1.3 Digital skills for a digital world
People
Information and communication technologies (ICT) have a considerable impact on living and working conditions. Nowadays, an increasing number of businesses rely on ICT for their daily operations and this often requires the development and maintenance of ICT systems by specialists.
Employment of ICT specialists rose during the last 10 years
In the EU, 3.7 % of the total number of persons employed in 2016 were ICT specialists; this equated to 8.2 million persons. The highest shares of ICT specialists in total employment were registered in Finland (6.6 %), Sweden (6.3 %) and the Estonia (5.3 %).
In contrast to most other professions, employment developments of ICT specialists were largely unaffected by the financial and economic crisis. During the last decade, the number of employed ICT specialists increased by 33 % across the EU, compared with the 2 % growth for total employment. During the same period, the share of businesses which recruited or tried to recruit ICT specialists remained relatively stable at around 8 %.
ICT specialists are predominantly highly educated men aged 35+
In 2016, a large majority of ICT specialists who were employed in the EU were men (83 %), their share rising from 78 % in 2010. This gender distribution of ICT specialists was in contrast to the distribution for total employment, where the genders were broadly balanced (54 % men and 46 % women). Female ICT specialists were under-represented in all EU Member States and the largest gender gaps were found in Slovakia (91 % were men) and the Czech Republic (89 %). The highest shares of female ICT specialists were recorded in Bulgaria (30 %) and Romania (26 %).
In 2016, almost two thirds of ICT specialists in the EU were aged 35 years or over (64 %), with the highest shares found in Italy (76 %) and Finland (71 %). By contrast, the highest shares of younger ICT specialists aged 15 to 34 years were recorded in Malta (63 %), Latvia and Poland (both 54 %). The majority of ICT specialists (62 %) in the EU had completed a tertiary education level. Among the EU Member States, this share varied from 33 % in Italy to 82 % in Ireland.
Over 90 % of people with an ICT education in the EU have a job
ICT education provides a very good basis for job opportunities on the labour market: in the EU in 2016, a high proportion of people with an ICT education were in employment (91 %), either as an ICT specialist or in another occupation.
The highest employment rates for persons with an ICT education were recorded in Malta (98 %), Germany, Hungary and Estonia (all 97 %). ICT education was a predominantly male choice: in the EU, only 16 % of employed people with an ICT education were women. In 2016, most employed persons who possessed an ICT diploma in the EU were younger than 35 years (67 %) and had completed tertiary education (72 %).
Businesses
From the perspective of businesses, specialised ICT skills are often essential for the effective use of ICT in business' processes and commercial transactions which are carried out electronically.
Three quarter of large businesses in the EU employ ICT specialists
In 2016, one fifth of businesses (20 %) in the EU employed ICT specialists. This share has been more or less stable since 2012. Among the EU Member States, the highest shares of businesses employing ICT specialists were recorded in Ireland (35 %) and Greece (30 %). The difference between SMEs and large businesses in the EU was remarkable: while 75 % of the latter employed ICT specialists, the share among SMEs was just 19 %.
This difference was most pronounced in Cyprus (87 % of large companies compared with 23 % of SMEs), the Czech Republic (81 % compared with 17 %) and Croatia (79 % compared with 15 %) and least distinct in Romania (46 % and 10 %).
EU businesses have difficulties recruiting ICT specialists
In 2016, almost 1 in 10 businesses (9 %) in the EU reported having recruited or tried to recruit ICT specialists. Among the EU Member States, this share was highest for businesses in Malta (15 %), Spain, Luxembourg and the United Kingdom (all 13 %). Again, there was a considerable difference by business size class: while 41 % of large businesses in the EU recruited or tried to recruit specialists in the EU, the corresponding figure was just 8 % for SMEs.
This difference was most pronounced in Denmark (57 % of large companies compared with 10 % of SMEs), Ireland (51 % and 9 %) and the United Kingdom (53 % and 11 %) and least distinct in Cyprus (20 % and 6 %).
In the EU, around 4 in 10 businesses (41 %) which recruited or tried to recruit ICT specialists had difficulties to fill their vacancies. Among the EU Member States, this situation was most widespread among businesses in the Czech Republic (66 %), Slovenia (63 %), Luxembourg and Austria (both 61 %).
Besides recruiting ICT specialists, businesses may choose to provide ICT training to their staff as well as outsource ICT tasks to external suppliers. In the EU in 2016, 22 % of companies reported having provided training to develop or upgrade ICT skills of their personnel. In addition, half of all EU businesses had their ICT functions mainly carried out by external suppliers, with the highest shares found in Italy (62 %), Belgium, the Czech Republic and Portugal (all 61 %). While 50 % of SMEs in the EU made use of ICT outsourcing, this was done by a much smaller proportion of large businesses (28 %).
