Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
Short-term Statistics Unit, Directory of Economic Statistics
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
Vllazën Huta Street, Building 35, Entrance 1, Tirana, ZIP Code 1017 Tirana
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
18 March 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
18 March 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
18 March 2025
3.1. Data description
Net-turnover (value) in services is a quarterly short-term indicator used for the business cycle analysis. The main source for Turnover index in Services is the Quarterly Survey of Short-term Statistics, Questionnaire on Services (Module 126, 1261 127, 128, 129, 1231, 1232) combined with administrative data.
3.2. Classification system
Statistical classification of economic activities NACE Rev.2.
3.3. Coverage - sector
The survey (for this indicator) covers enterprises classified in sections H to N of NACE Rev.2.
H - Transport and storage covers economic activities listed in codes 49 to 53
Railway transport covers economic activities listed in code 49
Maritime transport covers economic activities listed in code 50
Air transport covers economic activities listed in code 51
Warehousing and support activities for transportation covers economic activities listed in code 52
Postal and courier activities covers economic activities listed in code 53
I - Hotel covers economic activities listed in code 55.00
Bar, Restaurant covers economic activities listed in code 56.00
J - Information and communication covers economic activities listed in codes 58, 61, 62
Publishing activities covers economic activities listed in code 58
Telecommunications covers economic activities listed in code 61
Computer programming, consultancy and related activities covers economic activities listed in code 62
M - Architectural and engineering activities covers economic activities listed in code 71
N - Travel agency covers economic activities listed in code 79.
The survey covers all large and medium-sized enterprises as well as a representative number of small enterprises. A stratum is determined according to classes and is based on number of employed.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
The objective of the net-turnover index in services is to show the development of the market for goods and services. Turnover comprises the totals invoiced by the observation unit during the reference period, and this corresponds to market sales of goods or services supplied to third parties. Turnover also includes all other charges (transport, packaging, etc.) passed on to the customer, even if these charges are listed separately in the invoice. Turnover excludes VAT and other similar deductible taxes directly linked to turnover as well as all duties and taxes on the goods or services invoiced by the unit. The indices of domestic and export turnover require turnover to be split according to the first destination of the product based on the change of ownership. The destination is determined by the residency of the third party that purchased the goods and services. The indices of domestic and export turnover are collected but not published.
3.5. Statistical unit
The statistical unit is the enterprise.
In cases where the enterprise carries out multiple economic activities, the kind-of-activity unit (KAU) is applied.
3.6. Statistical population
Statistical population includes statistical units, in this case enterprises, which operate in economic activities according to NACE Rev. 2, Trade (section G, divisions 45,46) Services (section H, divisions 49-53, section I, division 55.1, section J, divisions 58-63, section M, division 71, section N, division 79). The enterprises with 1-9 employed are surveyed by sample survey, whereas the enterprises with 10 and more employed are surveyed exhaustively.
3.7. Reference area
Turnover Index in Services covers the whole territory of Albania.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Quarterly Short-term Statistics Survey referred to Turnover Index in Services date from 2006 onwards.
3.9. Base period
Starting from the first quarter of 2024, the base year 2021 (2021 = 100) is in use.
Measurement unit are Indices, percentage changes (%).
The information collected refers to quarterly periods. This report is based on reference year 2024.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
The legal basis on which STS indicators are based consist on:
Since first quarter of 2018 until fourth quarter of 2023 the data for Turnover Index in Services were transmitted regularly to Eurostat. In 2024, as monthly data transmission is required, it has not continued because the STS sector only produced quarterly indexes.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
Data are considered strictly confidential and are used only for statistical and research purposes based on national Statistical Law No.17/2018 “On Official Statistics”, date 10 March 2018 and on Law No.9887, date 10 March 2008 “Personal Data Protection”. Article 31 on Statistics Law reads as follows: Data collected for the production of official statistics shall be treated by INSTAT as confidential and shall be used only in aggregated tables that will not identify the source information unit. Direct identification means when a statistical unit is directly identified from its name or address or any officially allocated and commonly known identification number. When data processing is made in a manner that allows the identification of the data subject, the data should immediately be encrypted in order for the subjects to be no longer identifiable.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Albanian Institute of Statistics protects and does not disseminate data it has obtained or it has access to, which enable the direct or indirect identification of the statistical units. Albania Institute of Statistics takes all appropriate preventive measures so as to render impossible the identification of individual statistical units by technical or other means that might reasonably be used by a third party. Statistical data that could potentially enable the identification of the statistical unit are disseminated by Albania Institute of Statistics if and only if:
these data have been treated, as it is specifically set out in the Regulation, in such a way that their dissemination does not prejudice statistical confidentiality
the statistical unit has given its consent, without any reservations, for the disclosure of data.
The confidential data that are transmitted to Albania Institute of Statistics are used exclusively for statistical purposes and the only persons who have the right to have access to these data are the personnel engaged in this task. Issues referring to the observance of statistical confidentiality are examined by the staff working in Albania Institute of Statistics. The responsibilities of this staff are to recommend on: which detailed level the statistical data can be disseminated, so as the identification, either directly or indirectly, of the surveyed statistical unit is not possible; the anonymization criteria for the microdata provided to users; the access granting to researchers on confidential data for scientific purposes.
8.1. Release calendar
Notifications about the dissemination of statistics are published in the release calendar, which is available on the website. The announcements and delays are per-announced in this calendar. In the case of delays, the date of the next publication and the explanation of the reasons for the delays are specified.
8.2. Release calendar access
The Calendar of publications available on INSTAT website.
8.3. Release policy - user access
In line with the article 34 of Law No.17/2018 “On Official Statistics”, dated in 17 April 2018, disseminates statistics on INSTSAT website and other media for simultaneous access, respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. Data are regularly transmitted to Eurostat shortly after the National News Releases. Users can also access the data directly through the official Eurostat website.
The following dissemination channels are used to release the results:
Data request, section available for external users.
The Turnover Index in Services is disseminated on quarterly basis.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
According to the calendar of publications, press release regarding to Short-term Statistics is published quarterly. The format of press release has not been changed; it is defined by publication sector as well as the date of release. Press releases of STS are published online at INSTATs website.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
Press release is published in INSTAT’s website, under sub-theme: Short Term Statistics.
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
All the information is available in both Albanian and English language. Since 2011, the information is provided to external users in web through the Pc-Axis system. A short methodological explanation exists also in the web page. You can access the database on the section Statistical Database.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Databases at micro level are not published due to confidentiality reasons. Aggregated data is the only type of data that is provided to external users. Even though the micro data are not published they can be accessed based on the article 31, point 7 of the low No. 17/2018, dated 17 April 2018 “On official statistics”.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Data transmission to Eurostat is done each quarter via Edamis system.
Users can send other specific requests through a dedicated section for Contacts.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
A short explanation related to the definitions of the main concepts and methodological explanations are provided to users in the end of press releases and publications. Additional support information is given to internal users when needed or required. Also the Methodological notes are published at INSTAT’s website.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
The Short-term Statistics unit documents all processes and procedures used for calculations related to STS for internal purposes.
11.1. Quality assurance
INSTAT is committed to ensure the highest quality with respect to the compilation of statistical information. In accordance with the Statistics Law, INSTAT use statistical methods and processes in compliance with internationally recognized scientific principles and standards conduct ongoing analyses of the statistics with a view to quality improvements and ensure that statistics are as up to-date. In performing its tasks, it follows the general principles of quality management from the European Statistics Code of Practice. INSTAT declares that it takes into account the following principles: impartiality, quality of processes and products, user orientation, employee orientation, effectiveness of statistical processes, reducing the workload for respondents.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
A comparison is made with data of previous year to see if there is any data coherence or if there were major changes.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Users are classified as external and internal.
External users are:
Ministries and public administrations that use these data for economic and social policy planning purposes.
Universities (professors/graduated and post graduate students), research organizations.
National and international NGO’s.
Enterprises.
General public which gets the information via mass media through publications made by Statistical Office.
Eurostat.
Internal users are those within the institution of INSTAT:
National Account Directory
Statistical Business Register
Employment and wages Sector
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
INSTAT annually conducts the Survey for Measuring User Satisfaction, the results of which are published on the web at the link: User Satisfaction Survey.
The 2024 survey results show that the overall quality of the topic " Short-Term Statistics was rated 3.83 (76.6 %) on a scale of 1 (very poor) to 5 (very good).
12.3. Completeness
Short-term Statistics on their completeness are built in accordance with Eurostat regulations. The degree of completeness of the data, for the survey of STS 2024 is 76.6 %. This calculation took into account the European regulation. As a result, the compilation of Turnover Index in Services and the data provided are in line with the relevant EU Regulations.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
Overall, the data are checked with previous years and previous quarter to identify any significant changes.
The sampled population of STS 2024 includes approximately 11,000 enterprises that are surveyed each quarter, from these around 3,300 enterprises are in Services activities. Sampling design is stratified simple random sampling. Criteria used for stratification is the number of employees according to the NACE Rev. 2 3-digit level.
Calculating the estimates of statistical data and analysis evaluating outliers are done regularly. The overall accuracy rate is high, considering the high response rate. To calculate the estimates, Horvitz-Thompson estimator is used, that is unbiased. The accuracy of the estimates is reached by eliminating sampling errors and non-sampling errors, such as coverage, non-response, response mistakes and processing errors.
Coverage errors reasons are: misclassification of units and changes in state of reporting units. In case of non-response, units are contacted by telephone and email. The sampling error in percent (CV) is calculated for main indicators of survey that are published every quarter.
13.2. Sampling error
Sampling error is treated in the internal technical reports, where, for main indicators in survey we calculate the total variance and relative standard errors, to eliminate the negative effect of NACE activity changed in STS time series. All indicator values are weighted to represent the population.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Unit non-response takes in consideration enterprises that are unable or unwilling to give the answers or when interviewers are unable to find the enterprises address, or when other barriers exist to complete the interview. The unit non-response rate in average for STS 2024 is 3.41 %.
14.1. Timeliness
Results of Turnover Index in Services are published on INSTAT website 77 days after the end of the reference period (Q+ 77 days). The reference period of these results is December 31st, 2024. In 2024, as monthly data transmission is required, it has not continued because the STS sector only produced quarterly indexes.
Reference period: 31 December 2024
Date of publication: 18 March 2025
Timeliness: 77 days
14.2. Punctuality
The data of Turnover Index in Services are disseminated according to the publication calendar. The reference period of these results is December 31st, 2024. The data are transmitted to Eurostat on quarterly bases.
Reference period: 31 December 2024
Date of announcement: 18 March 2025
Date of publication: 18 March 2025
Time lag: 0 days
15.1. Comparability - geographical
The data related to Turnover Index in Services are prepared in accordance with Eurostat methodology and are comparable at international level. These data are comprehensive and produced at the country level.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Over the years Turnover Index in Services has undergone changes in coverage and in the method of selection. Quarterly Survey of Enterprises has started for the first time in 2005. Enterprises with 1-9 employed are sampled with selection, while enterprises with over than 10 employed are taken exhaustively, without changing the scope of coverage. In 2012, the population of Turnover Index in Services is changed as a result of updating the Register of Enterprises with the results of the Economic Enterprises Census 2010. All changes are back casted and reported in the methodological explanations of publications. In 2014 in Turnover Index in Services it was implemented the nomenclature of economic activities, NACE Rev. 2, the weights structure it is updated, and changing the base period of the indices from 2005 to 2010.
In 2019 the structure of the base period of the indices changed from 2010 to 2015.In 2024, in Short-Term Statistics the weights structure is updated and the basic index period has changed from 2015 to 2021. All these changes in the indices series are not disconnected, but the indices are back casted. These changes are reported in the methodological explanations that go together with respective publications.
Short-term Statistics data by quarters according to NACE Rev. 2 Economic Activity Classification date back to 2006 referring to the statistical database providing a time comparability of 19 years (CC2 = Jlast-Jfirst + 1 = 19).
The data are constantly checked to ensure their comparability over time.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
STS turnover in services is for the greater part measured by using VAT data. For the enterprise that VAT data are not available data are collected through sample survey. There is no other statistical product that could be used for cross checking instead of the current indicators.
15.4. Coherence - internal
The internal consistency of the data is checked before it is finalized. The links between variables are checked and coherence between different data series confirmed. Short-term Statistics specialists work together with relevant departments to ensure consistency and coherence of statistical indicators.
STS cost includes information on the permanent and temporary number of the staff. STS number of staff are as following:
Total staff in Central Office 1 employees
Logistics specialists 1 employees
Enumerators 144 employees
Controllers 9 employees
Administrative data are sent to INSTAT at no cost. based on Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) between INSTAT, GDT (General Directorate of Taxes) and NBC (National Business Centre). Other sources are considered BR, previous STS, etc. STS staff manages the control and analysis of data, so these two processes have no additional cost.
17.1. Data revision - policy
Revision policy is done in accordance with general revision policy and errors treatment policy introduced by INSTAT in the links below:
The same revision policy is applied to national releases and transmissions to Eurostat.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Published data are not considered final; they may be revised. Data are revised in the whole range or for other reasons such as: Implementation of the new NACE classification, methodological changes, new information or data improvements and error correction. But the revisions are generally rather limited in scale. Revision of the previous quarter is possible during each quarter and adjustments can be made at the end of each year for the four quarters.
During 2024 the net-turnover in services index has not been revised. No numeric values are available for MR and MAR indicators.
18.1. Source data
Data are based on quarterly statistical surveys and administrative source. The basis of selection is the Register of active enterprises for the reference year. Classification of enterprises is done according to the Nomenclature of Economic Activities, NACE Rev. 2. Frame population is determined by two basic criteria: Size of enterprise (based on number of employed) and economic activity in scope, with cut-off. The method of selection used is Stratified Simple Random Sampling (SRS). Stratification is based on a combination of economic activity with size group of the enterprise. Indicators are presented for economic activities according to the areas specified in the STS regulation and also based on user needs.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Quarterly.
18.3. Data collection
During 2024, data were provided in a combined way through administrative sources and through questionnaires for the part not covered by the administrative source. Data collection continued to be conducted using the CAPI method. The duration of this survey is 10 working days.
18.4. Data validation
Data received from survey and from VAT file are validated using logical validation rules.
At national level, editing involves studying data from respondents with the aim of identifying (and eventually correcting) errors. Not all errors can be identified and the aim is to detect the errors that have a significant influence on the results.
Rules to assist in identifying errors may flag possible errors that require further investigation to determine where there really is an error as opposed to an unusual result or they may identify definite errors. Editing involves checks for completeness, that values are within given ranges and that values for related variables are coherent. Data editing may take place during or after data entry.
Responses can be compared to the response of previous quarters. Inconsistency or large deviations (outside of a pre-established range) indicate that a closer look is desirable. This may result in data editing. In the context of timeliness, the editing process may be designed to give top priority to those outliers that are most in need of editing for the sake of reliable aggregates. By solving the worst cases, large improvements can be achieved.
18.5. Data compilation
National level
First step is collecting information from administrative data and direct interviews. The purpose is to bring this information to the statistic level. This process follows:
Physical control of questionnaires completeness
Logical control of information collected throught interviews (control of logical marked of responses indicators and control of accurate values).
After data entry process, errors and inconsistencies are identified and corrected during editing process.
Comparability phase (collected data with previous periods data or trends).
Analysis of results for each domain of publication
Completed results are used for weight and re-weight phase
The aggregated data are compared to other data sources
The last two phases can be subject to other analysis used for publication domain.
When statistical analysis is finished, these data are determined as a group of non-public information. Before releasing the results, very important matter is the confidentiality of this information.
18.6. Adjustment
Turnover Index in Services is calculated both seasonally adjusted and unadjusted.
Seasonal adjustment of quarterly time series of Services is done by using JDemetra+ 2.2.4 version software. The chosen model for the decomposition of time series is X-12 ARIMA, under specification X13. The span of time series is from 2006 to 2024. X-12 ARIMA model is totally based in moving average. In all-time series is applied the multiplicative decomposition and the direct approach. During the process of seasonal adjustment are treated even the special case occurred during the time series span identified by software as outlier.
No comments.
Net-turnover (value) in services is a quarterly short-term indicator used for the business cycle analysis. The main source for Turnover index in Services is the Quarterly Survey of Short-term Statistics, Questionnaire on Services (Module 126, 1261 127, 128, 129, 1231, 1232) combined with administrative data.
18 March 2025
The objective of the net-turnover index in services is to show the development of the market for goods and services. Turnover comprises the totals invoiced by the observation unit during the reference period, and this corresponds to market sales of goods or services supplied to third parties. Turnover also includes all other charges (transport, packaging, etc.) passed on to the customer, even if these charges are listed separately in the invoice. Turnover excludes VAT and other similar deductible taxes directly linked to turnover as well as all duties and taxes on the goods or services invoiced by the unit. The indices of domestic and export turnover require turnover to be split according to the first destination of the product based on the change of ownership. The destination is determined by the residency of the third party that purchased the goods and services. The indices of domestic and export turnover are collected but not published.
The statistical unit is the enterprise.
In cases where the enterprise carries out multiple economic activities, the kind-of-activity unit (KAU) is applied.
Statistical population includes statistical units, in this case enterprises, which operate in economic activities according to NACE Rev. 2, Trade (section G, divisions 45,46) Services (section H, divisions 49-53, section I, division 55.1, section J, divisions 58-63, section M, division 71, section N, division 79). The enterprises with 1-9 employed are surveyed by sample survey, whereas the enterprises with 10 and more employed are surveyed exhaustively.
Turnover Index in Services covers the whole territory of Albania.
The information collected refers to quarterly periods. This report is based on reference year 2024.
Overall, the data are checked with previous years and previous quarter to identify any significant changes.
The sampled population of STS 2024 includes approximately 11,000 enterprises that are surveyed each quarter, from these around 3,300 enterprises are in Services activities. Sampling design is stratified simple random sampling. Criteria used for stratification is the number of employees according to the NACE Rev. 2 3-digit level.
Calculating the estimates of statistical data and analysis evaluating outliers are done regularly. The overall accuracy rate is high, considering the high response rate. To calculate the estimates, Horvitz-Thompson estimator is used, that is unbiased. The accuracy of the estimates is reached by eliminating sampling errors and non-sampling errors, such as coverage, non-response, response mistakes and processing errors.
Coverage errors reasons are: misclassification of units and changes in state of reporting units. In case of non-response, units are contacted by telephone and email. The sampling error in percent (CV) is calculated for main indicators of survey that are published every quarter.
Measurement unit are Indices, percentage changes (%).
National level
First step is collecting information from administrative data and direct interviews. The purpose is to bring this information to the statistic level. This process follows:
Physical control of questionnaires completeness
Logical control of information collected throught interviews (control of logical marked of responses indicators and control of accurate values).
After data entry process, errors and inconsistencies are identified and corrected during editing process.
Comparability phase (collected data with previous periods data or trends).
Analysis of results for each domain of publication
Completed results are used for weight and re-weight phase
The aggregated data are compared to other data sources
The last two phases can be subject to other analysis used for publication domain.
When statistical analysis is finished, these data are determined as a group of non-public information. Before releasing the results, very important matter is the confidentiality of this information.
Data are based on quarterly statistical surveys and administrative source. The basis of selection is the Register of active enterprises for the reference year. Classification of enterprises is done according to the Nomenclature of Economic Activities, NACE Rev. 2. Frame population is determined by two basic criteria: Size of enterprise (based on number of employed) and economic activity in scope, with cut-off. The method of selection used is Stratified Simple Random Sampling (SRS). Stratification is based on a combination of economic activity with size group of the enterprise. Indicators are presented for economic activities according to the areas specified in the STS regulation and also based on user needs.
The Turnover Index in Services is disseminated on quarterly basis.
Results of Turnover Index in Services are published on INSTAT website 77 days after the end of the reference period (Q+ 77 days). The reference period of these results is December 31st, 2024. In 2024, as monthly data transmission is required, it has not continued because the STS sector only produced quarterly indexes.
Reference period: 31 December 2024
Date of publication: 18 March 2025
Timeliness: 77 days
The data related to Turnover Index in Services are prepared in accordance with Eurostat methodology and are comparable at international level. These data are comprehensive and produced at the country level.
Over the years Turnover Index in Services has undergone changes in coverage and in the method of selection. Quarterly Survey of Enterprises has started for the first time in 2005. Enterprises with 1-9 employed are sampled with selection, while enterprises with over than 10 employed are taken exhaustively, without changing the scope of coverage. In 2012, the population of Turnover Index in Services is changed as a result of updating the Register of Enterprises with the results of the Economic Enterprises Census 2010. All changes are back casted and reported in the methodological explanations of publications. In 2014 in Turnover Index in Services it was implemented the nomenclature of economic activities, NACE Rev. 2, the weights structure it is updated, and changing the base period of the indices from 2005 to 2010.
In 2019 the structure of the base period of the indices changed from 2010 to 2015.In 2024, in Short-Term Statistics the weights structure is updated and the basic index period has changed from 2015 to 2021. All these changes in the indices series are not disconnected, but the indices are back casted. These changes are reported in the methodological explanations that go together with respective publications.
Short-term Statistics data by quarters according to NACE Rev. 2 Economic Activity Classification date back to 2006 referring to the statistical database providing a time comparability of 19 years (CC2 = Jlast-Jfirst + 1 = 19).
The data are constantly checked to ensure their comparability over time.
