Archive:E-government statistics

Data from Month Year, most recent data: Further Eurostat information, Main tables and Database.

Online interactions of European businesses and citizens with public administrations

This article highlights the development and use of information and communication technologies (ICTs) for interacting with public administrations in the European Union (EU). This is one aspect of e-government, which is designed to improve public services and democratic processes by means of the Internet. Inclusion and better public services are part of the third priority of the European Commission (EC) i2010 initiative.

Main statistical findings

• The most frequent type of electronic interaction with public administrations is:

1. obtaining information
2. downloading forms
3. returning completed forms

• In the EU, there is a steady increase in the proportion of both individuals and businesses that interact with public authorities via the Internet.
• From 2004 to 2008, the proportion of enterprises (businesses and companies) which were interacting with public bodies over the Internet was higher, and it was growing at a faster rate, than the proportion of individuals.
• Finland is the EU Member State with the highest proportion of companies that return completed forms over the Internet and, between 2004 and 2008, the Netherlands was the EU Member State that progressed the most in returning such forms.
• As regards the effect of company size, a higher percentage of large companies (as compared to medium-sized and small ones) interact online with public authorities.
• After a steady increase from 2004 to 2007, the share of citizens interacting with public authorities stagnated in 2008 at EU level.
• More than one third of Internet users have already profited from e-government services and another 37 % would be interested in doing so.
• Educational levels influence the degree of usage of, and the interest in, e-government services.
• Lack of personal contact is the reason most often given for not using e-government services.
• There is a relationship between the types of e-government services requested and a citizen's profile based on age, professional and social status.

Development of e-government services usage

Graph 1: Online interaction of enterprises during reference year and of individuals during last 3 months with public authorities in EU-27, 2004 - 2008

The most frequent type of interaction with public administrations over the Internet is to access information, followed by the downloading of official forms. The least frequent (of the three interaction types) is the returning of completed forms. In 2006, figures for the downloading of official forms, by enterprises, reached the same level as that achieved for accessing information. A higher percentage of enterprises interact with public administrations than do individuals. In 2008, 61 % of European enterprises, as compared to 16 % of individuals, downloaded official forms. The discrepancy is even higher for the returning of completed forms. The difference in the percentage of interaction between businesses and individuals can be partly explained by the disparity in their Internet access and connection. In 2008, 93 % of businesses, as compared to 60 % of households, had Internet connections. In addition, businesses are likely to have more interactions with public authorities than individuals. These business interactions offer a high potential for automating processes. However, the actual level of such interactions is also determined by the online availability of the public administration. Finally, the reference period for enterprises was one year while it was three months for individuals.

In 2005, the highest increase for both enterprises and individuals was for the downloading of forms, whereas in 2006, the interaction "returning completed forms" showed the highest growth rates. This type of interaction is very interesting for those who wish to make economies, as it has the potential to become fully automated. From the public administration side, receiving completed forms online represents a first step towards a fully electronic case-handling process. In 2007, all three types of interactions increased considerably for individuals, whereas the growth rate for enterprises was lagging behind. In 2008, we observe a stagnation for the electronic interactions of citizens with public administrations, whereas the share of enterprises increases again.

E-government services and enterprises

In 2008, in the EU, more than half (61%) of the enterprises either accessed information or downloaded official forms from public authorities' websites. Half (50 %) of them returned the completed forms to public administrations, and fewer than 10 % of them submitted a proposal using an electronic tendering system.

Table 1: Online interaction of enterprises with public authorities, 2007

	Obtaining information	Downloading forms	Sending filled forms	Treating administrative procedure completely electronically	Submitting a proposal in an electronic tender system
All enterprises	61	61	50	39	9
Large enterprises	81	80	75	56	18
Medium-sized enterprises	76	76	69	52	14
Small enterprises	58	58	47	36	8
Enterprises with broadband connection	68	68	56	44	10
Enterprises with narrowband connection	52	52	40	26	8

Graph 2: Any online interaction of enterprises with public authorities by size class and type of Internet connection in EU-27, 2008

The proportion of interaction between businesses and public administrations varies with the bandwidth of the Internet connection and the size of the enterprise. A higher percentage of enterprises with broadband, compared to narrowband connections, interact with public authorities. The largest divergence between enterprises is due to their size. 80 % of the large enterprises and 76 % of the medium-sized enterprises download forms from public websites. Large enterprises take more advantage of using the Internet for interacting with public administrations.

Table 2: Enterprises returning completed forms online, 2004-2008

	EU-27	BE	BG	CZ	DK	DE	EE	IE	EL	ES	FR	IT	CY	LV	LT	LU	HU	MT	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO	SI	SK	FI	SE	UK	IS	NO
2004	28	26	9	24	:	17	54	32	45	32	:	35	11	15	30	26	23	:	27	47	68	50	12	36	18	61	53	12	:	40
2005	33	33	11	32	56	24	50	42	56	35	:	29	9	15	52	:	:	45	44	41	60	52	:	45	16	71	48	19	:	59
2006	44	37	23	32	55	37	54	56	76	38	51	49	8	21	56	32	28	35	61	54	56	54	13	49	45	78	53	38	81	62
2007	45	37	29	34	61	43	58	69	77	38	59	35	14	26	60	35	44	49	73	54	56	66	20	61	56	78	55	40	:	61
2008	50	49	43	35	65	45	62	68	66	45	67	42	18	39	75	41	50	46	75	59	60	68	23	69	51	81	58	51	87	63

Between 2004 and 2008, at the European level (EU-27), the proportion of companies that returned completed forms via the Internet increased from 28 % to 50 %. From 2005 to 2006, the development accelerated but, in 2007, the progress almost came to a standstill. In 2007, this effect was due to the results from Belgium, Spain, Italy, Austria, Poland and Finland, whereas in other Member States there had been a considerable increase, namely in Ireland, Hungary, Portugal, Slovenia and Slovakia. In 2008, at EU27 level, the proportion of enterprises returning forms online increased by 5% points. The countries with the largest percentage of interacting companies were Finland, followed by Lithuania and the Netherlands. Considering the initial level in 2004, the highest increase can be found in the Netherlands, Lithuania, Ireland and Slovenia. Between 2004 and 2008, at the EU level, the probability that enterprises would return completed forms online to public administrations more almost doubled.

E-government services and the citizens

Graph 3: Replacement of personal contacts or visits to public services with the Internet in EU-27, 2006

Interest in using e-government services

In 2006, within the EU, more than a third (35 %) of individual Internet users had already used e-government services. In addition, another 37 % of them would have been interested in replacing personal visits to public authorities with services via the Internet. However, 28 % of such individuals were not interested in requesting services from public authorities online. In the EU, the highest percentage of Internet users who already use e-government services are found in Iceland, Denmark, the Netherlands and Estonia. The highest proportion of Internet users who are not interested in e-government services can be found in Latvia, the Czech Republic, Romania and Ireland. As expected, there is a tendency for those Member States with a high percentage of e-government users to show a corresponding lower percentage of potential users.

Table 3: Replacement of personal contacts or visits to public services with Internet, 2006

	EU-27	BE	BG	CZ	DK	DE	EE	IE	EL	ES	FR	IT	CY	LV	LT	LU	HU	MT	NL	AT	PL	PT	RO	SI	SK	FI	SE	UK	IS	NO
E-government users	35	22	29	14	57	49	50	37	19	:	40	21	11	12	32	25	18	:	53	35	14	41	9	45	18	25	32	29	79	43
Interested	37	34	40	32	16	36	17	15	35	:	:	41	62	26	24	43	45	:	16	21	42	22	40	23	44	44	19	53	8	17
Not interested	28	44	31	55	25	15	32	47	46	:	:	34	27	61	44	32	37	:	29	44	44	38	51	32	39	24	48	18	13	40

Graph 4: Replacement of personal contacts or visits to public services with Internet in EU-27, 2006

Education is a factor that influences the ability and willingness of individuals to replace personal visits to public authorities by e-government services. Those with a higher degree of education are more likely to use e-government services, whereas the proportion of individuals who are not interested in e-government services is the highest for those with low educational backgrounds. Remarkable differences can be seen among the urban, intermediate and rural areas, primarily in the percentage of Internet users who are not interested in e-government. Internet users in rural areas are less interested than those users in urban areas, although the former may benefit more from using e-government services, due to the longer distances that are needed to travel to the authorities in rural areas, as compared to urban ones.

Reasons for abstaining from e-government services

Graph 5: Reasons for abstaining from e-government services in EU-27, 2006

Citizens were asked why they would not like to use online government services. The most mentioned obstacle was missing personal contacts followed by concerns about data protection and security. The complexity of online applications and the availability were mentioned by 15 % of the citizens. 13 % missed an immediate response. This motivation might be closely related to personal contacts. Only 7 % of the citizens were concerned about additional costs incurred by online government services.

Use of e-government services by type of service

Graph 6: E-government participation by types of e-government services in EU-27, 2006

Interest among Internet users in accessing specific services online is dependent on the personal situation of the individual. Unemployed people want to be able to use different services than, say, students. Nevertheless, there are a number of general services which are of interest to everyone between the ages of 16 and 74. The use of these services, such as requesting personal documents, health-related services, moving announcements, requesting certificates and car registrations are very similar. Roughly two thirds of Internet users are interested in using or are already using these services. The percentage of actual usage of those online services has to be considered in relation to their rather rare frequency.

Use of e-government services by employment situation

Graph 7: E-government participation by types of services and population group in the EU-27, 2006

Within the EU, the declaration of income taxes, searching for jobs and online visits to public libraries are the services that have the highest percentage of users. However, in general, citizens' interest in declaring their income taxes and searching for jobs is lower than their interest in the other services.

Data sources and availability

Abbreviations

EU-27 (European Union, including 27 Member States); BE (Belgium), BG (Bulgaria), CZ (Czech Republic), DK (Denmark), DE (Germany), EE (Estonia) , IE (Ireland), EL (Greece), ES (Spain), FR (France), IT (Italy), CY (Cyprus), LV (Latvia), LT (Lithuania), LU (Luxembourg), HU (Hungary), MT (Malta), NL (Netherlands), AT (Austria), PL (Poland), PT (Portugal), RO (Romania), SI (Slovenia), SK (Slovakia), FI (Finland), SE (Sweden), UK (United Kingdom); IS (Iceland), NO (Norway).

Symbols

“:” confidential, unreliable or unavailable

Aggregation of results

An EU-27 aggregate is only calculated if the available countries represent at least 55 % of the number of Member States and at least 60 % of the EU population.

Community Survey on ICT usage in households and by individuals (2004-07)

• Reference period: the first quarter of the reference year.
• Survey period: 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.
• Scope (individuals): individuals aged 16 to 74 years.
• Scope (households): households with at least one member in the age group 16 to 74.
• Internet users: Individuals who have used the Internet within the last 3 months.
• Highest completed level of education:
  • Low: ISCED 0, 1 or 2 (no formal education, primary education or lower secondary education);
  • Medium: ISCED 3 or 4 (upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary education);
  • High: ISCED 5 or 6 (tertiary programmes which normally require successful completion of ISCED 3 or 4, or second stage tertiary education leading to an advanced research qualification).

Community Survey on ICT usage and E-commerce in enterprises (2004-07)

• Reference period: January of the reference year for most variables, the previous year for e-government variables.
• Survey period: 2004, 2005, 2006 and 2007.
• Scope: enterprises with 10 or more persons employed in selected activities (see below).
• Size class breakdowns:
  • Small enterprises: 10 – 49 employees;
  • Medium enterprises: 50 – 249 employees; and,
  • Large enterprises: 250 or more employees.

Activity coverage: enterprises classified in the following sections and groups of the NACE Rev.1.1 classification:

• D (manufacturing);
• F (construction);
• G (distributive trades);
• 55.1 and 55.2 of section H (hotels and accommodation);
• I (transport, storage and communication);
• K (real estate, renting and business activities); and
• 92.1 and 92.2 of section O (motion picture, video, radio and television activities).

Context

In the EU, the development and use of ICTs for interacting with public administrations is one aspect of e-government which is designed to improve public services and democratic processes by means of the Internet. Inclusion and better public services are part of the third priority of the EC's i2010 initiative.

Further Eurostat information

Publications

• Title of the publication

Main tables

• Information society statistics, see:

i2010 Benchmarking indicators (t_isoc_pi_benchmark)

Individuals using the Internet for interaction with public authorities (tin00105)

Individuals using the Internet for returning filled in forms to public authorities (tin00106)

Enterprises using the Internet for interaction with public authorities (tin00107)

Enterprises using the Internet for returning filled in forms to public authorities (tin00108)

Enterprises using the Internet for submitting a proposal in a public electronic tender system to public authorities (tin00109)

Database

• Information society statistics, see:

Policy indicators (isoc_pi)

i2010 benchmarking indicators (isoc_pibi)

Benchmarking indicator: Public services - eGovernment (isoc_pibips)

e2005 Policy indicators (isoc_pi05)

Policy indicator: e-government (isoc_pi_d)

Dedicated section

• Information Society

Other information

• Regulation 808/2004 concerning Community statistics on the information society
• Commission Regulation (EC) 1031/2006 implementing Regulation (EC) No 808/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning Community statistics on the information society
• Regulation 847/2007 implementing Regulation (EC) No 808/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning Community statistics on the information society
• Regulation 960/2008 implementing Regulation (EC) No 808/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning Community statistics on the information society

External links

• i2010 Strategy of the European Commission

See also

• Information society statistics
• Information society statistics at regional level