The review identifies the following areas of risk potentially impacting national critical infrastructure:

• new technologies (such as generative AI) are being rapidly deployed (with history suggesting that society is faster to see benefits than downsides);
• the persistence of supply chain disruption, increased costs, and extended wait times;
• staff shortages across all critical infrastructure sectors are likely to worsen over the next 12-36 months, impacting regional areas most acutely;
• more severe (drier) conditions, with increased pressure on water availability;
• solar activity is likely to peak in 2024 requiring new consideration of the potential impacts of extreme space weather events; and
• unabated cyber disruption with potential for even larger and more disruptive breaches.