slight upward correction in natural gas consumption (NAPFUE 301) at one site in 2021, and a very slight correction in the share of biomethane for 2013-2014 and 2020-2021.

For centralized heat production, there were minimal upward or downward impacts due to rebalancing of consumption between SNAP 010203 RUBRIC S20, SNAP 010203 RUBRIC I20, and SNAP 010204 on NAPFUE 102 (CMS), 111 (wood), 203 (heavy fuel oil), 204 (domestic fuel oil), and 301 (natural gas), which can have different emission factors.

For centralized heat production excluding district heating, a pretreatment linked to the metropolitan energy balance, which provides consumption data for heat production excluding district heating under RUBRIC N35, was added. This led to an update of consumption for RUBRIC N35 (centralized heat production excluding district heating): downward adjustments of CMS consumption for 2011-2012, 2016, and 2021, and minor upward adjustments in natural gas consumption (NAPFUE 301) for 2013-2014 and 2017-2019, followed by a more significant decrease in 2020 and a very large decrease in 2021.

For waste incineration with energy recovery, data from the industry regarding waste composition were taken into account, which marginally reduced the amount of carbon in incinerated waste between 2017 and 2021. This change also slightly altered the ratio between fossil and non-fossil carbon in incinerated waste.

For the industrial sector as a whole, and more specifically for stationary sources such as combustion installations:

Some energy balance data from SDES were revised for the period 2011-2021, including:

• An increase in domestic fuel oil consumption from 2011 to 2020 (significant in 2011-2014, ranging from +6,200 to +8,400 TJ, and between +1,350 and +3,150 TJ for 2015-2020), with a decrease in 2021 (-2,680 TJ),
• A significant decrease in heavy fuel oil consumption for 2021 (-4,940 TJ), and a new treatment for this same fuel for 1990-2002, resulting in increases (1990, 1992-1994, 1997, and 2000, ranging from +130 to +1,830 TJ) and decreases in other years (ranging from -135 to -510 TJ),
• The addition of natural gas liquids consumption for 2021 (+1,000 TJ),
• A sharp decline in solid biomass consumption for 2011-2018 (between -850 and -7,468 TJ), followed by an increase in 2019-2020 (+2,309 TJ in 2019, +3,129 TJ in 2020),
• The addition of biogas consumption due to a new treatment in the energy balance over the entire time series (from 0 to +840 TJ),
• Slight downward revisions in natural gas consumption data related to self-generating electricity producers for the period 2008-2020 (about -419 to -1,675 TJ), and a significant upward revision for 2021 (+13,820 TJ).

In addition, a major change concerns emissions related to natural gas consumption in ammonia production furnaces, which, in accordance with IPCC guidelines and a recommendation from the review, were transferred to CRF 2B1.

Finally, data on specific fuels (i.e., "other fuels") not covered by the SDES energy balance, coming directly from ETS declarations, have been slightly revised due to changes in the allocation of industrial sites, primarily for industrial gases and other chemical liquids.

For mobile sources: In the construction sector, diesel and biodiesel consumption was revised downward for the period 2011-2021 (ranging from -15 to -50 kt of fuel, depending on the year) following an update of the energy balance. Additionally, the biofuel incorporation rate was revised for the entire 2011-2021 period (slightly downward for 2011-2019 and upward for 2020-2021), thus altering biodiesel consumption estimates.

In other sectors, source data from the EACEI surveys, which allow the recalculation of diesel and LPG consumption in mobile machinery, were revised for 2021. Furthermore, biofuel incorporation rates were also adjusted as described above.

For specific industrial sources:

• Iron foundry: The 2021 cast iron production data was updated based on industry data.

Updates to consumption data in the commercial and tertiary sectors through national inventory methodologies via the national energy balance [1] include:

• A slight decrease in coal briquette consumption (NAPFUE 104) from 1990-1994, with small variations between 2017-2021;
• A decrease in heavy fuel oil consumption (NAPFUE 203) in 1994 and from 2012-2015;
• An increase in domestic fuel oil and non-road diesel consumption (NAPFUE 204/205) in 2011, with a decrease from 2012-2021;
• Small variations in natural gas consumption (NAPFUE 301) from 1990-2002, a decrease from 2008-2017, and an increase from 2018-2021;
• Changes in biomass consumption data with slight adjustments from 2011-2020 and in 2021. Additionally, a correction was made in 2021 for the natural gas consumption of an ICPE site (NAPFUE 301), which was reported as double the actual amount, and for biogas consumption (NAPFUE 309), which was reported as three times the actual amount.

For the residential sector, variations in consumption were related to updates in the national energy balance:

• A slight decrease in coal briquette consumption (NAPFUE 104) from 1990-1994;
• A slight decrease in domestic fuel oil and non-road diesel consumption (NAPFUE 204/205) from 2011-2014, 2016-2018, and in 2021; with an increase in 2015 and 2019-2020;
• An increase in natural gas consumption (NAPFUE 301) from 2018-2020, followed by a decrease in 2021. Additionally, updates were made to domestic wood consumption: compared to the previous edition, there was a slight increase in wood and pellets from 2014 to 2019, followed by a slight decrease from 2020 to 2021, and a decline in pellet consumption in 2021.

For stationary sources in agriculture and forestry, natural gas consumption data from the national energy balance were updated for 2018-2021 (increasing from 2018-2020 by +200 to +600 TJ, with a decrease of 950 TJ in 2021). There were also slight revisions in biogas consumption allocated to the agricultural sector for 2014-2021. Additionally, biomethane incorporation rates into natural gas were marginally revised for 2019-2021.

 For mobile sources in agriculture and forestry, revisions were made to non-road diesel (GNR) consumption, showing a decrease for 2019-2020 (-960 TJ and -750 TJ, respectively) and an increase for 2021 (+1,700 TJ). Additionally, the biofuel incorporation rates were slightly revised, showing a decrease for 2011-2019 and an increase for 2020-2021 for biodiesel, as well as marginal revisions for bioethanol from 1992-2021.

For fishing, domestic fuel oil (FOD) consumption was revised downward between 2011 and 2017 (-5.5% on average). The share of biofuel in gasoline was also revised downward for the 1992-2004 period (-19% on average, for content below 1%).

For unspecified sectors, slight adjustments were made to domestic fuel oil consumption in 2018-2019, as well as minor adjustments to bioethanol consumption from 1992-2021 and natural gas (NAPFUE 301) consumption from 2018-2021: an increase in 2018 and a decrease in the other years.

For road transport, updates were made to vehicle fleet and registration data based on SDES / RSVERO2 data.

For rail transport, the evolution of freight rail activity (measured in ton-km) from 2019 to 2022 was updated according to SDES.

For maritime transport, the consumption of oil for 2-stroke and 4-stroke engines was added.

For the aviation sector, traffic data was updated for the series, adjustments were made to AvGas consumption coefficients for some planes in the series, and biofuels were considered (adding NAPFUE 26B bio-kerosene).

Across all sectors, the SO2 emission factor for heavy fuel oil (NAPFUE 203) has been updated for the years 2018-2021, and for CMS in 2021. The CO2 emission factor for natural gas has also been slightly revised downward starting in 2019. The CO2 emission factor for NAPFUE 206 (kerosene) has been corrected through the update of the lower heating value (LHV) of kerosene, showing a very slight increase from 73.3 to 73.5 kg/GJ.

 For centralized electricity production, there were minor changes in CO2 emission factors for coal (NAPFUE 102) and heavy fuel oil (NAPFUE 203), linked to the 2005 data pre-treatments for the EU ETS (used for years prior to 2005), as well as for 2006-2007, 2010-2012, with more significant changes for 2016 and 2019-2021.

 For waste incineration facilities with energy recovery, the N2O emission factor was updated (downward) in 2021 following corrections in incineration site reports on the GEREP declaration platform.

 For oil refining, adjustments were made to the calculation of TSP emissions for the Harfleur refinery for the years 2017, 2018, and 2021. For NOx and TSP, changes were made to the emission factor for the CO boiler (FCC) at the Fos refinery for 2021.

 For the manufacturing industry, an error in the estimation of SO2 emissions for 2021 was corrected, leading to significant recalculations for that year (+11.6 kt). The NOx emission factor for solid biomass combustion was revised upward for all installations under 50 MW across the entire 1990-2021 time series, following the distinction of emission factors by installation capacity. This primarily impacted the years 1990-2001, where the emission factor increased from 132 to 145 g/GJ. In secondary zinc production, historical CO emissions were reduced following an update to the CO emission factor for petroleum coke. In secondary lead production, historical CO emissions were reduced following an update of the emission factor from 200 g/GJ to 40 g/GJ.

 For dehydration, emission factors for wood and wood-like materials (biomass) and wood waste were updated for the entire time series. In fiberglass production, production figures were updated for the year 2021.

 For air transport, coefficients in the ICAO database were updated.

 For rail, leisure boating, and inland waterway transport, emission factors were updated according to the EMNR standards' application dates.

 For road transport, the non-exhaust emission factors (tire wear, brake wear, and road abrasion) were updated according to EMEP 2023 (COPERT version 5.7.1), following an initial update in COPERT version 5.6.1, for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (all engines). The NOx, VOC, and CO emission factors were updated according to EMEP 2019 (COPERT version 5.6.1), including the introduction of the "mileage correction factor" degradation coefficients for passenger cars (all engines), light commercial vehicles (all engines except LPG and NGV), and quadricycles (in the diesel two-wheeler category). Emission factors were also updated for the following categories: emission factors for Euro 6 LPG passenger cars and light commercial vehicles; cold start emission factors for Euro 6 passenger cars and light commercial vehicles (all engines except LPG and NGV). Cold start emissions were introduced for the following categories: Euro V and VI Heavy-duty trucks, Buses, and Coaches.

 For maritime transport, NH3 emissions were taken into account.

 For pipeline transport, the historical SO2 data for one site were corrected due to a suspected reporting error.

For fishing, the PM2.5/TSP ratio has been updated (from 100% to 85%), and the NOx Tier I emission factor has been adjusted (-2% and -13% respectively for MSD and HSD engines).

For stationary sources in agriculture/forestry, the TSP emission factor for biomass combustion has been updated to include the share of boilers with power between 0 and 1 MW, for the years 2010-2021 only. The average value decreases from 100 to 64 g/GJ, with an increase of +1 to +5.5 g/GJ in the recalculated average emission factor, following a specific study on small biomass installations in France. The PM and BC particle size distribution relative to TSP remains unchanged, but the impact carries over to all these substances.

The emission factors for NMVOCs and CO for biomass combustion were updated to include the share of boilers with power between 0 and 1 MW, for the years 1990-2021, following a specific study on small biomass installations in France. For NMVOCs, the average emission factor changes from 4.8 g/GJ to a decline from 5.8 to 4.6 g/GJ over the series, while for CO, the average emission factor increases from 250 g/GJ to 275 g/GJ.

The NOx emission factor for biomass combustion has been updated to include the share of boilers with power between 0 and 1 MW (average value decreases from 132 to 125 g/GJ), for the years 1990-2021, following a specific study on small biomass installations in France.

17.2.1. Data revision - average size

Not applicable; To ensure comparability, this will be calculated and provided by EUROSTAT in the European quality report using a standardised method.

The document (AEA_2023_France_AIR_methodology) accompanying this report is available only in French. Its aim is to help newcomers at the SDES to take AEA in charge. Data compilation is carried out by the Citepa (French body in charge of producing all official air emissions inventories for France). Each year, Citepa delivers an internal report describing in detail the compilation of energy use and AEA; about the AEA, the report especially provides information on how the connection is made between SNAP and NACE codes. These citepa reports are attached.

18.1. Source data

All data sources are listed and specified in the attached methodological document.

AEA_2024_France_AIR_methodology:

1. Citepa – Contribution Française à l’établissement d’une matrice comptable type-NAMEA pour les données d’émission dans l’air 1990-1995 – Février 1998.
2. Inventaire des émissions dans l’air en France métropolitaine, Citepa, 2024.
3. Citepa - Consommations énergétiques au format NAMEA, 2024
4. EEA - EMEP - Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2016.
5. Inventaire des émissions de SOx, NOx et particules des Grandes Installations de Combustion (GIC) au sens de la Directive 2010/75/UE dite IED. Citepa
6. See this website.
7. Inventaire des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en France au titre de la Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques - format CCNUCC. Citepa. See this website.
8. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
9. « La répartition du parc selon la situation du propriétaire et sa catégorie socioprofessionnelle au 01 July 88 ainsi que le kilométrage moyen parcouru en 1987 par catégories socioprofessionnelles et par véhicule » [OEST / Voitures particulières - Résultats de l’enquête 1988 / Novembre 1989
10. Services statistiques du Ministère de l’écologie : Parc des voitures particulières de moins de 15 ans par profession ou activités du propriétaire (0.P.F.2.). Enquête de 2003 à 2009
11. Services statistiques du Ministère de l’écologie : Parc des véhicules utilitaires par profession ou activités du propriétaire (0.P.F.3.). Enquête de 2003 à 2009[12] DAEI-SDES / Données détaillées du SDES sur la base d’un questionnaire envoyé auprès d’un échantillon de propriétaires de véhicules utilitaires légers
    • L'utilisation des Véhicules Utilitaires Légers (VUL) au 1er janvier 2011 (Avril 2012);
    • L'enquête sur l’utilisation des VUL en 1983;
    • L'utilisation des Véhicules Utilitaires Légers (VUL) en 2006 (Avril 2008);
    • L'utilisation des Véhicules Utilitaires Légers (VUL) en 2000 (janvier 2003);
    • L'utilisation des VUL en 1996 (février 1999);
    • L'utilisation des VUL en 1991 (décembre 1995) ; OEST;
    • L’utilisation des véhicules utilitaires légers en 1986, Département des statistiques des transports.
12. SDES/ mémentos de statistiques des transports, tableau 3.6.6 (Millions de véhicules.km), établi annuellement (dernière année disponible pour le tableau 3.6.6 : 2005).
13. INSEE / Estimations d’emploi – Tableau T102B - 2023
14. Citepa pour l’ADEME - « Emissions de COV issues des stations-service » - Novembre 2007
15. EUROSTAT – Compilation Guide (2015) for EUROSTAT’s Air Emissions Accounts (AEA) – 2015
16. N. ALLEMAND - Rejets de pentane dans l'atmosphère lors de la fabrication de polystyrène expansé et moyen de réduction des émissions – Janvier 1998 – Non Publique
17. Citepa - Application du principe de résidence aux émissions de polluants atmosphériques au format NAMEA – Novembre 2009
18. « Parc des véhicules de l’état 2000-2011 », Direction Nationale d'Interventions Domaniales, 2011
19. M. Rémy Bouscaren - Etude de l'impact économique du projet de directive européenne sur la limitation des émissions de COV en provenance de l'usage des solvants dans certains secteurs industriels – 1995
20. Inventaire spatialisé des émissions de polluants atmosphériques en France, Citepa, Juillet 2010
21. « Statistiques annuelles de la navigation intérieure », Voies Navigables de France, Rapports de 1990 à 2011,

18.2. Frequency of data collection

Data is collected annually.

18.3. Data collection

There are no specific surveys for AEAs. The surveys used are those produced by national statistical institutions.

18.4. Data validation

The data are checked when they are compiled by comparing energy consumption broken down by branch of activity ( preliminary for the AEA) with :

• PEFA;
• the energy balance.

Inter-annual trends are analysed.

The data sets of year n-1 are compared with those of year n.

The AEAs are compared to the national inventories.

18.5. Data compilation

Inventory is the approach used to establish air emissions accounts.

The AEA is carried out using Citepa's source database on emissions from emitting activities (National System of Emission Inventories and Balances for the Atmosphere - SNIEBA). Pollutant emissions are allocated from the SNAP nomenclature to the Nace. Two types of allocations must be distinguished according to activities: "simple" allocations and "complex" allocations.

Allocations for combustion-related emissions and special equipment in industry and the tertiary and commercial sectors are based on energy matrices. The energy matrices present the energy consumption in France by type of energy according to the NAPFUE nomenclature (Nomenclature for air pollution from FUEls) and by use (heating, motive power, electricity production, boiler manufacturing, manufacturing of products other than boilers, etc.) according to the same nomenclature as the matrix of these AEAs.

18.5.1. Imputation - rate

Not applicable.

18.5.2. Method used to allocate emissions to economic activities

Simple allocations:
Activities for which unambiguous relationships can be established between a SNAP code and a AEA code. A SNAP category is allocated in one and only one AEA category.

Complex allocations :
Many SNAP codes are split into several AEA codes.  For some categories of SNAP emitters, there are allocation factors for different categories; AEAs could be determined fairly easily. For others, complexes have been developed.  These include combustion in industry, in the tertiary sector, in agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, road transport for its various uses, from river transport, to waste incineration industries, to wastewater treatment. For combustion in industry, in the tertiary sector and in agriculture, the allocation work is based on the specific work of the energy matrices.

The correspondence between SNAP and NACE is detailed in the attached methodological report.

18.5.3. Method used to determine and distribute road transport emissions

Emission data for pollutants released from road traffic, SNAP code 07, are allocated in the inventory into eight categories:

• 0701: passenger cars (PC),
• 0702: light duty vehicles (LCVs),
• 0703: heavy goods vehicles, buses and coaches,
• 0704: two-wheelers < 50 cm3,
• 0705: two-wheelers >50 cm3,
• 0706: fuel evaporation from vehicles,
• 0707: tyre and brake pad wear,
• 0708: road wear.

The estimation of these emissions is based on the following general equation: emissions = vehicle fleet x annual mileage x emissions factors

The emission factor is expressed as the mass of pollutants emitted per kilometre (g/km) by the vehicle depending on certain parameters: standard, type of journey (urban cycle, road, motorway), gradients, etc.
The vehicle fleet is determined by type of vehicle (passenger cars, light duty vehicles, heavy goods vehicles, etc.) according to fuel and engine capacity, and by a temporal breakdown according to the age of the vehicles.
In order to break down these emissions according to the NAMEA matrix structure, a certain amount of data processing is required; indeed, for each of the above-mentioned categories, it is necessary to distinguish the share of emissions attributable to consumers from the share of emissions attributable to economic activities.
Collective passenger transport for hire or reward (urban and interurban road transport) is assigned to the sector:

• 49.3-4: 'Other passenger land transport; freight transport by road and removal services' for NACE rev.2
• 60.2: "urban and road transport" for NACE rev.1

Passenger cars (SNAP 0701)
This category includes both household vehicles, company vehicles and vehicles of individual enterprises.
The breakdown is made by means of two indicators: the number of vehicles (for each activity or household) and the average mileage travelled (specific to the activity or households).
From 2003 to 2009, the statistical service of the Ministry of Transport publishes detailed data on the breakdown of private vehicle registrations by socio-occupational category and by household . This breakdown allows a more appropriate disaggregation for NAMEA matching.
From 2010 onwards, a deterioration in the accuracy of the data provided by the statistical service of the Ministry of Transport has been noted: the breakdown of vehicles owned by private individuals into different socio-professional categories is no longer carried out. The variations in distribution observed from 2003 to 2009 are therefore projected from 2010.
The average mileage comes from a survey on "the distribution of the fleet according to the owner's situation and socio-professional category on 01 July 88, as well as the average mileage travelled in 1987 by socio-professional category and by vehicle".
Thus the distribution of the fleet according to the owner's status and socio-professional category, combined with the average mileage travelled by socio-professional category and by vehicle, makes it possible to obtain the mileage travelled by the various users for each year.
However, no distinction can be made between the different types of roads (motorway, road and urban cycle).
The RSVERO II data from roadworthiness tests will make it possible, from 2020 onwards, to obtain detailed information on the mileage travelled by type of engine and according to the economic activity declared. They also make it possible to identify the share of households by motorisation over the entire 2012-2019 period. For the other sectors of economic activity, the emissions from passenger cars are considered to be linear between 2009 (last available fleet of passenger cars) and 2020 (RSVERO II data).

Heavy goods vehicles and buses (SNAP 0703)
This category (0703) includes all heavy vehicles over 3.5 tonnes as well as buses. The allocation of emissions to the SNAP 0703 category was carried out by distinguishing between emissions from heavy goods vehicles (freight transport) and emissions from buses (passenger transport).
Transport statistics makes it possible to know for each year the energy consumption associated with heavy goods vehicles and that associated with buses and coaches.

Heavy goods vehicles
The transport of goods by heavy goods vehicles for hire or reward does not systematically correspond to the "transport" branch (NAMEA codes 49.3-4 in NACE rev.2 and 60.2 in NACE rev.1).
Moreover, although data are available on the nature of the goods transported (in tonne-kilometres and in the NST nomenclature), these are difficult to attribute reliably to specific NACE sectors and exclude empty trips by heavy goods vehicles, which may account for a significant proportion of the kilometres travelled.
It is therefore more accurate to use the national public statistics, which identify the kilometres travelled by sector of activity of the user company, rather than statistics on the nature of the goods transported and on own account and for hire or reward.The available data allows a distinction to be made between ratios by fuel type.
For the year 2020, RSVERO II data from roadworthiness tests provide detailed information on the kilometres travelled by engine and by economic activity declared at the level of detail required for NAMEA reporting. For the other sectors of economic activity, not identified in the kilometres travelled in the annual freight transport survey data between 2008 and 2018, the RSVERO II data for the year 2020 are used to break them down more precisely.
For the year 2019, as the annual freight transport survey data were not published, the 2020 data were carried over to cover the 2019 allocations. As the annual freight transport survey data does not cover the years 1990 and 1995, the data for the year 1997 is carried forward to make the allocations for these two years.

Buses and coaches
A distinction is made between own account transport (personnel transport) and transport for hire or reward (other transport) with a distinction for school transport. For the period 1990-2005, the breakdown is estimated by the statistical service of the Ministry of the Environment. Beyond 2008, the breakdown comes from the annual freight transport survey publications from 2008 to 2015 on collective road passenger transport.Beyond 2015, the 2015 data is carried forward to make the breakdown. For the year 2020, RSVERO II data from roadworthiness tests will provide detailed information on the kilometres travelled by motorisation and according to the economic activity declared at the level of detail required for NAMEA reporting. For the other economic activity sectors, not identified in the kilometres travelled in the TRV data between 2008 and 2015, the RSVERO II data for the year 2020 are used to break them down more precisely.

Motorbikes and motorbikes < 50 cm3 (SNAP 0704)
There is little data available to determine the precise distribution of these vehicles. It is assumed that emissions are distributed between private individuals, restaurant deliveries and postal deliveries.
The ratios are based on a survey for 2012 and data on the fleet of motorbikes belonging to the Post Office (data obtained on request or via annual reports) out of the total number of motobikes known in the inventory.

Motorbikes > 50 cm3 (SNAP 0705)
There is little data available to determine the precise distribution of these vehicles. It is assumed that emissions are distributed between private individuals, administration and delivery to restaurants.
The determination of the ratios is based on a survey for the year 2012. The fleet of motorbikes belonging to the administration was given each year by the statistics on the state vehicle fleet (category "motorbikes") . As of 2011, these data are no longer available. The number of motorbikes in the administration is therefore reported. Similarly, as the data is not available for 1990 and 1995, the values available for the year 2000 are used for these two years.

18.5.4. Adjustments for residence principle

Residence Principle for cars and light duty trucks

 The emissions of the resident cars and light duty trucks in France are calculated with fuel sales and consumptions. 

The emissions of resident's vehicles abroad are calculated on the basis of economic data from national accounts (balance of payments).

Assumptions made for these methodologies:

• the key of fuel consumption of foreign residents abroad / fuel consumption of foreigners in France is equal to the key of total spending of foreign residents / total spending of foreigners in France;
• -Domestic vehicles are resident vehicles.

 

Residence Principle for heavy duty trucks

The emissions of  resident heavy duty trucks in France are calculated from data on the origin of the fleet circulating in France (resident and foreign heavy duty trucks).

Emissions of resident heavy duty trucks abroad are calculated from surveys on road freight transport. The survey provides data on the quantities of goods transported (t. km) by resident vehicles, in France and abroad

Assumptions made for these methodologies:

• the consumption of heavy duty trucks is proportional to the number of vehicles (in vehicles. km);
• tonne-kilometers transported are proportional to the fleet of vehicles (in vehicles.km);
• heavy duty trucks excluded from the road freight survey (vehicles over 15 years old, military vehicles, special motor vehicles) had the same evolution in terms of consumption as other types of heavy goods vehicles.

 

Residence Principle for busses

The emissions of the resident busses in France are calculated with fuel sales and consumptions.

The emissions of resident busses abroad are calculated on the basis of economic data from national accounts (balance of payments).

Residence principle for air transport

 

Air transport emissions for French resident and abroad residents are calculated from fuel consumption.

Residence principle for water transport

Water transport emissions for French resident and abroad residents are calculated from inland waterway traffic and fuel consumption for martime transport.

18.6. Adjustment

No time series to adjust.

18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment

Not applicable.

No further comments.

AEA_internal_note
Organization and methods of national air emission inventories in France
AEA estimation method
Methodoly for estimating energy consumption by activities

Air emissions accounts (AEA) record flows of gaseous and particulate materials emitted into the atmosphere as a result of economic activity.

AEA are a subset of environmental-economic accounts. They offer a detailed breakdown for 64 emitting economic activities (NACE), plus households, as defined in the national accounts of EU countries. They are aligned with economic statistics and GDP. These features make them suitable for integrated environmental-economic analyses and modelling – for example of 'carbon footprints' and climate-change modelling scenarios.

National Statistical Institutes (NSI) submit AEA to Eurostat through a mandatory annual data collection. The data collection includes an electronic questionnaire and this quality report.

16 January 2024

Conceptually AEA belong to the international system of environmental economic accounting (SEEA-Central Framework). Furthermore, AEA is one of several physical modules of Eurostat's programme on European environmental economic accounts. It is covered by Regulation (EU) No.691/2011 on European environmental economic accounts.

AEA are closely related to concepts and definitions of national accounts. Most notably, they follow the residence principle, i.e. they record emissions related to resident unit's activities, regardless where those occur geographically.

Further methodological guidelines are provided in various publications by Eurostat (see Eurostat website > Environment > Methodology, heading: 'Air emissions accounts').

Data refer to emissions by resident economic units in the sense of SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA), including households.

The national economy is as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA), i.e. all economic activities undertaken by resident units.

The reference area is the economic territory as defined in SEEA CF 2012 and National Accounts (ESA). A unit is said to be a resident unit of a country when it has a centre of economic interest in the economic territory of that country, that is, when it engages for an extended period (1 year or more) in economic activities in that territory.

By following this residence principle, the Air Emission Accounts record emissions from resident units' activities, regardless where they occur. This is the main conceptual difference to emission inventories for greenhouse gases (UNFCCC) and air pollutants (CLRTAP).

The data refer to calendar years.

See Annex 1.

The evaluation of all data is included in the attached methodology report (in French).

Annexes:
Low data quality

<The unit of measure is tonnes or thousand tonnes.

F-gases (HFC, PFC, SF₆ and NF₃) are reported in tonnes of CO₂ equivalents.

SO_X are reported in tonnes of SO₂ equivalents, and NO_X are reported in tonnes of NO₂ equivalents.

Inventory is the approach used to establish air emissions accounts.

The AEA is carried out using Citepa's source database on emissions from emitting activities (National System of Emission Inventories and Balances for the Atmosphere - SNIEBA). Pollutant emissions are allocated from the SNAP nomenclature to the Nace. Two types of allocations must be distinguished according to activities: "simple" allocations and "complex" allocations.

Allocations for combustion-related emissions and special equipment in industry and the tertiary and commercial sectors are based on energy matrices. The energy matrices present the energy consumption in France by type of energy according to the NAPFUE nomenclature (Nomenclature for air pollution from FUEls) and by use (heating, motive power, electricity production, boiler manufacturing, manufacturing of products other than boilers, etc.) according to the same nomenclature as the matrix of these AEAs.

All data sources are listed and specified in the attached methodological document.

AEA_2024_France_AIR_methodology:

1. Citepa – Contribution Française à l’établissement d’une matrice comptable type-NAMEA pour les données d’émission dans l’air 1990-1995 – Février 1998.
2. Inventaire des émissions dans l’air en France métropolitaine, Citepa, 2024.
3. Citepa - Consommations énergétiques au format NAMEA, 2024
4. EEA - EMEP - Atmospheric Emission Inventory Guidebook - 2016.
5. Inventaire des émissions de SOx, NOx et particules des Grandes Installations de Combustion (GIC) au sens de la Directive 2010/75/UE dite IED. Citepa
6. See this website.
7. Inventaire des émissions de gaz à effet de serre en France au titre de la Convention cadre des Nations Unies sur les Changements Climatiques - format CCNUCC. Citepa. See this website.
8. 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories
9. « La répartition du parc selon la situation du propriétaire et sa catégorie socioprofessionnelle au 01 July 88 ainsi que le kilométrage moyen parcouru en 1987 par catégories socioprofessionnelles et par véhicule » [OEST / Voitures particulières - Résultats de l’enquête 1988 / Novembre 1989
10. Services statistiques du Ministère de l’écologie : Parc des voitures particulières de moins de 15 ans par profession ou activités du propriétaire (0.P.F.2.). Enquête de 2003 à 2009
11. Services statistiques du Ministère de l’écologie : Parc des véhicules utilitaires par profession ou activités du propriétaire (0.P.F.3.). Enquête de 2003 à 2009[12] DAEI-SDES / Données détaillées du SDES sur la base d’un questionnaire envoyé auprès d’un échantillon de propriétaires de véhicules utilitaires légers
    • L'utilisation des Véhicules Utilitaires Légers (VUL) au 1er janvier 2011 (Avril 2012);
    • L'enquête sur l’utilisation des VUL en 1983;
    • L'utilisation des Véhicules Utilitaires Légers (VUL) en 2006 (Avril 2008);
    • L'utilisation des Véhicules Utilitaires Légers (VUL) en 2000 (janvier 2003);
    • L'utilisation des VUL en 1996 (février 1999);
    • L'utilisation des VUL en 1991 (décembre 1995) ; OEST;
    • L’utilisation des véhicules utilitaires légers en 1986, Département des statistiques des transports.
12. SDES/ mémentos de statistiques des transports, tableau 3.6.6 (Millions de véhicules.km), établi annuellement (dernière année disponible pour le tableau 3.6.6 : 2005).
13. INSEE / Estimations d’emploi – Tableau T102B - 2023
14. Citepa pour l’ADEME - « Emissions de COV issues des stations-service » - Novembre 2007
15. EUROSTAT – Compilation Guide (2015) for EUROSTAT’s Air Emissions Accounts (AEA) – 2015
16. N. ALLEMAND - Rejets de pentane dans l'atmosphère lors de la fabrication de polystyrène expansé et moyen de réduction des émissions – Janvier 1998 – Non Publique
17. Citepa - Application du principe de résidence aux émissions de polluants atmosphériques au format NAMEA – Novembre 2009
18. « Parc des véhicules de l’état 2000-2011 », Direction Nationale d'Interventions Domaniales, 2011
19. M. Rémy Bouscaren - Etude de l'impact économique du projet de directive européenne sur la limitation des émissions de COV en provenance de l'usage des solvants dans certains secteurs industriels – 1995
20. Inventaire spatialisé des émissions de polluants atmosphériques en France, Citepa, Juillet 2010
21. « Statistiques annuelles de la navigation intérieure », Voies Navigables de France, Rapports de 1990 à 2011,

Data are disseminated annually.

21 months.

AEA are compiled according to harmonised guidelines provided by Eurostat and hence comparable across European countries reporting AEA to Eurostat.

See Annex 2.

There aren't breaks in time series. 

Annexes:
Annex 2