1.1. Contact organisation
Statistical Service of Cyprus (Cystat)
1.2. Contact organisation unit
Services and Transport Statistics Unit
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
Michael Karaoli Str., 1444 Nicosia, Cyprus
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
12 June 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
12 June 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
12 June 2025
3.1. Data description
Services Turnover Index.
3.2. Classification system
NACE Rev. 2.
3.3. Coverage - sector
Turnover (value): aggregate and sections and divisions of NACE Rev.2 according to the requirements under the EBS Regulation.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Services Turnover as defined in the Commission Implementing Regulation 2020/1197.
The indicators in this sector cover economic activities listed in sections H, I, J, L, M and N of NACE (H-Transportation and Storage, I-Accommodation and food service activities, J-Information and communication, L-Real estate activities, M-Professional, scientific and technical activities [excluding activities of head offices, scientific research and development and veterinary activities], N-Administrative and support service activities).
3.5. Statistical unit
Kind of activity unit (KAU).
3.6. Statistical population
The statistical units aggregate and sections H, I, J, L, M (excluding M701, M72, M75), N classified in NACE Rev. 2. The frame is the Business Register.
3.7. Reference area
Republic of Cyprus
3.8. Coverage - Time
Data are available as from 2000.
3.9. Base period
Base year 2021.
Index (2021=100).
Monthly
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Article 3 of the national Official Statistics Law of 2021 No. 25(I) of 2021 defines the functions of the Statistical Service of Cyprus regarding the production and dissemination of official statistics. Moreover, Article 13, explicitly stipulates the mandate for data collection and introduces a mandatory response to statistical enquiries by stipulating the obligation of respondents to reply to surveys and provide the data required. This relates not only to national but also to European statistics which, by virtue of Article 8 of the said Law, are incorporated in the annual and multiannual programmes of work without any further procedure.
The legal basis for the short-term statistics is the European Business Statistics (EBS) Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on 27 November 2019, followed by the Commission Implementing Regulation 2020/1197 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to the mentioned EBS Regulation (General Implementing Act). The former legal basis for the STS indicators is the Council Regulation No 1165/98 of 19 May 1998 concerning short-term statistics and subsequent amending regulations.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Apart from Eurostat, the index is not transmitted to any other international organisations.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Official statistics are released in accordance to all confidentiality provisions of the following:
- National Official Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021 (especially Article 16 on statistical confidentiality).
- Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on European statistics and its later amendments (especially Chapter 5 on statistical confidentiality).
- European Statistics Code of Practice (especially Principle 5 on statistical confidentiality).
- CYSTAT's Code of Practice for the Collection, Publication and Storage of Statistical Data.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
No data is considered confidential at the level published. The treatment of confidential data is regulated by CYSTAT's Code of Practice for the Collection, Publication and Storage of Statistical Data.
The link is as follows:Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data
8.1. Release calendar
In the framework of its mission, CYSTAT provides high-quality statistical information, through the web portal and social media, with the use of statistical products such as announcements, interactive tables, predefined tables, metadata, infographics and publications. The principles and the legal framework governing the dissemination of official statistical data are defined and explained in the document “Dissemination Policy”. The means of dissemination, the main statistical products and the services provided to the users, are also presented. Additionally, the document describes the procedures for data revision and error treatment. The link is as follows:Dissemination Policy of the Statistical Service of Cyprus (cystat.gov.cy)
An annual release calendar is prepared and forwarded to Eurostat. At national level, a release calendar with preliminary dates for the next four months is published at Cystat web portal (Link under Dissemination Policy of the Statistical Service of Cyprus). Announcements are confirmed on the Friday preceding their release. Notifications about the dissemination of statistics are published in the release calendar, which is available on CYSTAT’s new web portal. The annual release calendar, announced during the 4th quarter of the year, includes provisional dates of publication for the following year, which are finalised the week before publication.
8.2. Release calendar access
The release calendar published at national level can be found at: Release Calendar
8.3. Release policy - user access
As provided in article 4(1) of the Official Statistics Law (Law No. 25(I)/2021) Official Statistics Law of 2021 regarding the principle of impartiality, statistics are disseminated in such a way that all users have equal and simultaneous access to the data. The index is also transmitted to Eurostat at the level of detail required by the relevant Regulation according to the established Release Calendar.
Link to the Dissemination and Pricing Policy of the Statistical Service of Cyprus can be found at: Dissemination Policy of the Statistical Service of Cyprus
The compilation of the Index follows the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on European business statistics. The Index is transmitted to the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) according to the deadlines provided by the regulation. In addition to gross data, both seasonally and calendar adjusted data are transmitted. The Indices are published at national level only in their gross form on a quarterly basis.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
Data for base year 2021=100 are available only in the CYSTAT-DB Online Database at the following link: PxWeb - Select table (cystat.gov.cy). There is a regular quarterly news release accompanied the data.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
The indices are available at the new Cystat web portal, under the following link:PxWeb - Select table (cystat.gov.cy)
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
CYSTAT-DB is the online database of the Statistical Service of Cyprus. It gives users the ability to produce the desired table, to format the presentation, to edit and make calculations and to save it in any form available. Additionally, requests can be saved and used at a later stage to get the updated table with the latest available statistics. It is an interactive tool, providing the possibility to create customized tables for services statistics. CYSTAT-DB can be accessed from the home page or alternatively from the pages of statistical sub-themes.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
There is no microdata access to outside users.
Under the provisions of the Statistics Law, CYSTAT may release microdata for the sole use of scientific research. Applicants have to submit the request form "APPLICATION FOR DATA FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES" giving thorough information on the project for which micro-data are needed.The application is evaluated by CYSTAT’s Confidentiality Committee and if the application is approved, a charge is fixed according to the volume and time consumed for preparation of the data. Micro-data may then be released after an anonymisation process which ensures no direct identification of the statistical units but, at the same time, ensures usability of the data.
Relevant policies are under the following links: Personal Data Protection at CYSTAT, Dissemination Policy of the Statistical Service of Cyprus and Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Indices are transmitted to Eurostat and are used for the calculation of European aggregates.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
A methodological note is available on Cystat web portal at: Services - Methodological Information
10.7. Quality management - documentation
Not available.
11.1. Quality assurance
The quality of statistics in CYSTAT is managed in the framework of the European Statistics Code of Practice which sets the standards for developing, producing and disseminating European Statistics as well as the ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF). CYSTAT endorses the Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System. In addition, CYSTAT is guided by the requirements provided for in Article 11 of the Statistics Law No. 25(I) of 2021 as well as Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics, which sets out the quality criteria to be applied in the development, production and dissemination of European statistics.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
The quality of statistics is assessed according to the following quality criteria: relevance, accuracy, timeliness, punctuality, accessibility and clarity, coherence and comparability. The quality indicators are assessed taking into account Eurostat defined methodology and recommendations. On the basis of the above criteria, the indicator is assessed as being of good quality.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Eurostat, Ministry of Finance, the Central Bank, economic analysts, enterprises from various economic domains, industrial federations, media, researchers, national accounts.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
A user satisfaction survey is carried out on an annual basis since 2008 (with the exception of 2010, 2013 and 2020) but is not specific to short-term indicators. It does not allow for adequate conclusions to be made on this specific indicator. The results of the surveys are available on CYSTAT’s web portal at the link attached below. Overall, there is a high level of satisfaction of the users of statistical data published by CYSTAT.
The results of Cystat's user satisfaction surveys can be found at User Satisfaction Survey.
12.3. Completeness
The data are transmitted to Eurostat at the level of detail required by the Regulation. They are also published at national level at Cystat web portal at NACE Divisions level.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
The Services Turnover Index is based on a sample survey, so errors from sampling are likely to occur. Coverage errors, measurement errors, non-response errors, processing errors are considered to be small but nevertheless actions are undertaken to reduce these different types of errors as much as possible. When publishing the Services Turnover Index, data on the previous months/quarters may be revised, primarily as a result of updated information received from the responding units. Data revisions are usually done one quarter after the end of the reference quarter. To assess the magnitude of the revisions, the relative mean absolute revisions (RMAR) measure has been used to the data of the base year 2010. No calculations have been performed for the data of the base year 2015.
13.2. Sampling error
There are around 900 enterprises in the sample for NACE Rev. 2 Sections H, I, J, M, N. The weights used for the index are based on the turnover derived from the SBS survey for 2015. No coefficient of variations have been calculated for the data of the base year 2015. Updated information with the sample of the new base year will be transmitted as soon as the indices will be released free.
13.3. Non-sampling error
For the Services Turnover Index, non-sampling error is not quantified, but is considered to be small. Cystat tries to reduce non-sampling error through continuous methodological improvements and survey process improvements. In particular,
- The Business Register is of fundamental importance to the compilation of the STS indices. The register is updated every year from administrative sources. Allowing coordination between the various units within Cystat, the Business Register is being updated with new, additional or amended information for the enterprises (e.g. change of contact details, employment size, economic activity codes) since the frame information is being checked to see whether it is up to date.
- The personnel working at the collection stage is well experienced and properly guided. At the end of the year the interviewer confirms the total value of turnover for the year ending. Moreover, each quarter the enterprises are re-interviewed for the turnover of the previous quarter in order to confirm the quality of the data provided. Furthermore, comparison of the enterprises' data is being made with the annual data provided for the SBS survey.
- The respondents are well informed about the concepts and the items that are generally to be included/excluded.
- To minimise the respondent’s burden as much as possible, the questionnaire is designed to be clear and simple. The data collection is made using the means that each enterprise prefers (telephone, e-mail or personal interview) in order to reduce non-response.
- The response rate of the first release is around 90%. The non response rate is mainly due to non availability of data by some responding units. The responding units that do not have final data for the quarter in question, provide provisional data (which are revised with the next release) or provide data only for the two months of the reference quarter. The number of these enterprises is negligible. Usually, missing data refer to small enterprises with limited impact on final results, while for non-responding enterprises with significant effect, estimation is being made using enterprises' previous quarter’s and last year’s data.
- There are many ways of trying to encourage response and minimise refusals, including reminders to the non responding units before resorting to the enforcement measures laid down in national legislation.
- Many checks are carried out at micro level. Responses are compared to the response of previous quarters’ turnover values, as well as last year’s corresponding quarter. Inconsistencies or large deviations are checked. Also during the data editing process, the value entered is being checked twice.
- The coding of the economic activity (NACE Rev. 2) is changed, if necessary.
- To ensure the quality of the time series, comparative analyses are made with the previous years’s results. If inconsistencies are detected, the data are verified at micro level again by using the raw data of the questionnaire or by contacting the responding units for explanations and confirmation of the data.
- Index results are compared to annual SBS results and any significant deviations are examined further.
14.1. Timeliness
Indices are submitted to Eurostat acccording to the deadlines provided by the Regulation. The compilation of the Index follows the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on European business statistics. The Index is transmitted to the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat). In addition to gross data, both seasonally and calendar adjusted data are transmitted. The Indices are published at national level only in their gross form on a quarterly basis.
14.2. Punctuality
Both Eurostat and national deadlines are respected. All releases are delivered on time based on the scheduled release dates.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
It is possible to compare the national index with that of other European countries, as full compliance with the definitions of the variables laid down in the EBSR is achieved. The EBS Regulation and the methodological manuals and guidelines are applied.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Indices are comparable over time. When significant changes are introduced (e.g. change of classification, base year or methodology), historical time series are recalculated as far back as it is reasonably possible. There are no breaks in series.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
When SBS data become available, these are compared on unit level with the yearly averages of the values reported for the index; when discrepancies are identified, these reporting units are being contacted and the reason is sought. If necessary, appropriate amendments are made. Most of the times discrepancies are the result of more up to date information being available for SBS purposes. The results are consistent.
Also, validations on final indices before their dissemination are applied using as input other related indices, such as tourism statistics (for NACE Rev. 2 Division 55), construction statistics and building permits (for NACE Rev. 2 Division 71).
15.4. Coherence - internal
The data are internally consistent.
No cost and burden exercise has been recently performed.
17.1. Data revision - policy
The production and dissemination of revised figures is an integral part of the STS compilation process. Routine revisions are primarily the result of updated information received from the responding units. Major revisions occur in order to take account of the availability of a new structural source that is only collected at long intervals, an update of the base year and the weights of an index series, methodological changes such as changes in concepts, definitions and/or classifications used to produce the data and new legal acts entering into force. Unexpected revisions may also occur due to unforeseeable events, such as errors either from the data provider or during compilation.
There is a formal revision policy at Cystat. Cystat publishes its Revision Policy on its web portal Revision Policy (cystat.gov.cy) describing the general rules and principles governing the procedure of revising data published by Cystat. The policy is based on the guidelines of the European Statistical System (ESS) regarding revision policies for Principal European Economic Indicators, also taking into account the Quality Assurance Framework of the ESS and the European Statistics Code of Practice, link under European Statistics Code of Practice.
CYSTAT also publishes a list of scheduled revisions (regular or major revisions), also published on its web portal. As part of this policy, CYSTAT publishes a list of scheduled revisions on an annual basis, which can be found on the Release Calendar page.
The same practice is applied both to data released nationally and to data transmitted to Eurostat. When revised data are transmitted to Eurostat, these are flagged accordingly and accompanied by the necessary explanations.
Furthermore, CYSTAT has set its strategic goal to provide high-quality statistical information in an objective, transparent, reliable and timely manner. CYSTAT consider quality to be its main advantage in a world experiencing a growing trend of instant information which often lacks the necessary proof of quality. In order to realise strategic goals it is imperative to establish policies which ensure that an organisation is moving towards the right direction. For this reason, CYSTAT establishes the "Quality Policy" which forms the basis of all statistical activities and leads towards continuous improvement of its statistical output.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Routine revisions are carried out by Cystat in order to improve disseminated provisional figures in a way that important information is published as promptly as possible and the number of such revisions is kept to the minimum over a given period of time. Major revisions are backwards implemented for the complete time-series or up to the point where it is feasible and are coordinated across statistical domains. Major revisions are well documented and made public, with an explanation of the reasons for the revision.
When published statistical data are provisional, this is indicated both in the text and the relevant tables. When revised data are disseminated by Cystat, they are appropriately flagged both in the text and the relevant tables and are accompanied by explanatory notes, if needed.
When the revisions are major, non-regular or non-scheduled, the explanatory notes contain information explaining the reasons for revising the data and, where relevant, new methodologies or new sources. Also, Cystat carries out regularly an analysis of the revised data at statistical domain level, in order to assess and improve the quality of provisional figures published and the overall revisions procedure.
When publishing the Services Turnover Index, data on the previous months/quarters may be revised, primarily as a result of updated information received from the responding units. Data revisions are usually done one quarter after the end of the reference quarter. The information is based on the data of the base year 2015.
The Mean Revision (MR) of year-on-year growth rates for the two digit codes of NACE of Turnover in Services Index for calendar adjusted data, taking into account 20 values/growth rates, is as follows: H49 (1,84%), H50 (0,84%), H51 (0%), H52 (0,56%), H53 (-0,14%), I55 (8,71%), I56 (-0,30%), J58 (0,75%), J59 (0,11%), J60 (0,13%), J61 (0,42%), J62 (0,24%), J63 (6,0%), M69 (-0,15%), M70 (0,23%), M71 (2,50%), M73 (0,11%), M74 (1,76%), N78 (0,91%), N79 (3,73%), N80 (0,15%), N812 (0,70%), N82 (-0,25%).
The Mean Average Revision (MAR) of year-on-year growth rates for the two digit codes of NACE of the Turnover in Services Index for calendar adjusted, taking into account 20 values/growth rates, is as follows: H49 (1,95%), H50 (1,20%), H51 (0%), H52 (0,83%), H53 (0,53%), I55 (9,14%), I56 (0,61%), J58 (0,91%), J59 (2,30%), J60 (0,85%), J61 (0,46%), J62 (3,04%), J63 (6,65%), M69 (0,98%), M70 (1,71%), M71 (3,94%), M73 (1,22%), M74 (3,77%), N78 (1,42%), N79 (8,79%), N80 (0,57%), N812 (1,74%), N82 (1,47%).
18.1. Source data
The data for NACE Rev. 2 Sections H, I, J, M, N are collected by survey. Around 900 enterprises are surveyed. The method is systematic probability sampling proportional to size. In special cases such as replacements or deaths/births of significant enterprises, the sample is updated appropriately. After the end of each quarter, enterprises are contacted in order to provide their turnover data for the last three months. Data are entered and processed in Access database and indices are produced 60 days after the end of the reference period.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Monthly/Quarterly
18.3. Data collection
The majority of the enterprises are contacted by e-mail and telephone. Close cooperation and telephone contacts with the data providers are performed in order to ensure high quality of the data. Re-contacts by e-mail and phone as many times as necessary increase the rate of response. The response rate reaches on average 89%.
18.4. Data validation
NACE Rev. 2 Sections H, I, J, M, N: Monthly, quarterly and year-to-year validation checks are performed on microdata level in order to flag any possible data errors for investigation and appropriate correction. Validations on final indices before their dissemination are also applied using as input other related indices such as tourism statistics, construction statistics, building permits.
18.5. Data compilation
A Laspeyres index is compiled with fixed base year. Weights are calculated based on the turnover in the base year (derived from the SBS survey).
18.6. Adjustment
- Indicate the software used and version
JDemetra+, version 2.2.3
- Indicate the model/filter selection (manual vs. automatic)
Generally, automatic selection is used but, quite often, manual selection is necessary in cases when the automatic selection does not produce well fitted models.
- How often are the models and the respective parameters re-estimated
Systematically, models are re-estimated when the final gross data of the previous year are available. Also, models are re-estimated in case of multiannual gross data revisions. Parameters can be re-estimated more frequently in cases the model does not provide a good fit.
- Indicate the horizon of revisions (how often are the seasonally adjusted time series revised and how far backwards)
Seasonally adjusted time series are revised with each new period back to the first reference date.
- Indicate seasonal adjustment decomposition (additive vs. multiplicative)
Automatic decomposition is used. For the components of the Index with positive values, the decomposition is always multiplicative. For series with zero values, it is a case-by-case treatment.
- Indicate the model used
Models may change at least once a year and vary among the different components of each Index. Some of the ARIMA models used for the various series of this Index are: [(0,1,1)(0,1,1)], [(1,1,1)(0,1,1)], [(1,0,0)(0,1,1)], [(0,1,1)(0,0,0)], etc.
- Indicate the critical value for outlier detection
3.5
- Indicate the filter length (automatically chosen vs. user-defined)
TRAMO-SEATS method (therefore there is no filter, question not applicable) is used.
- Indicate the date of seasonal breaks in the series
There are no seasonal breaks.
- Indicate if indirect adjustment via components is used
No, we use direct adjustment, adjusting the aggregate and the components independently.
- Indicate whether residual seasonality is checked and from which level of detail the aggregation is started
Residual seasonally is checked for all levels. The direct adjustment method is used.
- Indicate the consistency amongst the different levels of breakdown
In the direct adjustment method, the different levels of breakdown do not need to be consistent. In the choice between no residual seasonality and level consistency, our choice is to provide good quality seasonally adjusted series without residual seasonality.
No additional comments.
Services Turnover Index.
12 June 2025
Services Turnover as defined in the Commission Implementing Regulation 2020/1197.
The indicators in this sector cover economic activities listed in sections H, I, J, L, M and N of NACE (H-Transportation and Storage, I-Accommodation and food service activities, J-Information and communication, L-Real estate activities, M-Professional, scientific and technical activities [excluding activities of head offices, scientific research and development and veterinary activities], N-Administrative and support service activities).
Kind of activity unit (KAU).
The statistical units aggregate and sections H, I, J, L, M (excluding M701, M72, M75), N classified in NACE Rev. 2. The frame is the Business Register.
Republic of Cyprus
Monthly
The Services Turnover Index is based on a sample survey, so errors from sampling are likely to occur. Coverage errors, measurement errors, non-response errors, processing errors are considered to be small but nevertheless actions are undertaken to reduce these different types of errors as much as possible. When publishing the Services Turnover Index, data on the previous months/quarters may be revised, primarily as a result of updated information received from the responding units. Data revisions are usually done one quarter after the end of the reference quarter. To assess the magnitude of the revisions, the relative mean absolute revisions (RMAR) measure has been used to the data of the base year 2010. No calculations have been performed for the data of the base year 2015.
Index (2021=100).
A Laspeyres index is compiled with fixed base year. Weights are calculated based on the turnover in the base year (derived from the SBS survey).
The data for NACE Rev. 2 Sections H, I, J, M, N are collected by survey. Around 900 enterprises are surveyed. The method is systematic probability sampling proportional to size. In special cases such as replacements or deaths/births of significant enterprises, the sample is updated appropriately. After the end of each quarter, enterprises are contacted in order to provide their turnover data for the last three months. Data are entered and processed in Access database and indices are produced 60 days after the end of the reference period.
The compilation of the Index follows the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on European business statistics. The Index is transmitted to the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat) according to the deadlines provided by the regulation. In addition to gross data, both seasonally and calendar adjusted data are transmitted. The Indices are published at national level only in their gross form on a quarterly basis.
Indices are submitted to Eurostat acccording to the deadlines provided by the Regulation. The compilation of the Index follows the provisions of Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on European business statistics. The Index is transmitted to the Statistical Office of the European Union (Eurostat). In addition to gross data, both seasonally and calendar adjusted data are transmitted. The Indices are published at national level only in their gross form on a quarterly basis.
It is possible to compare the national index with that of other European countries, as full compliance with the definitions of the variables laid down in the EBSR is achieved. The EBS Regulation and the methodological manuals and guidelines are applied.
Indices are comparable over time. When significant changes are introduced (e.g. change of classification, base year or methodology), historical time series are recalculated as far back as it is reasonably possible. There are no breaks in series.
