Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
The statistics contain monthly indices that show the development of the service industries' turnover and volume production. The development in the enterprises turnover over time may be due to a change in the volume of services sold and / or a change in the price of the same services.
The indices show the development in deflated turnover, by dividing turnover from the statistics Purchases and sales by enterprises with price index from Producer price index for services. In this way, it is possible to compare the amount of services sold in the service industries over time.
The statistics contain monthly indices that show the development of the service industries' turnover. Data is from a register of reports of VAT to the Tax Agency and from a structural statistic of workplaces. The counting unit is kind-of-activity unit (KAU), developed from an estimat for turnover found in the statistics Purchases and sales by enterprises and from the statistic Workplaces and jobs.
Data is published t+2M.
3.2. Classification system
We produce the Service production Indices for the following industries NACE Rev. 2:
Aggregates of NACE Sections: H+I+J+L+M (excl. 70.1, 72 and 75)+N;
NACE Sections: H, I, J, L, M (excl. 70.1, 72 and 75) and N;
NACE divisions of Sections: H, I, J, L, M (excl. 70.1, 72 and 75) and N.
3.3. Coverage - sector
The service sector.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Revenue: Revenue from the sale of products and services arising from the company's primary operations. Revenue is calculated after discounts and is excl. taxes, etc., directly related to the sale. Also includes work performed at own expense and entered under assets, e.g. manufacture of own machines.
Price index: A price index is used to track relative price changes. The price index measure average price changes between two time periods by comparing the price index in the two periods.
3.5. Statistical unit
Kind-of-Activity Units (KAU).
3.6. Statistical population
The statistics consist of industrie indices and include the enterprises that are part of the industries. In the underlying statistics, each industry has an individual population and sample.
3.7. Reference area
Denmark, excluding Faroe Islands and Greenland.
3.8. Coverage - Time
2021.
3.9. Base period
2021=100.
Indices.
Months.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Section 8 of the Act on Statistics Denmark secures the legal basis for collecting the data.
The statistics is regulated by: Council Regulation (EF) no. 2019/2152 of 27. November 2019 on European Business Statistics followed by the Commission Implementing Regulation 2020/1197 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to the mentioned EBS Regulation (General Implementing Act).”
If some cells in data cannot be shown due to discretion, then they are left out of the statistics, and a secondary discretion is carried out.
8.1. Release calendar
The publication date appears in the Eurostat release calendar.
8.2. Release calendar access
The Release Calender can be accessed on Eurostats website: Release Calendar.
8.3. Release policy - user access
Data are transmitted to Eurostat only in accordance with EU regulations.
Monthly.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
Not relevant for these statistics.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
A national press release is published for each quarter t+3M.
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
The statistics are published in the StatBank.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Researchers and other analysts from authorized research institutions, can be granted access to the underlying micro-data by contacting Research Services.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
These statistics are delivered monthly to Eurostat and are available through Eurostats database.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
These statistics are compiled in compliance with the OECD handbook "Compilation Manual for an Index of Service Production".
10.7. Quality management - documentation
Results from the quality evaluation of products and selected processes are available in detail for each statistics and in summary reports for the Working Group on Quality.
11.1. Quality assurance
Statistics Denmark follows the principles in the Code of Practice for European Statistics (CoP) and uses the Quality Assurance Framework of the European Statistical System (QAF) for the implementation of the principles. This involves continuous decentralized and central control of products and processes based on documentation following international standards. The central quality assurance function reports to the Working Group on Quality. Reports include suggestions for improvement that are assessed, decided and subsequently implemented.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
The reliability of the statistics increases updates on indices from Purchases and Sales by Enterprises, Producer Price Index for Services and Workplaces and jobs. When using estimates on KAU or industry level gives uncertainty to precision. We do not know the extent of uncertainty associated with these model assumptions.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Users of the statistic include industry organizations, the financial sector, public authorities and the news media.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
The statistics are delivered to Eurostat.
12.3. Completeness
Indices on Production and Turnover in Service meet the requirements in the European Regulation (EBS).
13.1. Accuracy - overall
There are no calculations of uncertainty.
13.2. Sampling error
Not relevant for these statistics.
13.3. Non-sampling error
The uncertainty of the statistics covers:
Turnover based on enterprises VAT reporting is used as approximation for turnover;
Forecast values are used for missing values of the Producer price index for services.
14.1. Timeliness
Forecast figures have been prepared for the months that have not yet been published.
14.2. Punctuality
The statistics have been published according to schedule every month.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
The statistics is made on the basis of Eurostat guidelines and is hence comparable to statistics from other EU countries under same regulation.
15.2. Comparability - over time
The statistics have been prepared for the period 2021 and beyond.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
The statistics combines an index of revenue from the statistics Purchases and Sales by Firms, as well as the price index price from Producer Price Index for Services.
Indices of Production in Service are indices for the service industries for the individual industries and are a calculation by dividing the turnover index by the price index.
The same statistics are the basis of the Production Index for the service industry are also included in the National Accounts for calculations of production in fixed prices.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Data from the statistics Purchases and Sales by Enterprises is calculated on KAU using data from the statistic Workplaces and jobs. Data is published monthly, quarterly and semi-annual. Data is estimated for the month or months with missing data.
The statistics Producer Price Index for Services are a quarterly index. Data is converted into months with the statistical method spline, and values for the months that are not data are estimated.
Data for both series is continuously revised as the figures are revised with the correct numbers.
There is no response burden as the data are supplied by existing statistics.
17.1. Data revision - policy
Statistics Denmark revises published figures in accordance with the Revision Policy for Statistics Denmark. The common procedures and principles of the Revision Policy are for some statistics supplemented by a specific revision practiceand the same revision policy is applied internally and in transmission to Eurostat.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Data have only been published in 2024 and 2025. this means that there are few data points. Therefore MR/MAR have not been calculated.
18.1. Source data
Data are loaded and recalculated to the unit 1000 DKK. Data for missing/expected declarations are imputed. All purchase and sale of a firm is included in the main industry of that firm. Hence purchase and sale not belonging to the main industry of the firm are included in the main industry of that firm. Quarterly and semi-annual data are distributed over the relevant 3 or 6 months. Data on individual firms are aggregates into industries defined in (DB07).
The two data series containing indices of Production and Turnover in Service are division based on Purchases and Sales by Enterprises, on price indices from Producer Price Index for Services (SPPI) and Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary.
The Service Production Index statistics are based on existing statistics:
Purchases and sales by enterprises
Producer Price Index for Services;
Workplaces and jobs.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Monthly and quarterly.
18.3. Data collection
The sources are the statistics covering Purchases and sales by enterprises, Producer Price Index for Services and Workplaces and jobs.
18.4. Data validation
Error detections are made at the industry and KAU level.
18.5. Data compilation
Indices on Production and Turnover in Service consists of a number of indices.
The turnover is delivered on legal unit. From the Business Register the is information on how many KAU, there is per legal unit. From the statistic Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost we get the average salary cost per workplace and their KAU. For every legal unit a total salary by KAU is calculated. The the turnover is split after share from each KAU in the legal unit.
The production indices are calculated as Index on Service Production = Index on observed monthly revenue (from Purchases and Sales by Firms) / Index on monthly Price (from Producer Price Index for Services). The indices from the Producer Price Index for Services are quarterly data. These quarterly data are converted to monthly data using the spline method.
18.6. Adjustment
To improve and harmonise the description of adjustment we answer the following questions:
Software used and version: JDemetra+, ver. 2.2.2;
The model/filter selection (manual vs. automatic): Automatic;
How often are the models and the respective parameters re-estimated: Every three years;
The horizon of revisions (how often are the seasonally adjusted time series revised and how far backwards): From 2021, at every update;
Seasonal adjustment decomposition (additive vs. multiplicative): Multiplicative;
The model used: X13-ARIMA, [(2,1,0)(0,1,1)];
The critical value for outlier detection: Automatically, determined by the number of observations in the (full) series span;
The filter length (automatically chosen vs. user-defined): Automatically;
The date of seasonal breaks in the series: None;
Indicate if indirect adjustment via components is used: Direct adjustment;
Indicate whether residual seasonality is checked and from which level of detail the aggregation is started: Not applicable;
Indicate the consistency amongst the different levels of breakdown: Not applicable.
Indices on Service Production are calculated monthly. The index is produced as calendar adjusted (CA), seasonal adjusted (SA) and as gross. Further reading on seasonal adjustment can be found at seasonal adjustment.
The statistic of Indices for Production and Turnover in Service is based on statistic with the following documentation of statistics:
The statistics contain monthly indices that show the development of the service industries' turnover and volume production. The development in the enterprises turnover over time may be due to a change in the volume of services sold and / or a change in the price of the same services.
The indices show the development in deflated turnover, by dividing turnover from the statistics Purchases and sales by enterprises with price index from Producer price index for services. In this way, it is possible to compare the amount of services sold in the service industries over time.
The statistics contain monthly indices that show the development of the service industries' turnover. Data is from a register of reports of VAT to the Tax Agency and from a structural statistic of workplaces. The counting unit is kind-of-activity unit (KAU), developed from an estimat for turnover found in the statistics Purchases and sales by enterprises and from the statistic Workplaces and jobs.
Data is published t+2M.
12 June 2025
Revenue: Revenue from the sale of products and services arising from the company's primary operations. Revenue is calculated after discounts and is excl. taxes, etc., directly related to the sale. Also includes work performed at own expense and entered under assets, e.g. manufacture of own machines.
Price index: A price index is used to track relative price changes. The price index measure average price changes between two time periods by comparing the price index in the two periods.
Kind-of-Activity Units (KAU).
The statistics consist of industrie indices and include the enterprises that are part of the industries. In the underlying statistics, each industry has an individual population and sample.
Denmark, excluding Faroe Islands and Greenland.
Months.
There are no calculations of uncertainty.
Indices.
Indices on Production and Turnover in Service consists of a number of indices.
The turnover is delivered on legal unit. From the Business Register the is information on how many KAU, there is per legal unit. From the statistic Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost we get the average salary cost per workplace and their KAU. For every legal unit a total salary by KAU is calculated. The the turnover is split after share from each KAU in the legal unit.
The production indices are calculated as Index on Service Production = Index on observed monthly revenue (from Purchases and Sales by Firms) / Index on monthly Price (from Producer Price Index for Services). The indices from the Producer Price Index for Services are quarterly data. These quarterly data are converted to monthly data using the spline method.
Data are loaded and recalculated to the unit 1000 DKK. Data for missing/expected declarations are imputed. All purchase and sale of a firm is included in the main industry of that firm. Hence purchase and sale not belonging to the main industry of the firm are included in the main industry of that firm. Quarterly and semi-annual data are distributed over the relevant 3 or 6 months. Data on individual firms are aggregates into industries defined in (DB07).
The two data series containing indices of Production and Turnover in Service are division based on Purchases and Sales by Enterprises, on price indices from Producer Price Index for Services (SPPI) and Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary.
The Service Production Index statistics are based on existing statistics:
Purchases and sales by enterprises
Producer Price Index for Services;
Workplaces and jobs.
Monthly.
Forecast figures have been prepared for the months that have not yet been published.
The statistics is made on the basis of Eurostat guidelines and is hence comparable to statistics from other EU countries under same regulation.
The statistics have been prepared for the period 2021 and beyond.
