Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
The Producer Price Index contain the following main series: Hemmamarknadsprisindex (Producer Price index, domestic sales), Exportprisindex (Export Price Index)
The two series above are combined into: Producentprisindex (Producer Price Index)
The indices are designed primarily for deflation purposes in order to calculate production and foreign trade values at constant prices as well as the Industrial Production Index, Index of Service Production and Production Value Index. Other important uses are for general economic and inflation analysis and for indexation of business agreements.
3.2. Classification system
The classification system applied is SPIN 2015, which is the Swedish version of CPA 2.1.
3.3. Coverage - sector
Products according to CPA 2.1 related to Sections B to E36, with the exception of Division 09.
Reporting units are selected among producers/exporters within the respective product group. Weights are calculated to reflect the overall production for domestic sales and exports.
A cut-off on 10 million SEK per reporting unit is applied. That is about 10 % of the size of the overall populatoíon that is excluded before the sample is drawn.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
Prices are recorded at basic prices, that is, ex works for domestic transactions and f.o.b. for exports. The prices collected should, in principle, be transaction prices, net of discounts, for clearly specified products invoiced during the reference month.
Where transaction prices are not available, prices based on contractual arrangements or list prices adjusted for rebates and discounts may be used as proxies. All prices are recorded exclusive of VAT and excise duties.
Data collection practices currently remain unchanged.
In general, the price concept applied is that of an average monthly price for a defined and representative transaction. In certain cases, alternative pricing concepts may be accepted, provided they are deemed to accurately reflect price development.
3.5. Statistical unit
The observation units consist of individual transactions associated with a given product offer, distinguished between the domestic and export markets. A product offer is defined as a specific combination of an enterprise and a product to be priced.
The reporting units are business entities engaged in the production of goods within Sweden.
3.6. Statistical population
The target population comprises all transactions related to sales at the production stage, for products classified under Sections B to E36 of CPA 2.1, distinguished between the domestic and export markets.
The frame population is derived from existing data sources at Statistics Sweden, including the Production of Commodities and Industrial Services (Prodcom) survey, Structural Business Statistics (SBS), and Foreign Trade in Goods (FTG). At the time of sample selection, the sampling frame is based on data from the most recent reference year with complete coverage.
3.7. Reference area
The geographical coverage is limited to the national level (Sweden).
3.8. Coverage - Time
Historical indices are available from 1968 onwards. Full time series consistent with the current classification, SPIN 2015 (CPA 2.1), are available from 1990.
3.9. Base period
The index is referenced to 2021 (=100). For each year, December of the previous year is used as the base period. Annual indices are constructed using a chain-linking approach.
The unit of measure is index numbers.
The reference period is the calendar month.
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 November 2019 on European business statistics, repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics.
Commission implementing Regulation 2020/1197
Official Statistics Act of 2001 (Lagen (2001:99) om den officiella statistiken) supplemented by a regulation on Official Statistics (Förordningen (2001:100) om den officiella statistiken). Under the ordinance Statistics Sweden issues specific directions (Statistiska centralbyråns föreskrifter (SCB FS 2021:39) om uppgifter till statistik avseende prisindex i producent- och importled, varor).
Reporting units are obliged to provide information. Non-respondents may be fined.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
ECB
OECD
Eurostat
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
The law on confidentiality (Offentlighets och sekretesslagen (2009:400)) is applied. Statistics Sweden’s CBM on Statistical confidentiality is available in “Statistisk röjandekontroll”, Statistics Sweden, September 2001. The publication may be obtained from SCB, Publikationstjänsten, S-701 89 Örebro (E-mail:publ@scb.se). Current practices do not follow the CBM but are similar.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Confidential data are suppressed in accordance with statistical confidentiality rules. Indices are published only where at least three reporting units contribute. In addition, no single unit may account for more than 60% of the total turnover, and no two units combined may account for more than 90%.
8.1. Release calendar
The release calendar is published on the website in November for the following calendar year
8.2. Release calendar access
The release calendar is available on the website (see link below).
Data are released simultaneously to all users through electronic means. No privileged access to data is granted to public authorities or any other users outside the statistical office. Data are transmitted to Eurostat immediately following the national release.
Data are disseminated on a monthly basis.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
Data are disseminated via a news release and accompanying tables published on the website (see link below). The news release includes the Producer Price Index (PPI), the Home Market Price Index, and the Export Price Index.
The indicators are disseminated on Statistics Sweden’s website. Data are available via the Statistical Database and in Statistical News (see link below).
In the English version of the website, the data can be accessed via Finding statistics → Prices and economic trends → Producer and import price index (Swedish: Hitta statistik → Priser och ekonomiska tendenser → Prisindex i producent- och importled (PPI)).
Access to microdata is restricted to research purposes only.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Data are transmitted to Eurostat for dissemination as national data.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
Methodological documentation is available on the website under About the statistics and Documentation (English), and under Om statistiken and Dokumentation (Swedish) (see link below).
The methodology is largely based on the Producer Price Index Manual published by the IMF.
Various aspects of quality are systematically monitored and enhanced through annual action plans. Regular quantitative quality indicators are limited; however, the response rate is consistently monitored.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
The main sources of uncertainty are related to model assumptions and measurement errors, which are considered to contribute most to overall uncertainty. Sampling, i.e. the use of a sample instead of a full census, represents an additional source of uncertainty. While sampling uncertainty can be quantified, other sources of uncertainty are generally not quantified.
Data are published approximately 25 days after the end of the reference period.
Missing observations (item non-response, typically around 6-9%) are imputed using information from similar aggregates.
The use of internationally recognised standards supports comparability across countries.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
The main users are the national accounts, where the indices are used for deflation purposes. Eurostat uses the indices as part of the national data reporting. Companies use the indices for the indexation of long-term contracts. Economic analysts use the indices for forecasting the Consumer Price Index (CPI) and Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
No formal measurement of user satisfaction is conducted. However, user feedback is taken into account in the production and development of the statistics.
12.3. Completeness
The requirements of the Short-Term Statistics (STS) Regulation and national user needs are fulfilled.
13.1. Accuracy - overall
No significant bias is identified in the data; however, a degree of uncertainty remains. The main sources of uncertainty are related to measurement and model assumptions. Measurement errors are assessed as the largest contributor to overall uncertainty, followed by model assumptions. Sampling represents a non-negligible source of uncertainty, while non-response contributes a minor level of uncertainty. Coverage and data processing are considered to have a limited impact.
Further details on sampling and non-sampling errors are provided in the following sections.
13.2. Sampling error
A probability sampling design based on probability proportional to size (PPS) is applied, where the largest units are selected with certainty. Approximately 4,200 price observations are collected monthly from around 2,300 enterprises.
A cut-off threshold of SEK 10 million turnover per stratum is applied in the sampling frame. This implies that approximately 10% of total turnover is excluded from sampling. Smaller enterprises are assumed to be price takers, meaning that their price development is assumed to follow that of the sampled units within each stratum.
If an enterprise is considered covered when at least one price observation is collected within a stratum, the coverage rate is estimated at approximately 65%.
Sampling variances and standard errors are calculated and used primarily for sample allocation purposes
13.3. Non-sampling error
Non-sampling errors arise from several sources, including coverage, non-response, measurement, data processing, and model assumptions.
Coverage error: The sampling frames are updated with a two-year lag, which implies the presence of both over-coverage and under-coverage.
Response and non-response error: The majority of respondents report data via Statistics Sweden’s standard web-based collection system, contributing to a high overall response rate. The weighted non-response rate is typically around 6-9%. Missing observations are imputed using the average price development of similar products.
Measurement error: Measurement and quality adjustment are complex and represent an important source of uncertainty. Changes in product specifications occur in approximately 1–3% of observations in a typical month.
Data processing error: Errors related to data editing, coding, and processing are considered limited.
Model error: Model-based pricing methods are used only to a very limited extent and are therefore considered to have a negligible impact on overall uncertainty.
14.1. Timeliness
Publication is at 08:00 a.m. according to an advance calendar, and occurs normally around the 25th of the month following the reference month.
Questionnaires are sent at the end of the month in order to reach the respondent on the 1st working day following the end of the reference month.
Deadline for reply is the 10th of the month following the reference month.
A mail reminder is sent around the 11th of the month following the reference month and a second mail reminder could be sent around 17th of the month.
The survey is closed around the 21st of the month following the reference month.
Publication is around the 25th of the month following the reference month.
14.2. Punctuality
Data are released in accordance with the pre-announced release calendar.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
The application of harmonised definitions under the European Business Statistics (EBS) framework ensures full geographical comparability within the country.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Chain-linking is applied, allowing for changes in the base year without introducing breaks in the time series.
When new or revised classifications are implemented, back-casting is required to maintain time series consistency and ensure comparability over time.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Coherence with related statistical domains is ensured through the use of consistent definitions and populations. Domestic producers correspond to the units covered by the PRODCOM survey, implying that the PPI and PRODCOM share the same population for domestic production.
Export data are based on the Foreign Trade in Goods (FTG) statistics, including both Intrastat and Extrastat. Only domestic producers are included in the population of exporters; entities that export but are not domestic producers are excluded.
Definitions of producers and exporters are aligned with those used in PRODCOM and FTG. Domestic producers are defined as enterprises operating within the geographical boundaries of Sweden. Exports are defined on a cross-border basis, i.e. the physical movement of goods across borders rather than the change of ownership principle.
15.4. Coherence - internal
Internal coherence is ensured through a consistent aggregation structure. Indices are compiled by aggregating from the lowest level to higher levels, using a system of weights that are consistent and summable across all levels of aggregation. This ensures coherence throughout the index structure.
Chain-linking is applied at all levels of aggregation.
The respondent burden is estimated at approximately 17 minutes per respondent per month. With around 2,300 respondents, the total burden is estimated at approximately 570 hours per month.
The cost for Statistics Sweden is estimated at approximately 900 working hours per month, including data collection, validation, processing, and dissemination.
17.1. Data revision - policy
Revisions are carried out only in cases where a substantial difference is identified. A substantial difference is defined as a change exceeding 0.1 index points in the overall Producer Price Index (PPI).
In the case of errors identified by Statistics Sweden, revised data are disseminated and communicated to users. If incorrect data are submitted by respondents, corrections are implemented internally, and subsequent data releases are adjusted to reflect improved estimates without revising previously published figures.
The same revision policy is applied to Short-Term Statistics (STS) data disseminated nationally and transmitted to Eurostat.
17.2. Data revision - practice
The first release is considered final. Therefore revisions should not appear. Major methodological changes are announced in advance.
No revision for the year 2025, MAR/MR=0
18.1. Source data
The source data are collected through a statistical survey.
The sampling frame and weighting structure are based on data from the Production of Commodities and Industrial Services (PRODCOM) survey and the Foreign Trade in Goods statistics (Intrastat and Extrastat). Frame elements are defined as combinations of CN 8-digit product categories and producers/exporters.
Separate samples are drawn for domestic market output and export market output. A two-stage sampling procedure is applied:
Frame elements are selected within each stratum using a probability sampling method;
Within selected enterprises, specific representative items are jointly defined with respondents.
The frame is stratified according to SPIN 2015 at the 5-digit level. A size criterion based on turnover is applied to identify the most significant units. For probability sampling, a probability proportional to size (PPS) approach is used.
Respondents are requested to report prices for specified “typical transactions”, ensuring that items remain representative and can be priced consistently over time.
All SPIN 2015 5-digit product groups with turnover above approximately EUR 45 million are included in the sample. The current sample consists of approximately 2,000 enterprises providing around 4,200 price observations.
The sample is regularly updated to maintain representativity. The full sample is renewed over a five-year cycle, with approximately one-fifth of the sample replaced each year. This ensures continued relevance of priced items and an equitable distribution of response burden.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Data are collected on a monthly basis.
18.3. Data collection
Data are collected for the Home Market Price Index and the Export Price Index.
No changes were made to the questionnaires in 2025. Adjustments to the questionnaires are planned for the coming years, in line with updated internal policies at Statistics Sweden, particularly regarding the validation process.
18.4. Data validation
Data are validated continuously throughout the production process. Price changes exceeding ±10% compared with the previous month are systematically reviewed. In addition, observations with a large impact on the overall PPI are subject to validation.
18.5. Data compilation
For cases of non-response and non-transaction, the price of the previous month is imputed using the average price change of similar products.
Grossing-up is handled within the weighting procedure.
Monthly index numbers are chain indices, calculated from index links with December of the previous year as the base period. The weights used to calculate the current aggregate index links are updated annually in January, in order to reflect the composition of output and imports in year y–2, valued at December y–1 prices.
The index links are weighted averages of price relatives, calculated from prices collected for a sample of items. An item is defined by the producer or importer and a detailed product specification. The sample of items is updated annually in January.
In the case of changes in product specifications, the December (base period) price is adjusted to account for the estimated value of the quality change. Various methods are used for this estimation.
When an item is discontinued, the price development is estimated using a similar item, the average price change of remaining items in the category, or the price development of a similar category.
The weights are derived from the PRODCOM survey and Foreign Trade in Goods statistics (Intrastat and Extrastat), both based on the Combined Nomenclature (CN). For the Home Market Price Index, export values are subtracted from PRODCOM data at the CN 8-digit level.
For products within Sections A, D, and E, complementary data sources are used.
18.6. Adjustment
Prices reported in currencies other than the national currency (SEK) are converted into SEK using the monthly average exchange rates published by Sveriges Riksbank (the central bank of Sweden) for the reference period.
Sub-indices are compiled in accordance with the European Business Statistics (EBS) Regulation. In addition, sub-indices are calculated within SPIN 2015, including Section A and groups 38 and 39.
Data are not seasonally adjusted.
No additional comments are available.
The Producer Price Index contain the following main series: Hemmamarknadsprisindex (Producer Price index, domestic sales), Exportprisindex (Export Price Index)
The two series above are combined into: Producentprisindex (Producer Price Index)
The indices are designed primarily for deflation purposes in order to calculate production and foreign trade values at constant prices as well as the Industrial Production Index, Index of Service Production and Production Value Index. Other important uses are for general economic and inflation analysis and for indexation of business agreements.
25 February 2026
Prices are recorded at basic prices, that is, ex works for domestic transactions and f.o.b. for exports. The prices collected should, in principle, be transaction prices, net of discounts, for clearly specified products invoiced during the reference month.
Where transaction prices are not available, prices based on contractual arrangements or list prices adjusted for rebates and discounts may be used as proxies. All prices are recorded exclusive of VAT and excise duties.
Data collection practices currently remain unchanged.
In general, the price concept applied is that of an average monthly price for a defined and representative transaction. In certain cases, alternative pricing concepts may be accepted, provided they are deemed to accurately reflect price development.
The observation units consist of individual transactions associated with a given product offer, distinguished between the domestic and export markets. A product offer is defined as a specific combination of an enterprise and a product to be priced.
The reporting units are business entities engaged in the production of goods within Sweden.
The target population comprises all transactions related to sales at the production stage, for products classified under Sections B to E36 of CPA 2.1, distinguished between the domestic and export markets.
The frame population is derived from existing data sources at Statistics Sweden, including the Production of Commodities and Industrial Services (Prodcom) survey, Structural Business Statistics (SBS), and Foreign Trade in Goods (FTG). At the time of sample selection, the sampling frame is based on data from the most recent reference year with complete coverage.
The geographical coverage is limited to the national level (Sweden).
The reference period is the calendar month.
No significant bias is identified in the data; however, a degree of uncertainty remains. The main sources of uncertainty are related to measurement and model assumptions. Measurement errors are assessed as the largest contributor to overall uncertainty, followed by model assumptions. Sampling represents a non-negligible source of uncertainty, while non-response contributes a minor level of uncertainty. Coverage and data processing are considered to have a limited impact.
Further details on sampling and non-sampling errors are provided in the following sections.
The unit of measure is index numbers.
For cases of non-response and non-transaction, the price of the previous month is imputed using the average price change of similar products.
Grossing-up is handled within the weighting procedure.
Monthly index numbers are chain indices, calculated from index links with December of the previous year as the base period. The weights used to calculate the current aggregate index links are updated annually in January, in order to reflect the composition of output and imports in year y–2, valued at December y–1 prices.
The index links are weighted averages of price relatives, calculated from prices collected for a sample of items. An item is defined by the producer or importer and a detailed product specification. The sample of items is updated annually in January.
In the case of changes in product specifications, the December (base period) price is adjusted to account for the estimated value of the quality change. Various methods are used for this estimation.
When an item is discontinued, the price development is estimated using a similar item, the average price change of remaining items in the category, or the price development of a similar category.
The weights are derived from the PRODCOM survey and Foreign Trade in Goods statistics (Intrastat and Extrastat), both based on the Combined Nomenclature (CN). For the Home Market Price Index, export values are subtracted from PRODCOM data at the CN 8-digit level.
For products within Sections A, D, and E, complementary data sources are used.
The source data are collected through a statistical survey.
The sampling frame and weighting structure are based on data from the Production of Commodities and Industrial Services (PRODCOM) survey and the Foreign Trade in Goods statistics (Intrastat and Extrastat). Frame elements are defined as combinations of CN 8-digit product categories and producers/exporters.
Separate samples are drawn for domestic market output and export market output. A two-stage sampling procedure is applied:
Frame elements are selected within each stratum using a probability sampling method;
Within selected enterprises, specific representative items are jointly defined with respondents.
The frame is stratified according to SPIN 2015 at the 5-digit level. A size criterion based on turnover is applied to identify the most significant units. For probability sampling, a probability proportional to size (PPS) approach is used.
Respondents are requested to report prices for specified “typical transactions”, ensuring that items remain representative and can be priced consistently over time.
All SPIN 2015 5-digit product groups with turnover above approximately EUR 45 million are included in the sample. The current sample consists of approximately 2,000 enterprises providing around 4,200 price observations.
The sample is regularly updated to maintain representativity. The full sample is renewed over a five-year cycle, with approximately one-fifth of the sample replaced each year. This ensures continued relevance of priced items and an equitable distribution of response burden.
Data are disseminated on a monthly basis.
Publication is at 08:00 a.m. according to an advance calendar, and occurs normally around the 25th of the month following the reference month.
Questionnaires are sent at the end of the month in order to reach the respondent on the 1st working day following the end of the reference month.
Deadline for reply is the 10th of the month following the reference month.
A mail reminder is sent around the 11th of the month following the reference month and a second mail reminder could be sent around 17th of the month.
The survey is closed around the 21st of the month following the reference month.
Publication is around the 25th of the month following the reference month.
The application of harmonised definitions under the European Business Statistics (EBS) framework ensures full geographical comparability within the country.
Chain-linking is applied, allowing for changes in the base year without introducing breaks in the time series.
When new or revised classifications are implemented, back-casting is required to maintain time series consistency and ensure comparability over time.
