1.1. Contact organisation
Statistical Service of Cyprus (Cystat)
1.2. Contact organisation unit
Services and Transport Statistics Unit
1.3. Contact name
Confidential because of GDPR
1.4. Contact person function
Confidential because of GDPR
1.5. Contact mail address
Michael Karaoli Str., 1444 Nicosia, Cyprus
1.6. Contact email address
Confidential because of GDPR
1.7. Contact phone number
Confidential because of GDPR
1.8. Contact fax number
Confidential because of GDPR
2.1. Metadata last certified
12 June 2025
2.2. Metadata last posted
12 June 2025
2.3. Metadata last update
12 June 2025
3.1. Data description
Production (volume) Index in Services.
3.2. Classification system
NACE Rev. 2.
3.3. Coverage - sector
Production (volume): aggregate and sections and divisions of NACE Rev.2 according to the requirements under the EBS Regulation.The indicators in this sector cover economic activities listed in sections H, I, J, L, M and N of NACE (H-Transportation and Storage, I-Accommodation and food service activities, J-Information and communication, L-Real estate activities, M-Professional, scientific and technical activities [excluding activities of head offices, scientific research and development and veterinary activities], N-Administrative and support service activities).
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
As defined in the Commission Implementing Regulation 2020/1197.
The indicators in this sector cover economic activities listed in sections H, I, J, L, M and N of NACE (H-Transportation and Storage, I-Accommodation and food service activities, J-Information and communication, L-Real estate activities, M-Professional, scientific and technical activities [excluding activities of head offices, scientific research and development and veterinary activities], N-Administrative and support service activities).
3.5. Statistical unit
Kind of activity unit (KAU).
3.6. Statistical population
The statistical units aggregate and sections H, I, J, L, M (excluding M701, M72, M75), N classified in NACE Rev. 2. The frame is the Business Register.
3.7. Reference area
Republic of Cyprus.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Data are available as from January 2021.
3.9. Base period
Base year 2021.
Index (2021=100).
Monthly.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Article 3 of the national Official Statistics Law, No. 25(I) of 2021 defines the functions of the Statistical Service of Cyprus regarding the production and dissemination of official statistics. Moreover, Article 13, explicitly stipulates the mandate for data collection and introduces a mandatory response to statistical enquiries by stipulating the obligation of respondents to reply to surveys and provide the data required. This relates not only to national but also to European statistics which, by virtue of Article 8 of the said Law, are incorporated in the annual and multiannual programmes of work without any further procedure.
The legal basis for the short-term statistics is the European Business Statistics (EBS) Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 on 27 November 2019, followed by the Commission Implementing Regulation 2020/1197 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to the mentioned EBS Regulation (General Implementing Act). The former legal basis for the STS indicators is the Council Regulation No 1165/98 of 19 May 1998 concerning short-term statistics and subsequent amending regulations.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Apart from Eurostat, the index is not transmitted to any other international organisations.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
One of the key principles that CYSTAT is required to safeguard, is that of the confidentiality of the information collected. The overall framework governing statistical confidentiality is laid down in article 16 of the Official Statistics Law of 2021 (Law No. 25(I)/2021) and includes provisions stipulating which data are to be regarded as confidential, the manner in which such data shall be disseminated, the potential of gaining access to such data for research purposes, the written declaration ensuring confidentiality and the penalties foreseen in case of a breach.Official statistics are released in accordance to all confidentiality provisions of the following:
- National Official Statistics Law of 2021 (Law No. 25(I)/2021) of 2021 (especially Article 16 on statistical confidentiality).
- Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 March 2009 on European statistics and its later amendments (especially Chapter 5 on statistical confidentiality).
- European Statistics Code of Practice (especially Principle 5 on statistical confidentiality).
- CYSTAT's Code of Practice for the Collection, Publication and Storage of Statistical Data.
CYSTAT is designated by law as the competent authority for the development, production and dissemination of official statistics in Cyprus. This gives CYSTAT the right to access data.
For all statistical units for which CYSTAT stores data, including personal data, statistical confidentiality, which is a fundamental, irrevocable principle for CYSTAT, is strictly applied. The internal procedures implemented in the framework of statistical confidentiality, fully cover the provisions of the General Data Protection Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (GDPR), ensuring the protection of data at every stage, from collection to publication.
In compliance with the provisions of the GDPR, CYSTAT has appointed a Data Protection Officer, whom citizens can contact regarding any issue concerning their personal data processed by CYSTAT as a "controller".
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
No data is considered confidential at the level published. The treatment of confidential data is regulated by CYSTAT's Code of Practice for the Collection, Publication and Storage of Statistical Data. CYSTAT has developed the "Guidelines for the Protection of Confidential Data (EL)" which cites the specific actions and precautions that have to be taken in every stage of handling statistical data, in order to safeguard statistical confidentiality.
The Production Index in Services is not published at national level yet. The index is transmitted only to Eurostat.
8.1. Release calendar
In the framework of its mission, CYSTAT provides high-quality statistical information, through the web portal and social media, with the use of statistical products such as announcements, interactive tables, predefined tables, metadata, infographics and publications. The principles and the legal framework governing the dissemination of official statistical data are defined and explained in the document “Dissemination Policy”. The means of dissemination, the main statistical products and the services provided to the users, are also presented. Additionally, the document describes the procedures for data revision and error treatment. The link is as follows:Dissemination Policy of the Statistical Service of Cyprus (cystat.gov.cy)
An annual release calendar is prepared and forwarded to Eurostat. At national level, a release calendar with preliminary dates for the next four months is published at Cystat web portal. Announcements are confirmed on the Friday preceding their release. Notifications about the dissemination of statistics are published in the release calendar, which is available on CYSTAT’s new web portal. The annual release calendar, announced during the 4th quarter of the year, includes provisional dates of publication for the following year, which are finalised the week before publication.
The Production Index in Services is not published at national level yet. The index is transmitted only to Eurostat.
8.2. Release calendar access
The Release Calendar includes announcements for the results of the surveys, short term statistics and regular and ad-hoc publications covering all statistical domains. It is updated every Friday and contains the following: (a) Confirmed announcement dates: confirmed dates for announcements which are scheduled to be released in the following week, (b) Preliminary announcement dates: preliminary dates for announcements to be released until the end of the year. Additionally, every 4th quarter of the year, the calendar is updated with provisional dates of publication for the following year, which are finalised the week before publication and (c) Published announcements.
8.3. Release policy - user access
The index is transmitted to Eurostat at the level of detail required by the EBS Regulation. The index is not published at national level yet.
The index is transmitted to Eurostat on a monthly basis as provisional and confidential.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
Not applicable.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
Not applicable.
10.3. Dissemination format - online database
Not applicable.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
There is no microdata access to outside users.
Under the provisions of the Statistics Law, CYSTAT may release microdata for the sole use of scientific research. Applicants have to submit the request form "APPLICATION FOR DATA FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES" giving thorough information on the project for which micro-data are needed.The application is evaluated by CYSTAT’s Confidentiality Committee and if the application is approved, a charge is fixed according to the volume and time consumed for preparation of the data. Micro-data may then be released after an anonymisation process which ensures no direct identification of the statistical units but, at the same time, ensures usability of the data.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Indices are transmitted to Eurostat and are used for the calculation of European aggregates.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
Not available.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
Not available.
11.1. Quality assurance
The basic principles for the production and dissemination of European official statistics and the institutional environment, under which the members of ESS operate, are included in the European Statistics Code of Practice. which sets the standards for developing, producing and disseminating European Statistics as well as the ESS Quality Assurance Framework (QAF). CYSTAT endorses the Quality Declaration of the European Statistical System. In addition, CYSTAT is guided by the requirements provided for in Article 11 of the Official Statistics Law of 2021 (Law No. 25(I)/2021) as well as Article 12 of Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics, which sets out the quality criteria to be applied in the development, production and dissemination of European statistics.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
The quality of statistics is assessed according to the following quality criteria: relevance, accuracy, timeliness, punctuality, accessibility and clarity, coherence and comparability. The quality indicators are assessed taking into account Eurostat defined methodology and recommendations. On the basis of the above criteria, the indicator is assessed as being of good quality.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Eurostat.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
Not applicable.
12.3. Completeness
The data are transmitted to Eurostat at the level of detail required by the EBS Regulation.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
The Production Index in Services is based on a sample survey, so errors from sampling are likely to occur. Coverage errors, measurement errors, non-response errors, processing errors are considered to be small but nevertheless actions are undertaken to reduce these different types of errors as much as possible. Data on the previous months may be revised, primarily as a result of updated information received from the responding units.
13.2. Sampling error
There are around 550 statistical units in the sample for the turnover index for the economic activities listed in sections H, I, J, L, M and N of NACE (H-Transportation and Storage, I-Accommodation and food service activities, J-Information and communication, L-Real estate activities, M-Professional, scientific and technical activities [excluding activities of head offices, scientific research and development and veterinary activities], N-Administrative and support service activities).
For the compilation of SPPI, a sample of around 140 units is used from which around 1500 prices are collected. The production index in services is the result of the deflated turnover. The sampling errors are induced by the sample design and they are reduced by selecting a large and representative sample of KAUs. The weights used in the production index in services are based on the value added derived from the SBS survey of the base year.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Non-sampling error is not quantified, but is considered to be small. Cystat tries to reduce non-sampling error through continuous methodological improvements and survey process improvements. In particular,
- The Business Register is of fundamental importance to the compilation of the STS indices. The register is updated every year from administrative sources. Allowing coordination between the various units within Cystat, the Business Register is being updated with new, additional or amended information for the enterprises (e.g. change of contact details, employment size, economic activity codes) since the frame information is being checked to see whether it is up to date.
- The personnel working at the collection stage is well experienced and properly guided. At the end of the year the interviewer confirms the total value of turnover for the year ending. Moreover, each quarter the enterprises are re-interviewed for the turnover of the previous quarter in order to confirm the quality of the data provided. Furthermore, comparison of the enterprises' data is being made with the annual data provided for the SBS survey.
- The respondents are well informed about the concepts and the items that are generally to be included/excluded.
- To minimise the respondent’s burden as much as possible, the questionnaire is designed to be clear and simple. The data collection is made using the means that each enterprise prefers (telephone, e-mail) in order to reduce non-response.
- The response rate of the first release is around 90%. The non response rate is mainly due to non availability of data by some responding units. The responding units that do not have final data for the month in question, provide provisional data (which are revised with the next transmission deadline). The number of these enterprises is negligible. For non-responding enterprises with significant effect, estimation is being made using enterprises' previous month’s and last year’s data. Data from administrative sources are also used, if available.
- There are many ways of trying to encourage response and minimise refusals, including reminders to the non responding units before resorting to the enforcement measures laid down in national legislation.
- Many checks are carried out at micro level. Inconsistencies or large deviations are checked. Also during the data editing process, the value entered is being checked twice.
- The coding of the economic activity (NACE Rev. 2) is changed, if necessary.
- To ensure the quality of the time series, comparative analyses are made with the previous years’s results. If inconsistencies are detected, the data are verified at micro level again by using the raw data of the questionnaire or by contacting the responding units for explanations and confirmation of the data. Administrative data are also used.
- Index results are compared to annual SBS results and any significant deviations are examined further.
14.1. Timeliness
Indices are submitted to Eurostat two months after the end of the reference month.
14.2. Punctuality
All deadlines are respected.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
It is possible to compare the national index with that of other European countries, as full compliance with the definitions of the variables laid down in the EBSR is achieved. The EBS Regulation and the EBS methodological guidelines are applied.
15.2. Comparability - over time
When significant changes/revisions in data are noticed, time series are recalculated as far back as it is reasonably possible. The index is produced as from January 2021 onwards.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
The trend is compared with other indicators such as Turnover Index in Services, the Number of Persons Employed, the Hours Worked and Gross Wages and Salaries in Services sectors.When SBS data become available, these are compared on unit level with the yearly averages of the values reported for the index; when discrepancies are identified, these reporting units are being contacted and the reason is sought. If necessary, appropriate amendments are made. Most of the times discrepancies are the result of more up to date information being available for SBS purposes.
15.4. Coherence - internal
The data are internally consistent.
No cost and burden exercise has been recently performed.
17.1. Data revision - policy
Routine revisions are primarily the result of updated information received from the responding units. Major revisions occur in order to take account of the availability of a new structural source that is only collected at long intervals, an update of the base year and the weights of an index series, methodological changes such as changes in concepts, definitions and/or classifications used to produce the data and new legal acts entering into force. Unexpected revisions may also occur due to unforeseeable events, such as errors either from the data provider or during compilation.
There is a formal revision policy at Cystat. Cystat publishes its Revision Policy on its web portal Revision Policy describing the general rules and principles governing the procedure of revising data published by Cystat. The policy is based on the guidelines of the European Statistical System (ESS) regarding revision policies for Principal European Economic Indicators, also taking into account the Quality Assurance Framework of the ESS and the European Statistics Code of Practice. As part of this policy, CYSTAT publishes a list of scheduled revisions on an annual basis, (regular or major revisions), which can be found on the Release Calendar page. The same revision policy for all kind of revisions is applied to data released nationally and to those transmitted to Eurostat to assure coherence.
The same practice is applied both to data released nationally and to data transmitted to Eurostat. When revised data are transmitted to Eurostat, these are flagged accordingly and accompanied by the necessary explanations.
Furthermore, CYSTAT has set its strategic goal to provide high-quality statistical information in an objective, transparent, reliable and timely manner. CYSTAT consider quality to be its main advantage in a world experiencing a growing trend of instant information which often lacks the necessary proof of quality. In order to realise strategic goals it is imperative to establish policies which ensure that an organisation is moving towards the right direction. For this reason, CYSTAT establishes the Quality Policy which forms the basis of all statistical activities and leads towards continuous improvement of its statistical output.
17.2. Data revision - practice
Routine revisions are carried out by Cystat in order to improve disseminated provisional figures in a way that important information is published as promptly as possible and the number of such revisions is kept to the minimum over a given period of time. Major revisions are backwards implemented for the complete time-series or up to the point where it is feasible and are coordinated across statistical domains. Major revisions are well documented and made public, with an explanation of the reasons for the revision.
When producing the Services Production Index, data on the previous months may be revised, primarily as a result of updated information received from the responding units. When revised data are transmitted to Eurostat by Cystat, they are appropriately flagged in the file.
The Mean Revision (MR) of year-on-year growth rates for the Services Production indices, taking into account 36 values/growth rates, is as follows: H49 (0.8%), Η50 (3.7%), Η51 (-41.5%), Η52 (-3.7%), H53 (-4.5%), I55 (0.3%), I56 (0.1%), J58 (18.5%), J59 (0.7%), J60 (-1.9%), J61 (3.4%), J62 (1.5%), J63 (5.6%), L68 (-3.9%), M69 (0.2%), M702 (3.6%), M71 (2.7%), M73 (0.1%), M74 (9.5%), N77 (10.2%), N78 (-0.1%), N79 (-8.6%), N80 (2.7%), N81 (1.7%) and N82 (-0.2%). This information on MR is based on the base year 2021 data.
The Mean Average Revision (MAR) of year-on-year growth rates for the Services Production indices, taking into account 36 values/growth rates, is as follows: H49 (1.0%), Η50 (9.6%), Η51 (43.3%), Η52 (8.9%), H53 (9.2%), I55 (0.5%), I56 (0.4%), J58 (19.4%), J59 (3.7%), J60 (4.1%), J61 (3.9%), J62 (8.1%), J63 (20.0%), L68 (6.5%), M69 (1,7%), M702 (5.4%), M71 (7.2%), M73 (3.9%), M74 (10.1%), N77 (28.7%), N78 (0.2%), N79 (20.6%), N80 (6.3%), N81 (3.9%) and N82 (2.1%). This information on MR is based on the base year 2021 data.
The response rate for the Services Production Index of the first release to Eurostat for 2024 is around 90% (based on designed weighted response rate). When transmitting the Services Production Index, data on the previous months/quarters may be revised, primarily as a result of updated information received from the responding units. Data revisions are usually done one quarter after the end of the reference quarter. No formal analysis has been conducted on errors due to actual response rates (of first estimates and later), but the change is expected to be minimal at around 5%. The index is not yet published nattionally.
18.1. Source data
The data for NACE Rev. 2 Sections H, I, J, L, M, N are collected by survey. Administrative sources are also used.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Monthly.
18.3. Data collection
The majority of the statistical units are contacted by telephone or e-mail. Close cooperation and telephone contacts with the data providers are performed in order to ensure high quality of the data. Re-contacts by e-mail and phone as many times as necessary increase the rate of response.
18.4. Data validation
NACE Rev. 2 Sections H, I, J, L, M, N: Monthly, quarterly and year-to-year validation checks are performed on microdata level in order to flag any possible data errors for investigation and appropriate correction. Validations on final indices are also applied using as input other related indices such as tourism statistics, construction statistics, building permits.
MS Excel is used for the compilation of the index. The data is checked when it arrives before any other actions. Plausibility checks are made, for instance on the number of observations and range of variable values. Particular attention is given to outlier observations. Contacts with the responding units are performed for verification of data, where necessary. Before the transmission to Eurostat, the structure of the data file and format is checked in detail.
18.5. Data compilation
A Laspeyres index is compiled with fixed base year.
Weights for the PVSES index are calculated based on the value added at factor cost in the base year (derived from the SBS survey).
18.6. Adjustment
- Indicate the software used and version
JDemetra+, version 2.2.3
- Indicate the model/filter selection (manual vs. automatic)
Generally, automatic selection is used but, quite often, manual selection is necessary in cases when the automatic selection does not produce well fitted models.
- How often are the models and the respective parameters re-estimated
Systematically, models are re-estimated when the final gross data of the previous year are available. Also, models are re-estimated in case of multiannual gross data revisions. Parameters can be re-estimated more frequently in cases the model does not provide a good fit.
- Indicate the horizon of revisions (how often are the seasonally adjusted time series revised and how far backwards)
Seasonally adjusted time series are revised with each new period back to the first reference date.
- Indicate seasonal adjustment decomposition (additive vs. multiplicative)
Automatic decomposition is used. For the components of the Index with positive values, the decomposition is always multiplicative. For series with zero values, it is a case-by-case treatment.
- Indicate the model used
Models may change at least once a year and vary among the different components of each Index. Some of the ARIMA models used for the various series of this Index are: [(0,1,1)(0,1,1)], [(1,1,1)(0,1,1)], [(1,0,0)(0,1,1)], [(0,1,1)(0,0,0)], etc.
- Indicate the critical value for outlier detection
3.5
- Indicate the filter length (automatically chosen vs. user-defined)
TRAMO-SEATS method (therefore there is no filter, question not applicable) is used.
- Indicate the date of seasonal breaks in the series
There are no seasonal breaks.
- Indicate if indirect adjustment via components is used
No, we use direct adjustment, adjusting the aggregate and the components independently.
- Indicate whether residual seasonality is checked and from which level of detail the aggregation is started
Residual seasonally is checked for all levels. The direct adjustment method is used.
- Indicate the consistency amongst the different levels of breakdown
In the direct adjustment method, the different levels of breakdown do not need to be consistent. In the choice between no residual seasonality and level consistency, our choice is to provide good quality seasonally adjusted series without residual seasonality.
No additional comments.
Production (volume) Index in Services.
12 June 2025
As defined in the Commission Implementing Regulation 2020/1197.
The indicators in this sector cover economic activities listed in sections H, I, J, L, M and N of NACE (H-Transportation and Storage, I-Accommodation and food service activities, J-Information and communication, L-Real estate activities, M-Professional, scientific and technical activities [excluding activities of head offices, scientific research and development and veterinary activities], N-Administrative and support service activities).
Kind of activity unit (KAU).
The statistical units aggregate and sections H, I, J, L, M (excluding M701, M72, M75), N classified in NACE Rev. 2. The frame is the Business Register.
Republic of Cyprus.
Monthly.
The Production Index in Services is based on a sample survey, so errors from sampling are likely to occur. Coverage errors, measurement errors, non-response errors, processing errors are considered to be small but nevertheless actions are undertaken to reduce these different types of errors as much as possible. Data on the previous months may be revised, primarily as a result of updated information received from the responding units.
Index (2021=100).
A Laspeyres index is compiled with fixed base year.
Weights for the PVSES index are calculated based on the value added at factor cost in the base year (derived from the SBS survey).
The data for NACE Rev. 2 Sections H, I, J, L, M, N are collected by survey. Administrative sources are also used.
The index is transmitted to Eurostat on a monthly basis as provisional and confidential.
Indices are submitted to Eurostat two months after the end of the reference month.
It is possible to compare the national index with that of other European countries, as full compliance with the definitions of the variables laid down in the EBSR is achieved. The EBS Regulation and the EBS methodological guidelines are applied.
When significant changes/revisions in data are noticed, time series are recalculated as far back as it is reasonably possible. The index is produced as from January 2021 onwards.
