Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
The statistics contain monthly indices that show the development of the service industries' turnover and volume production. The development in the enterprises turnover over time may be due to a change in the volume of services sold and / or a change in the price of the same services.
The indices show the development in deflated turnover, by dividing turnover from the statistics Purchases and sales by enterprises with price index from Producer price index for services. In this way, it is possible to compare the amount of services sold in the service industries over time.
Data is published t+2M.
3.2. Classification system
The industry groupings are based on Danish Industrial Classifications (DB07).
We produce the Service production Indices for the following industries NACE Rev. 2: Aggregates of NACE Sections: H+I+J+L+M (excl. 70.1, 72 and 75)+N; NACE Sections: H, I, J, L, M (excl. 70.1, 72 and 75) and N; NACE divisions of Sections: H, I, J, L, M (excl. 70.1, 72 and 75) and N;
3.3. Coverage - sector
The service sector.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Revenue: Revenue from the sale of products and services arising from the company's primary operations. Revenue is calculated after discounts and is excl. taxes, etc., directly related to the sale. Also includes work performed at own expense and entered under assets, e.g. manufacture of own machines.
Price index: A price index is used to track relative price changes. The price index measure average price changes between two time periods by comparing the price index in the two periods.
3.5. Statistical unit
Kind-of-Activity Units (KAU).
3.6. Statistical population
The statistics consist of industry indices and include the enterprises that are part of the industries. In the underlying statistics, each industry has an individual population and sample.
3.7. Reference area
Denmark, excluding Faroe Islands and Greenland.
3.8. Coverage - Time
These statistics cover the time period from 2021 and onwards.
3.9. Base period
2021=100.
Indices.
Months.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Section 8 of the Act on Statistics Denmark secures the legal basis for collecting the data.
The statistics is regulated by: Council Regulation (EF) no. 2019/2152 of 27. November 2019 on European Business Statistics followed by the Commission Implementing Regulation 2020/1197 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to the mentioned EBS Regulation (General Implementing Act).”
If some cells in data cannot be shown due to discretion, then they are left out of the statistics, and a secondary discretion is carried out.
8.1. Release calendar
The publication date appears in the release calendar. The date is confirmed in the weeks before.
8.2. Release calendar access
The Release Calender can be accessed on our English website: Release Calender.
8.3. Release policy - user access
Statistics are always published at 8:00 a.m. at the day announced in the release calendar. No one outside of Statistics Denmark can access the statistics before they are published.
Monthly.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
Not relevant for these statistics.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
A national press release is published for each quarter t+3M.
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
The statistics are published in the StatBank.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Researchers and other analysts from authorized research institutions, can be granted access to the underlying micro-data by contacting Research Services.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
These statistics are delivered monthly to Eurostat and are available through Eurostat database.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
These statistics are compiled in compliance with the OECD handbook "Compilation Manual for an Index of Service Production".
10.7. Quality management - documentation
Results from the quality evaluation of products and selected processes are available in detail for each statistics and in summary reports for the Working Group on Quality.
11.1. Quality assurance
Statistics Denmark follows the principles in the Code of Practice for European Statistics (CoP) and uses the Quality Assurance Framework of the European Statistical System (QAF) for the implementation of the principles. This involves continuous decentralized and central control of products and processes based on documentation following international standards. The central quality assurance function reports to the Working Group on Quality. Reports include suggestions for improvement that are assessed, decided and subsequently implemented.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
The reliability of the statistics increases updates on indices from Purchases and Sales by Enterprises, Producer Price Index for Services and Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost. When using estimates on KAU or industry level gives uncertainty to precision. We do not know the extent of uncertainty associated with these model assumptions.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
The statistic is used by Eurostat. The strike will be interesting for those who follow the short term statistic, such as ministries, industry and interest organizations, private companies, researchers and students.
The statistic is new and the goal is to describe the rapidly expanding service industry. The statistics are ordered by Eurostat.
The main objective of the OECD Compilation Manual for an Index of Services Production is to fill a gap in existing international statistical standards for guidelines and recommendations on the compilation of output indicators for the services sector of OECD Member countries.
As the Introduction to the Manual notes, compilation of a production index to measure short-term economic activity in the services sector, an index of services production (ISP). An ISP would provide economic analysts with information that would complement an IIP on the short-term movements of an economy, and national accountants with relevant and timely information on the performance of the services sector that could be used to compile quarterly national accounts.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
The statistics are delivered to Eurostat.
12.3. Completeness
Indices on Production and Turnover in Service meet the requirements in the European Regulation (EBS).
13.1. Accuracy - overall
There are no calculations of uncertainty.
13.2. Sampling error
Not relevant to these statistics.
13.3. Non-sampling error
The uncertainty of the statistics covers: - Turnover based on enterprises VAT reporting is used as approximation for turnover. - Forecast values are used for missing values of the Producer price index for services.
14.1. Timeliness
Forecast figures have been prepared for the months that have not yet been published.
14.2. Punctuality
The statistics have been published according to schedule every month.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
The statistics is made on the basis of Eurostat guidelines and is hence comparable to statistics from other EU countries under same regulation.
15.2. Comparability - over time
The statistics have been prepared for the period 2021 and beyond.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
The statistics combines an index of revenue from the statistics Purchases and Sales by Firms, as well as the price index price from Producer Price Index for Services.
Indices of Production in Service are indices for the service industries for the individual industries and are a calculation by dividing the turnover index by the price index.
The same statistics are the basis of the Production Index for the service industry are also included in the National Accounts for calculations of production in fixed prices.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Data from the statistics Purchases and Sales by Enterprises is calculated on KAU using data from the statistic Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost. Data is published monthly, quarterly and semi-annual. Data is estimated for the month or months with missing data.
The statistics Producer Price Index for Services are a quarterly index. Data is converted into months with the statistical method spline, and values for the months that are not data are estimated.
Data for both series is continuously revised as the figures are revised with the correct numbers.
There is no response burden as the data are supplied by existing statistics.
17.1. Data revision - policy
Statistics Denmark revises published figures in accordance with the Revision Policy for Statistics Denmark. The common procedures and principles of the Revision Policy are for some statistics supplemented by a specific revision practice and the same revision policy is applied internally and in transmission to Eurostat.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Data is published in 2024 and 2025. Therefore, observations are missing to prepare revision.
18.1. Source data
The Service Production Index statistics are based on existing statistics: Purchases and sales by enterprises. Producer Price Index for Services. Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Monthly and quarterly.
18.3. Data collection
The sources are the statistics covering Purchases and sales by enterprises, Producer Price Index for Services and Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost.
18.4. Data validation
Error detections are made at the industry and KAU level.
18.5. Data compilation
Indices on Production and Turnover in Service consists of a number of indices.
The turnover is delivered on legal unit. From the Business Register the is information on how many KAU, there is per legal unit. From the statistic Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost we get the average salary cost per workplace and their KAU. For every legal unit a total salary by KAU is calculated. The the turnover is split after share from each KAU in the legal unit.
The production indices are calculated as Index on Service Production = Index on observed monthly revenue (from Purchases and Sales by Firms) / Index on monthly Price (from Producer Price Index for Services). The indices from the Producer Price Index for Services are quarterly data. These quarterly data are converted to monthly data using the spline method.
18.6. Adjustment
There are not made any corrections of data except for what is already described under data validation and data compilation. Indices on Service Production are calculated monthly. The index is produced as calendar adjusted (CA), seasonal adjusted (SA) and as gross. Further reading on seasonal adjustment can be found at seasonal adjustment.
The statistic of Indices for Production and Turnover in Service is based on statistic with the following documentation of statistics:
The statistics contain monthly indices that show the development of the service industries' turnover and volume production. The development in the enterprises turnover over time may be due to a change in the volume of services sold and / or a change in the price of the same services.
The indices show the development in deflated turnover, by dividing turnover from the statistics Purchases and sales by enterprises with price index from Producer price index for services. In this way, it is possible to compare the amount of services sold in the service industries over time.
Data is published t+2M.
12 June 2025
Revenue: Revenue from the sale of products and services arising from the company's primary operations. Revenue is calculated after discounts and is excl. taxes, etc., directly related to the sale. Also includes work performed at own expense and entered under assets, e.g. manufacture of own machines.
Price index: A price index is used to track relative price changes. The price index measure average price changes between two time periods by comparing the price index in the two periods.
Kind-of-Activity Units (KAU).
The statistics consist of industry indices and include the enterprises that are part of the industries. In the underlying statistics, each industry has an individual population and sample.
Denmark, excluding Faroe Islands and Greenland.
Months.
There are no calculations of uncertainty.
Indices.
Indices on Production and Turnover in Service consists of a number of indices.
The turnover is delivered on legal unit. From the Business Register the is information on how many KAU, there is per legal unit. From the statistic Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost we get the average salary cost per workplace and their KAU. For every legal unit a total salary by KAU is calculated. The the turnover is split after share from each KAU in the legal unit.
The production indices are calculated as Index on Service Production = Index on observed monthly revenue (from Purchases and Sales by Firms) / Index on monthly Price (from Producer Price Index for Services). The indices from the Producer Price Index for Services are quarterly data. These quarterly data are converted to monthly data using the spline method.
The Service Production Index statistics are based on existing statistics: Purchases and sales by enterprises. Producer Price Index for Services. Workplaces, job, full-time employment, wage and salary cost.
Monthly.
Forecast figures have been prepared for the months that have not yet been published.
The statistics is made on the basis of Eurostat guidelines and is hence comparable to statistics from other EU countries under same regulation.
The statistics have been prepared for the period 2021 and beyond.
