Archive:European Neighbourhood Policy - East - labour market statistics
- Data from September 2013. Most recent data: Further Eurostat information, Main tables and Database.
This article is part of an online publication and presents statistics on the labour force in the six countries of the European Neighbourhood Policy – East (ENP-E) region. The ENP-East countries are Armenia (AM), Azerbaijan (AZ), Belarus (BY), Georgia (GE), Moldova (MD) and Ukraine (UA). This article covers various indicators such as the economic activity rate by gender, the employment gender gap as well as the employment by economic activity and professional status, the unemployment rates and the long term unemployment rate by gender.
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Source: for the EU aggregates, Eurostat (lfsi_act_a), for the ENP-East countries, Eurostat (enpr_pslm)
Source: for the EU aggregates, Eurostat (lfsi_emp_a), for the ENP-East countries, Eurostat (enpr_siemp)
Source: for the EU aggregates, Eurostat (lfsa_egana) and (lfsa_egan2), for the ENP-East countries, Eurostat (enpr_ecnabrk)
Source: for the EU aggregates, Eurostat (lfsa_egaps), for the ENP-East countries, Eurostat (enpr_pslm)
Source: for the EU aggregates, Eurostat (lfsa_urgan), for the ENP-East countries, Eurostat (enpr_pslm)
Source: for the EU aggregates, Eurostat (une_ltu_a), for the ENP-East countries, Eurostat (enpr_sisoc)
Main statistical findings
Except for Moldova, activity rates of both males and females in the ENP-East countries were not very different from the ones in the EU-28
In all ENP-East countries (the most notable exception being Moldova), the participation of males and females in economic activities was not very different from the one in the EU-28 (Figure 1). In these countries, the activity rate of males was usually below the one of the EU-28 but the differences with the EU-28 were lower than 7 percentage points. On the opposite, the activity rate of males in Georgia was 5.6 percentage points higher than the one of the EU-28 in 2012. In all ENP-East countries (except Azerbaijan and Belarus) the activity rate of females was lower than the one at EU-28 level with absolute differences ranging from 1.2 percentage points in Azerbaijan to 7.6 percentage points in Armenia. As for males, Moldova showed a different pattern with relatively low activity rate for females (43.6 %) being around 22 percentage points below the one at EU-28 level. In all ENP-East countries (except Belarus), the activity rate of males was higher than the one of females. The gender gap in activity rates ranged from 3.4 percentage points in Moldova to 20.4 percentage points is Georgia while the gap was 12.4 percentage points in the EU-28.
Employment rate gap between males and females is much higher in the ENP-South countries than in the EU-28
The employment rate gap between genders widened during the ten years between 2002 and 2012 (Figure 2) in half of the ENP-East countries (Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine) while it narrowed in the other half (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Belarus). The employment gender gap was the lowest in Moldova (2 percentage points in 2012) and the highest in Georgia (15.7 percentage points in 2012) and Armenia (15.3 percentage points). In these two counties, the employment gap was higher than the one of the EU-28 (11.1 percentage points) in 2012. Belarus was the only country where the employment rate of females was higher than the one of males.
There were notable differences in the structure of the employment between the ENP-East countries when considering the distribution of employment by economic activity (see Table 3). In 2012, employment in the service sector accounted for the largest share in Armenia and Azerbaijan (45 % and 48.1 % respectively) or for the majority of employment in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine (56.6 %, 54.3 % and 54.5 % respectively) while the agricultural sector was still the main employer in Georgia (52.7 %). In all ENP-East countries, employment in services was nevertheless still below the share of employment in services recorded in the EU-28 (70.3 % of total employment). The agricultural sector was the second sector in terms of employment in Armenia, Azerbaijan and Moldova where it accounted for more than one fourth of the total employment. Belarus was the only ENP-East country where employment in industry and construction accounted for slightly more than one third of the total employment. In all ENP-East countries, the agricultural sector accounted for a larger share of employment than in the EU-28: in Belarus, its share of employment was twice as much as the one in the EU-28 and in Georgia slightly more than eleven times higher.
The structure of employment by professional status differed widely between ENP-East countries and the EU-28. In the EU-28, self-employed and family workers accounted for slightly less than 16 % of the employed population in 2012 while it exceeded one fourth of the employed population in all ENP-East countries for which data are available except Ukraine. Self employed and family workers accounted from 28.6 % of employed persons in Moldova to nearly 67 % in Azerbaijan. Georgia is the other ENP-East country where self employed and family workers accounted for the majority of employed persons in 2012. When comparing the share of self-employed and family workers between 2002 and 2012, it declined in all ENP-East countries except Ukraine.
Unemployment rate declined in all ENP-East countries either after 2009 or 2010
ENP-East countries were affected by the economic crisis that gathered pace in autumn 2008 and most of them saw a peak of their unemployment rate in 2009 or in 2010. The EU-28 showed a different trend since after a decline between 2004 and 2008, the unemployment rate increased continuously after the economic crisis to reach 10.5 % in 2012. However, the level of the unemployment rate largely differed between ENP-East countries over the concerned period. From 2010 to 2012, the unemployment rate in Armenia and Georgia was higher than the one of the EU-28 and being at its lowest in 2012 at 17.3 % and 15.0 % respectively. In the other ENP-East countries, the unemployment rate ranged from 5.2 % in Azerbaijan to 7.5 % in Ukraine in 2012. Azerbaijan was the only ENP-East country that recorded a continuous decline of its unemployment rate from 2002 to 2012.
Long-term unemployment is a key concern for many policy-makers, affecting social cohesion and, ultimately, economic growth. The total long-term unemployment rate in each of the ENP-East countries for which data are available was much lower in 2012 than in 2002 (see Table 6). Apart from Armenia (9.1 %) and Georgia (6.4 %), the total long-term unemployment rate in ENP-East countries was lower than the average for the EU-28 (4.7 %) in 2012. In three ENP-East countries (Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia), the long term unemployment rate was higher for females than for males while the opposite occurred in Moldova and Ukraine.
Data sources and availability
The data for the ENP-East are supplied on a voluntary basis by and under the responsibility of the national statistical authorities of each countries or territories. Data from other sources are very limited and clearly identified. The data for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine are key indicators collected on a regular basis by Eurostat. The statistics included in this article are freely available on-line.
Context
Labour market statistics are increasingly used to support policy-making and to provide the opportunity to measure the involvement of individuals and households in the labour market. In the context of the ENP-East countries, these statistics allow monitoring the characteristics of the labour force in the context of the aftermath of the recent economic crisis. The policy context of the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) is explained here.
See also
Further Eurostat information
Publications
European Neighbourhood policy countries - Demography
Database
- Population and social conditions (enpr_ps)
- ENP countries: labour market (enpr_pslm)
- Labour market (labour), see:
- LFS main indicators (lfsi)
- Population, activity and inactivity - LFS adjusted series (lfsi_act)
- Employment - LFS adjusted series (lfsi_emp)
- Unemployment - LFS adjusted series (une)
Dedicated section
Methodology / Metadata
External links
[[Category:<European Neighbourhood Policy countries>|European Neighbourhood Policy - East - labour market statistics]] [[Category:<Labour market>|European Neighbourhood Policy - East - labour market statistics]] [[Category:<Non-EU_countries>|European Neighbourhood Policy - East - labour market statistics]] [[Category:<Statistical_article>|European Neighbourhood Policy - East - labour market statistics]]