Research and development (R&D) (rd)

1.1. Contact organisation

Turkish Statistical Institute (TurkStat)

1.2. Contact organisation unit

Sectoral Statistics Department, Science and Technology Statistics Group

1.3. Contact name

Levent KARAKAYA

Gül AYDOĞDU

1.4. Contact person function

Methodology, calculations and dissemination

1.5. Contact mail address

Devlet Mah.Necatibey Cad. No:114 06420 Çankaya/ANKARA

1.6. Contact email address

levent.karakaya@tuik.gov.tr

gul.aydogdu@tuik.gov.tr

1.7. Contact phone number

+90 312 454 75 41

+90 312 454 78 09

1.8. Contact fax number

Not required.

2.1. Metadata last certified

28 October 2025

2.2. Metadata last posted

28 October 2025

2.3. Metadata last update

28 October 2025

3.1. Data description

Statistics on Private non-profit R&D (PNPRD) measure research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the private non-profit sector, i.e. R&D expenditure and R&D personnel. In line with this objective the target population for the national R&D survey of the private non-profit sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including all R&D performers – occasional and continuous, known and unknown - in all branches and size classes) belonging to this sector.

The main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics)..

The guiding document to preparing the quality reports is the European Statistical System (ESS)  Handbook for Quality and Metadata Reports — re-edition 2021.

Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. 

3.2. Classification system

• The distribution of principal economic activity and by product field is based on Statistical classification of economic activities in the European Community (NACE Rev. 2);
• The local units for the statistics are compiled at regional level according to NUTS 2 – Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics;
• The distribution by socioeconomic objectives (SEO) is based on Nomenclature for the Analysis and Comparisons of Scientific Programmes and Budgets (NABS);
• The fields of research and development based on Classification and distribution by Fields of Research and Development (FORD);
• The R&D personnel and researchers by educational attainment are classified by the International Standard Classification of Education ISCED 2011

3.3. Coverage - sector

See below.

3.3.1. General coverage

Definition of R&D

R&D comprise creative and systematic work undertaken in order to increase the stock of knowledge - including knowledge of humankind, culture and society - and to devise new applications of available knowledge.

There is no deviation, main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the Frascati Manual.

3.3.2. Sector institutional coverage

Private non-profit sector	Selection criterion applied in the construction of the framework: Foundations taxed under the balance sheet method throughout Türkiye, with R&D expenditures greater than zero for the year 2023 and subsequent years (data retrieved from the database via SAS).
Inclusion of units that primarily do not belong to PNP and the borderline cases	Non-market NPIs controlled by goverment (e.g. some research institues, centers...)

3.3.3. R&D variable coverage

R&D administration and other support activities	Specific R&D administration in the R&D performing unit is included. (Direct support for R&D by persons is included in both the personnel and expenditure series).
External R&D personnel	Not available
Clinical trials: compliance with the recommendations in Frascati Manual §2.61.	When R&D is the primary purpose of the clinical trials, included in R&D data.

3.3.4. International R&D transactions

Receipts from rest of the world by sector - availability	It complied with FM.
Payments to rest of the world by sector - availability	Not available

3.3.5. Extramural R&D expenditures

According to the Frascati Manual (FM), expenditure on extramural R&D (i.e. R&D performed outside the statistical unit) is not included in intramural R&D performance totals (FM, §4.12).

Data collection  on extramural R&D expenditure (Yes/No)	No
Method for separating extramural R&D expenditure from intramural R&D expenditure	Not available
Difficulties to distinguish intramural from extramural R&D expenditure	Not available

3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions

See below.

3.4.1. R&D expenditure

Coverage of years	2016 and onwards
Source of funds	All elements are included.
Type of R&D	All types are included.
Type of costs	All elements are included.
Defence R&D - method for obtaining data on R&D expenditure	No specific method for the sector.

3.4.2. R&D personnel

See below.

3.4.2.1. R&D personnel – Head Counts (HC)

Coverage of years	2016 and onwards
Function	All R&D personnel in a statistical unit who engaged directly in R&D activities.
Qualification	Compiled based on ISCED classification.
Age	Categorized by age groups.
Citizenship	Not asked

3.4.2.2. R&D personnel – Full Time Equivalent (FTE)

Coverage of years	Compiled based on ISCED classification.
Function	Categorized by age groups.
Qualification	Compiled based on ISCED classification.
Age	Categorized by age groups.
Citizenship	Not asked.

3.4.2.3. FTE calculation

Full-time equivalent data are calculated using the survey results.

3.5. Statistical unit

The statistical unit is the institutional unit as defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1993/696 of 15 March 1993.

All public institutions located in Turkey are included.

3.6. Statistical population

See below.

3.6.1. National target population

The target population is the population for which inferences are made. The frame (or frames, as sometimes several frames are used) is a device that permits access to population units. The frame population is the set of population units which can be accessed through the frame and the survey data really refer to this population of institutional units.

The objective of the European R&D statistics is to cover all intramural R&D activities. In line with this objective, the target population for the national R&D survey of the PNP Sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including known R&D performers or assumed to perform R&D). In practise however, countries in their R&D surveys might have difficulty in identifying R&D activities at the municipality level. 

 

	Target population when sample/census survey is used for collection of raw data	Target population when administrative data or pre-compiled statistics are used
Definition of the national target population	All potential R&D performers	Not applicable
Estimation of the target population size	Census of all units	Not applicable

3.7. Reference area

Not requested. R&D statistics cover national and regional data.

3.8. Coverage - Time

Not requested. See concept 12.3.2. (data availability).

3.9. Base period

The base year for the unit Purchasing Power Standard (PPS) and PPS per inhabitant at constant prices is currently 2005. All calculations of non-basic unit (national currencies) are done by Eurostat.

R&D expenditure is published in the following units:  Euro (MIO_EUR) and Euro per inhabitant (EUR_HAB); data are available in the following units: basic unit National currency (MIO_NAC); Purchasing Power Standard (MIO_PPS); Purchasing Power Standard at 2005 prices (MIO_PPS_KP05); Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices (PPS_HAB_KP05); Percentage of gross domestic product (PC_GDP); and Percentage of total R&D expenditure (PC_TOT - for the breakdown by source of funds).

R&D personnel data are published in full-time equivalent (FTE), in head count (HC), as a percentage of total employment and as a percentage of active population.

Reference period is the calendar year.

6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements

See below.

6.1.1. European legislation

Legal acts / agreements:

Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020 laying down technical specifications and arrangements pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2019/2152 of the European Parliament and of the Council on European business statistics repealing 10 legal acts in the field of business statistics. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. The transmission of R&D data is mandatory for Member States and EEA countries.

Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2012/995 concerning the production and development of Community statistics on science and technology was in force until the end of 2020. 

6.1.2. National legislation

Existence of R&D specific statistical legislation	No specific R&D legislation, the National Statistical Law No. 5429
Are respondents obliged by the national law to provide raw and administrative data:	The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.

6.1.3. Standards and manuals

• Frascati Manual 2015, Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development
• European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D

6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing

Not requested.

7.1. Confidentiality - policy

A property of data indicating the extent to which their unauthorised disclosure could be prejudicial or harmful to the interest of the source or other relevant parties.

At the level of the ESS the EU regulation 223/2009 on European statistics defines confidential data as data which allows statistical units (respondents) to be identified, either directly - by formal identifiers such as respondents’ names, addresses, identification numbers - or indirectly - by using a combination of variables or characteristics such as age, gender, education - thereby disclosing individual information (see Article 2(1)(e) of regulation 223/2009).

 

At national level:

a)       Confidentiality protection required by law:   

According to Articles 13,14 and 15 of Law No. 5429

b)       Confidentiality commitments of survey staff:   

Law No. 5429

 

7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment

The information is collected to be used only for statistical work, privacy is guaranteed by Law No. 5429. It can not be used as evidence for emergence of any liability or investigation. This privacy is the legal responsibility of Turkish Statistical Institute.

8.1. Release calendar

From 1990 and onwards, R&D data are published annually.

8.2. Release calendar access

For Eurostat this is: Release calendar - Eurostat (europa.eu)

National Release Calendar

8.3. Release policy - user access

It can be reached the contents of "Press Release" "Statistical Tables", "Databases", "Reports" and "Metadata" via National Press Releases and Statistical Tables link after you choose the related topic in "Statistics" menu.

Moreover, it can be reached many information available in international or local level via "Regional Statistics", "Province Indicators", "International Selected Indicators" applications take place in "E-Services" menu using TurkStat Website.

The frequency of R&D data dissemination at Eurostat level is yearly for provisional and final data.

At national level the frequency is annual as well. 

10.1. Dissemination format - News release

See below.

10.1.1. Availability of the releases

	Availability (Y/N)1)	Links
Regular releases	Y	Regular Releases for R&D Indicators
Ad-hoc releases	N

1) Y - Yes, N – No

10.2. Dissemination format - Publications

See below.

10.2.1. Availability of means of dissemination

Means of dissemination	Availability (Y/N)1)	Links
General publication/article	Y	General R&D Dissemination Article
Specific paper publication (e.g. sectoral provided to enterprises)	N

1) Y – Yes, N - No 

10.3. Dissemination format - online database

The statistical tables published online is available on the website to observe the time series.

10.3.1. Data tables - consultations

Not requested.

10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access

As Eurostat receives no R&D micro-data from the reporting countries, users should contact directly the respective national statistical institute (NSI) for access to the micro-data.

10.4.1. Provisions affecting the access

Access rights to the micro-data	Not available
Access cost policy	Not available
Micro-data anonymisation rules	Not available

10.5. Dissemination format - other

See below.

10.5.1. Metadata - consultations

Not requested.

10.5.2. Availability of other dissemination means

Dissemination means	Availability (Y/N)1)	Micro-data / Aggregate figures	Comments
Internet: main results available on the national statistical authority’s website	Y	Research&Development Survey Activities 2023
Data prepared for individual ad hoc requests	N	Online request form filled by users.
Other	Y	It is prepared providing a protocol made with the related stakeholders. The confidentially is also saved in any case. It is not valid for the individual requests.

1) Y – Yes, N - No 

10.6. Documentation on methodology

It can be reach detailed information via Documentation on Methodology

10.6.1. Metadata completeness - rate

Not requested.

10.7. Quality management - documentation

See below.

10.7.1. Documentation and users’ requests

Type(s) of data accompanying information available (metadata, graphs, quality reports, etc.)	R&D data is published on web with national metadata file.
Requests on further clarification, most problematic issues	All the required explanations are available on metadata file.

11.1. Quality assurance

At Eurostat level, the common quality framework of the European Statistical System (ESS) is composed of the European Statistics Code of Practice, the Quality Assurance Framework of the ESS, and the general quality management principles (such as continuous interaction with users, continuous improvement, integration, and harmonisation).

TurkStat is ensuring that the statistical practices used to compile national R&D data are in compliance with Frascati Manual recommendations.

Quality evaluation of R&D statistics is carried out based on the information provided in the national and international quality reports

11.2. Quality management - assessment

During Frascati  Manual revision  process,  TurkStat  was  in  close  cooperation  with  EU  Member  States  and Eurostat.  The  questionnaires  sent  by  OECD  and  Eurostat  were  examined,  the breakdowns  that  were  not  collecting  were  specified.  Afterwards,  the  variables  / breakdowns were included in the revised questionnaires.

Considering  the  updated  manual  and  additional  data  requirements,  data  collection methods  and  reporting  process  were  enhanced  in  a  similar  way  to  the  other  national statistical offices.

12.1. Relevance - User Needs

See below.

12.1.1. Needs at national level

Users’ class1)	Description of users	Users’ needs
1. Institutions	The Supreme Council for Science, Technology and Innovation Policies Presidency of Strategy and Budget Ministry of Industry and Technology  The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey Technology Development Foundation	Strategic goals, grant schemes, research project, government allocations for R&D activities
1. Institutions	OECD and Eurostat	International comparison.
4. Researchers and students	Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data	Statistics, analyses, access to specific data in Data Research Centre
3. Media	National and regional media	Press release results.

1)       Users' class codification

1- Institutions:
• European level: Commission (DGs, Secretariat General), Council, European Parliament, ECB, other European agencies etc.
• in Member States, at the national or regional level: Ministries of Economy or Finance, other ministries (for sectoral comparisons), National Statistical Institutes and other statistical agencies (norms, training, etc.), and
• International organisations: OECD, UN, IMF, ILO, etc.

2- Social actors: Employers’ associations, trade unions, lobbies, among others, at the European, national or regional level.

3- Media: International or regional media – specialized or for the general public – interested both in figures and analyses or comments. The media are the main channels of statistics to the general public.

4- Researchers and students (Researchers and students need statistics, analyses, ad hoc services, access to specific data.)

5- Enterprises or businesses (Either for their own market analysis, their marketing strategy (large enterprises) or because they offer consultancy services)

6- Other (User class defined for national purposes, different from the previous classes.)

12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction

To evaluate if users' needs have been satisfied, the best way is to use user satisfaction surveys.

12.2.1. National Surveys and feedback

Conduction of a user satisfaction survey or any other type of monitoring user satisfaction	No user survey conducted
User satisfaction survey specific for R&D statistics	Not applicable
Short description of the feedback received	Not applicable

12.3. Completeness

See below.

12.3.1. Data completeness - rate

Completeness of statistics is good.

12.3.2. Data availability

Share of PNP R&D expenditure in GERD (Gross Domestic Expenditure on R&D):

12.3.2.1. Incorporation of PNP sector in another sector

Incorporation of PNP in another sector	PNP is not incorporated in another sector.
Reasons for not producing separate R&D statistics for the PNP sector	Because the number of PNP institutions is not very high, their R&D statistics are produced together with those of the general government sector.
Share of PNP expenditure in the total expenditure of the other sector	Not applicable
Share of PNP R&D Personnel in the respective figure of the other sector	Not applicable

12.3.2.2. Non-collection of R&D data for the PNP sector

Reasons for not compiling R&D statistics for the PNP sector	Not applicable
PNP R&D expenditure/ GERD*100	Not applicable
Share of PNP R&D Personnel in the respective figure of the total national economy	Not applicable

12.3.2.3. Data availability on more detail level

Additional dimension/variable available at national level1)	Availability2)	Frequency of data collection	Breakdown variables	Combinations of breakdown variables	Level of detail
No other additional variables available.

1) This question is optional. It refers to variables and breakdowns NOT asked by the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 (neither as 'optional').

2) Y-start year

12.3.2.4. R&D personnel - Cross-classification by function and qualification (if available in FTE and HC)

Cross-classification	Unit	Frequency
Not applicable

13.1. Accuracy - overall

Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).

 

Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:

1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.

2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:

a) Coverage errors,

b) Measurement errors,

c) Non response errors and

d) Processing errors.

 

Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.

13.2. Sampling error

That part of the difference between a population value and an estimate thereof, derived from a random sample, which is due to the fact that only a subset of the population is enumerated.

13.2.1. Sampling error - indicators

Confidence interval for Total R&D expenditure: 

Confidence interval for Total R&D personnel (FTE): 

13.3. Non-sampling error

Non-sampling errors occur in all phases of a survey. They add to the sampling errors (if present) and contribute to decreasing overall accuracy. It is important to assess their relative weight in the total error and devote appropriate resources for their control and assessment.

 

a)       Extent of non-sampling errors:

No errors known

b)       Measures taken to reduce the extent of non-sampling errors:

not applicable 

c)       Methods used in order to correct/adjust for such errors:

not applicable 

13.3.1. Coverage error

Coverage errors are due to divergences between the target population and the frame population. The frame population is the set of target population members that has a chance to be selected into the survey sample. It is a listing of all items in the population from which the sample is drawn that contains contact details as well as sufficient information to perform stratification and sampling.

No errors known. 

13.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate

Not requested.

13.3.1.2. Common units - proportion

Not requested.

13.3.2. Measurement error

Not requested.

13.3.3. Non response error

Not requested.

13.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate

Not requested.

13.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate

Not requested.

13.3.4. Processing error

Not requested.

13.3.5. Model assumption error

Not requested.

14.1. Timeliness

Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar.

14.1.1. Time lag - first result

Time lag between the end of reference period and the release date of the results:
Indicator: (Release date of provisional/ first results) - (Date of reference for the data)

 

a) End of reference period: 31 December 2023 

b) Date of first release of national data: 06 November 2024

c) Lag (days): 311

14.1.2. Time lag - final result

a) End of reference period: 31 December 2023 

b) Date of first release of national data: 06 November 2024

c) Lag (days): 311 

14.2. Punctuality

Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of data and the target date on which they were scheduled for release as announced officially.

14.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication

Punctuality of time schedule of data release = (Actual date of the data release) - (Scheduled date of the data release)

14.2.1.1. Deadline and date of data transmission

	Transmission of provisional data	Transmission of final data
Legally defined deadline of data transmission (T+_ months)	10	18
Actual date of transmission of the data (T+x months)	T + 12	T + 12
Delay (days)	There was no delay.
Reasoning for delay

15.1. Comparability - geographical

See below.

15.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient

Not requested.

15.1.2. General issues of comparability

Main concepts and definitions are used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the Frascati Manual. However, data on external R&D personnel and external R&D expenditure are not compiled.

15.1.3. Survey Concepts Issues

The following table lists a number of key survey concepts and conceptual issues; it gives reference to the Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 or Frascati manual (FM) paragraphs and the EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics with recommendations about these concepts / issues.

Concept / Issues	Reference to recommendations	Deviation from recommendations	Comments on national definition / Treatment – deviations from recommendations
R&D personnel	FM2015 Chapter 5 (mainly sub-chapter 5.2).	No deviation
Researcher	FM2015, § 5.35-5.39.	No deviation
Approach to obtaining Headcount (HC) data	FM2015, § 5.58-5.61 (in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).	No deviation
Reporting data according to formula: Total R&D personnel = Internal R&D personnel + External R&D personnel	FM2015, §5.25	No deviation
Approach to obtaining FTE data	FM2015, § 5.49-5.57 (in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).	No deviation
Intramural R&D expenditure	FM2015,Chapter 4 (mainly sub-chapter 4.2).	No deviation
Statistical unit	FM2015, § 10.40-10.42 (in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).	No deviation
Target population	FM2015, § 10.40-10.42 ((in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).	No deviation
Sector coverage	FM2015, § 10.2-10.8 ((in combination with Eurostat's EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics).	No deviation
Reference period for the main data	Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 18	No deviation
Reference period for all data	Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 18	No deviation

15.1.4. Deviations from recommendations

The following table lists a number of key methodological issues, which may affect the international comparability of national R&D statistics. The table gives the references in the Frascati manual, where related recommendations are made. Countries are asked to report on the existence of any deviations from existing recommendations and comment upon.

Methodological issues	Reference to recommendations	Deviation from recommendations	Comments on national treatment / treatment deviations from recommendations
Data collection method	FM2015 Chapter 10 (mainly sub-chapter 10.6).	No deviation
Survey questionnaire / data collection form	FM2015 Chapter 10 (mainly sub-chapter 10.6).	No deviation
Cooperation with respondents	FM2015 Chapter 10 (mainly sub-chapter 10.6).	No deviation
Data processing methods	FM2015 Chapter 10 (mainly sub-chapter 10.6).	No deviation
Treatment of non-response	FM2015 Chapter 10 (mainly sub-chapter 10.6).	No deviation
Data compilation of final and preliminary data	Reg. 2020/1197: Annex 1, Table 18	No deviation

15.2. Comparability - over time

See below.

15.2.1. Length of comparable time series

See below.

15.2.2. Breaks in time series

	Length  of comparable time series	Break years1)	Nature of the breaks
R&D personnel (HC)		2016	From 2016: Non-profits included; R&D HC not comparable.
Function
Qualification
R&D personnel (FTE)		2016	From 2016: Non-profits included; R&D HC not comparable.
Function
Qualification
R&D expenditure		1994	1994: R&D expenditure based on total intramural, not comparable.
Source of funds
Type of costs
Type of R&D
Other

1)       Breaks years are years for which data are not fully comparable to the previous period.

15.2.3. Collection of data in the even years

Data produced in the same way in the odd and even years.

15.3. Coherence - cross domain

See below.

15.3.1. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics

Not requested.

15.3.2. Coherence - National Accounts

R&D statistics are produced according to System of National Accounts (SNA) and Frascati Manual 2015. 

15.4. Coherence - internal

See below.

15.4.1. Comparison between preliminary and final data

This part compares key R&D variables as preliminary and final data.

 

	Total PNP R&D expenditure (in 1000 of national currency)	Total PNP R&D personnel (in FTEs)	Total number of PNP researchers  (in FTEs)
Preliminary data (delivered at T+10)	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.
Final data (delivered T+18)	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.
Difference (of final data)	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.	Not applicable due to the fact that preliminary data are considered final data.

Comments:

....

15.4.2. Consistency between R&D personnel and expenditure

	Average remuneration per year (cost in national currency)	Explanation of consistency issues if any
Consistency between FTEs of internal R&D personnel and R&D labour costs (1)	771,879.936 TL per FTE (7,015,423,769/ 9088.75)
Consistency between FTEs of external R&D personnel and other current costs for external R&D personnel (2)	No distinction between internal and external R&D personnel available.

(1)    Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the internal R&D personnel, excluding those who are only formally ‘employees’ (university students, grant holders, etc.).

(2)    Calculate the average remuneration (cost) of individuals belonging to the external R&D personnel (FTEs/other current R&D costs for external R&D personnel).

The assessment of costs associated with a statistical product is a rather complicated task since there must exist a mechanism for appointing portions of shared costs (for instance shared IT resources and dissemination channels) and overheads (office space, utility bills etc). The assessment must become detailed and clear enough so that international comparisons among agencies of different structures are feasible. 

16.1. Costs summary

	Costs for the statistical authority (in national currency)	Cost for the NSI in time use/person/day
Staff costs	Not separately available.
Data collection costs	Not separately available.
Other costs	Not separately available.
Total costs	Not separately available.

1)       The shares of the figures given in the first column that are accounted for by payments to private firms or other Government agencies.

Comments on costs:

....

16.2. Components of burden and description of how these estimates were reached

	Value	Computation method
Number of Respondents (R)	913
Average Time required to complete the questionnaire in hours (T)1)	Not known.
Average hourly cost (in national currency) of a respondent (C)	Impossible to quantify.
Total cost	Not known.

1)        T = the time required to provide the information, including time spent assembling information prior to completing a form or taking part in interview and the time taken up by any subsequent contacts after receipt of the questionnaire (‘Re-contact time’)

17.1. Data revision - policy

Not requested.

17.2. Data revision - practice

Not requested.

17.2.1. Data revision - average size

Not requested.

18.1. Source data

Several separate activities are used for the collection of raw data or pre-compiled administrative data and statistics related to R&D. This section collects information on the type of data collection instruments used as well as methodological information for each data collection instrument. Depending on the type of data collection instrument used, only the sections corresponding to that data collection instrument are filled in.

18.1.1. Data source – general information

Survey name: General Government and Private Non-Profit Institutions R&D Activities Survey;

Type of survey: Census. The survey is a web-based questionnaire.

Combination of dedicated R&D and other survey(s)	Not applicable. (census survey)

18.1.2. Sample/census survey information

Sampling unit
Stratification variables (if any - for sample surveys only)	Not applicable. (census survey)
Stratification variable classes	It was not applied to the sampling method.
Population size	It was not applied to the sampling method.
Planned sample size	It was not applied to the sampling method.
Sample selection mechanism (for sample surveys only)	It was not applied to the sampling method.
Survey frame	Not applicable. (census survey)
Sample design	Not applicable. (census survey)
Sample size	It was not applied to the sampling method.
Survey frame quality
Variables the survey contributes to

18.1.3. Information on collection of administrative data or of pre-compiled statistics

Source	Survey
Description of collected data / statistics	Non-profit institutions operating within the borders of Türkiye are covered.
Reference period, in relation to the variables the administrative source contributes to	1 January 2023 - 31 December 2023
Variables the administrative source contributes to	Administrative data have not been used.

18.2. Frequency of data collection

See 12.3.2.

18.3. Data collection

See below.

18.3.1. Data collection overview

Information provider	All public institutions in the frame
Description of collected information	Gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector and type of cost, gross domestic expenditure on R&D by sector of performance and by source of funds, R&D personnel by sector of performance and occupation, R&D personnel by sector of performance and qualification, R&D personnel by occupation and qualification, General government expenditure on R&D by socio-economic objectives and type of costs, R&D expenditure and personnel by NUTS-2
Data collection method	Web based on-line survey
Time-use surveys for the calculation of R&D coefficients
Realised sample size (per stratum)
Mode of data collection (face-to-face interviews; telephone interviews; postal surveys, etc.)
Incentives used for increasing response
Follow-up of non-respondents	Organized by regional offices
Replacement of non-respondents (e.g. if proxy interviewing is employed)	No replacement due to census
Response rate (ratio of completed "interviews" over total number of eligible enterprises or enterprises of unknown eligibility)	High response rate thanks to Law No. 5429.
Non-response analysis (if applicable -- also see section 18.5. Data compilation - Weighting and Estimation methods)	Non-response analysis is performed at the end of the process.

18.3.2. Questionnaire and other documents

Annex	Name of the file
R&D national questionnaire and explanatory notes in English:
R&D national questionnaire and explanatory notes in the national language:	Research and Development Activities Survey, 2023 General Government and Private Non-Profit Institutions R&D Activities Survey, 2023
Other relevant documentation of national methodology in English:
Other relevant documentation of national methodology in the national language:

18.4. Data validation

Upon completion of the fieldwork, the consistency, accuracy, and completeness of all data were verified through comprehensive analytical procedures.

18.5. Data compilation

See below.

18.5.1. Imputation - rate

Imputation is the method of creating plausible (but artificial) substitute values for all those missing.
Definition:
Imputation rate (for the variable x) % = (Number of imputed records for the variable x) * 100/ (Total number of possible records for x)

18.5.2. Data compilation methods

Data compilation method - Final data	Not applicable.
Data compilation method - Preliminary data	Not applicable.

18.5.3. Measurement issues

Method of derivation of regional data	A full census is carried out for all regions.
Coefficients used for estimation of the R&D share of more general expenditure items	Not applicable.
Inclusion or exclusion of VAT and provisions for depreciation in the measurement of expenditures	Not applicable.

18.5.4. Weighting and estimation methods

Description of weighting method	Not applicable.  R&D survey is census and there is no weight for units.
Description of the estimation method	Not applicable.

18.6. Adjustment

Not requested.

18.6.1. Seasonal adjustment

Not requested.

Statistics on Private non-profit R&D (PNPRD) measure research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the private non-profit sector, i.e. R&D expenditure and R&D personnel. In line with this objective the target population for the national R&D survey of the private non-profit sector should consist of all R&D performing units (including all R&D performers – occasional and continuous, known and unknown - in all branches and size classes) belonging to this sector.

The main concepts and definitions used for the production of R&D statistics are given by the OECD (2015), Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development, The Measurement of Scientific, Technological and Innovation Activities, which is the internationally recognised standard methodology for collecting R&D statistics and by Eurostat’s European Business Statistics Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics (EBS Methodological Manual on R&D Statistics)..

The guiding document to preparing the quality reports is the European Statistical System (ESS)  Handbook for Quality and Metadata Reports — re-edition 2021.

Since the beginning of 2021, the collection of R&D statistics is based on Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No 2020/1197 of 30 July 2020. The Regulation sets the framework for the collection of R&D statistics and specifies the main variables of interest and their breakdowns at predefined level of detail. 

28 October 2025

See below.

The statistical unit is the institutional unit as defined by Council Regulation (EEC) No 1993/696 of 15 March 1993.

All public institutions located in Turkey are included.

See below.

Not requested. R&D statistics cover national and regional data.

Reference period is the calendar year.

Accuracy in the statistical sense denotes the closeness of computations or estimates to the exact or true values. Statistics are not equal with the true values because of variability (the statistics change from implementation to implementation of the survey due to random effects) and bias (the average of the possible values of the statistics from implementation to implementation is not equal to the true value due to systematic effects).

 

Several types of statistical errors occur during the survey process. The following typology of errors has been adopted:

1. Sampling errors. These only affect sample surveys. They are due to the fact that only a subset of the population, usually randomly selected, is enumerated.

2. Non-sampling errors. Non-sampling errors affect sample surveys and complete enumerations alike and comprise:

a) Coverage errors,

b) Measurement errors,

c) Non response errors and

d) Processing errors.

 

Model assumption errors should be treated under the heading of the respective error they are trying to reduce.

R&D expenditure is published in the following units:  Euro (MIO_EUR) and Euro per inhabitant (EUR_HAB); data are available in the following units: basic unit National currency (MIO_NAC); Purchasing Power Standard (MIO_PPS); Purchasing Power Standard at 2005 prices (MIO_PPS_KP05); Purchasing Power Standard per inhabitant at constant 2005 prices (PPS_HAB_KP05); Percentage of gross domestic product (PC_GDP); and Percentage of total R&D expenditure (PC_TOT - for the breakdown by source of funds).

R&D personnel data are published in full-time equivalent (FTE), in head count (HC), as a percentage of total employment and as a percentage of active population.

See below.

Several separate activities are used for the collection of raw data or pre-compiled administrative data and statistics related to R&D. This section collects information on the type of data collection instruments used as well as methodological information for each data collection instrument. Depending on the type of data collection instrument used, only the sections corresponding to that data collection instrument are filled in.

The frequency of R&D data dissemination at Eurostat level is yearly for provisional and final data.

At national level the frequency is annual as well. 

Timeliness and punctuality refer to time and dates, but in a different manner: the timeliness of statistics reflects the length of time between their availability and the event or phenomenon they describe. Punctuality refers to the time lag between the release date of the data and the target date on which they should have been delivered, with reference to dates announced in the official release calendar.

See below.

See below.