Archive:Marriages and births in Spain
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The nuptiality and fertility in Spain have changed over the last decades
- Author: INE Spain
- Data extracted in June 2015.
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Spain is now one of the countries in Europe where children are born at a later age. Couples now get married less frequently than before and they also wait longer. Young people remain single longer, there are more consensual unions and more births outside marriage. The divorce rate has doubled over the last decade.
This is a noteworthy change in the traditional way of family formation. The law has been amended, giving rise to higher flexibility in the processes of couple formation and dissolution, and new models for living together have appeared alongside the traditional marriage model.
Main statistical findings
Married people prevail, but number of marriages goes down
According to the last census (2011) more than half of the adult population in Spain (56.5 %) is married. Single people[1] represent the second largest category (29.8 %) followed by widowed (7.9%) and divorced (5.8 %).
If we compare this data with the 1981 census, a rise in the percentage of single and divorced people, and a drop in that of married and widowed persons can be noticed .
When examining the evolution of marital status by age group it can be seen that being single has increased for people under 50 years. Divorces have spread to almost all ages, with the highest incidence between 35 and 65 years.
Fewer marriages and at later ages
The incidence of marriage in the Spanish population has been reduced over the past 30 years, from 5.3 marriages for every 1 000 inhabitants in 1981 to 3.3 in 2013 (2 marriages fewer for every 1 000 inhabitants). The reduction in marriage rates has been intensified since 2006.
Another important fact is the lower intensity of marriage for women compared with men until 1992. From then on, women have surpassed and increased their lead over men.
The average age at first marriage has increased by 8 years from 1981 to 2013, going from 25.2 to 33.2 years.
Within the European Union the marriage rate has also been reduced, although the decline has been more intense in Spain, which has become one of the countries where there are least marriages per inhabitant and where people get married latest.
More flexibility in the processes of couple formation and dissolution
The formation of family units has undergone significant change in recent years.
While the number of marriages has experienced a drop, cohabitation as a way of forming couples has increased. Comparing data from the 2001 and 2011 censuses we can see that the number of consensual unions has doubled, going from 5.9 % of total couples in 2001 to 14.5 % in 2011.
Within the European Union, Spain stands in an intermediate position, with 8.8 % of people over 20 years old living with a partner without being married, more than four times above the countries with the lowest rates (Greece and Poland), and less than half those recording the highest (Sweden and Estonia).
In July 2005 same-sex weddings were legalized in Spain and they were included in marriage statistics as part of the Spanish Vital Statistics. Available data since then shows that the percentage of same-sex marriage in Spain is around 2 %.
In 1981 the law allowing divorce in Spain and establishing separation as a previous step for obtaining divorce was approved. Its amendment in 2005 removed this requirement, allowing the acceleration of the process.
This amendment led to a notable change in the crude divorce rate that had been registered until then, going from rates close to 1 divorce for every 1 000 inhabitants until 2004, to rates of 2 divorces for every 1 000 inhabitants in 2013.
While divorces have increased, there has been a rise in remarriage. The evolution of the total number of marriages moved away from that of first marriages since the 1981 divorce legalization, and from that moment on it can be seen that more people get remarried for the second or more time over the years.
In Spain, fewer children and later
From the mid-seventies to the late nineties of the last century fertility indicators gradually fell in Spain. At the beginning of the XXI century a recovery of fertility occurred, influenced in part by the high birth rate behaviour of immigrants and also by the arrival of mothers in fertile ages who were born during the Spanish baby-boom. However, since 2009 a further decline in fertility indicators which extends to 2013 has been recorded.
Thus Spain has gone from 14.1 live births per 1 000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9.1 in 2013.
The average number of children per women has gone from 2.03 in 1981 to 1.27 in 2013.
In 1981 women living in Spain had their first child at the age of 25.2 years. The average age at motherhood in Spain has increased over the years so that in 2013 the average age at which women have their first child was 30.4 years.
If we compare Spanish fertility with the rest of the EU Member States, we find that Spain is one of the countries where they have fewest children per woman and those at a later age.
One of the most noticeable changes is found, however, in the proportion of births outside marriage, which from 4.4 % in 1981 has not stopped growing to reach 40.9 % in 2013.
The evolution of this rate has shown a rise in recent years to stand close to the European average.
Increased incidence of fertility due to the contribution of foreign population
In Spain, the contribution of the foreign population to the number of births each year is notable. 22.5 % of those born in 2013 in Spain come from couples where at least one of the parents is a foreigner, although the proportion varies significantly between different regions.
The contribution of foreign immigration to the Spanish population increased fertility indicators during the first years of this century and, in recent years, the decline in foreign population has contributed to the decrease of these indicators.
The incidence of fertility for foreign women in 2013 was higher than for Spanish. On average, they have 0.3 more children per women than Spanish women, and foreign mothers who give birth to their first child are about 4 years younger than Spanish.
Sources of statistical information
It is important to analyse how the population is distributed according to their marital status since this influences the household and family formation and dissolution. The population censuses collect information about the marital status of the Spanish population, according to its basic demographic characteristics. See: http://www.ine.es/censos2011_datos/cen11_datos_inicio.htm.
Vital Statistics show the number of births and marriages in Spain each year from the Spanish Civil Registry Office information. Since 1975 the Vital Statistics are adjusted to international demographic concepts. See: http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fe302&file=inebase&L=0.
If the absolute values provided by the Vital Statistics are put in relation to the population figures, we can obtain indicators that summarize and synthesize the evolution and behaviour of demographic phenomena. The Spanish Statistical Institute (INE) produces these indicators in the statistical synthesis operation Basic Demographic Indicators. Marriage indicators are available from 1976 and birth and fertility ones from 1975. See: http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft20%2Fp318&file=inebase&L=0.
Statistics on annulments, separations and divorces is an annual statistical research aimed at knowing the number of judgements of nullity, separation or divorce issued during the reference year. This statistic is collected by INE under the agreement signed with the General Council of the Judiciary (CGPJ) dated February 14, 1995. See: http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=%2Ft18%2Fp420%2Fp01&file=inebase&L=0.
See also
External links
Notes
- ↑ Persons never married or in a registered partnership