Reference metadata describe statistical concepts and methodologies used for the collection and generation of data. They provide information on data quality and, since they are strongly content-oriented, assist users in interpreting the data. Reference metadata, unlike structural metadata, can be decoupled from the data.
There are no railways in Cyprus, Malta and Iceland. There is only a minor railway network in Liechtenstein, but the railway integrated company is Austrian.
The Common Questionnaire is not supported by a legal act, but is based on a goodwill agreement with the participating countries; its completeness may therefore vary from country to country. The Glossary for transport statistics was published since 1994 (1st edition) with the purpose of assisting countries during this data collection
Data is generally provided by the national statistical institutes or responsible transport administrations.
Eurostat cooperates closely with the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) with respect to statistics on the railway transport equipment. Indeed, ERA manages the European Vehicle Register (EVR), with many specifications corresponding to the indicators collected by the Common Questionnaire for inland transport statidtis. These data are used for gap-filling and then flagged "i" for "imputed by Eurostat or another European agency"..
Eurobase tables based on the Common Questionnaire cover annual data from the EU Member States, EFTA countries, candidate countries and potential candidates to the EU. Data from other participating countries are available through the ITF and the UNECE websites. In total, comparable transport data collected through the Common Questionnaire are available for close to 50 countries worldwide.
3.2. Classification system
Most of the underlying classification comes from UIC (types of railway vehicles, sources of energy...).
3.3. Coverage - sector
The scope of the railway network covered by the Common Questionnaire is defined by entriy A.0-01 "Heavy rail" of the Glossary for transport statistics, i.e. rail systems for medium- and long-distance passenger and freight transport, including regional, intercity, high-speed and certain local rail services operating on the same infrastructure as regional, intercity or freight services.
On the opposite, the transport equipment for urban and suburban transport systems, dedicated networks and touristic rail lines is excluded (see entry A.0-02 "Other rail" of the Glossary for transport statistics), as well as for private rail infrastructure with restricted access (see entry A.I-24 of the Glossary for transport statistics).
The entry A.II-01 of the Glossary for transport statistics specifies more: "Mobile equipment running exclusively on rails, moving either under its own power (locomotive, railcar and driven bodies) or being hauled by another vehicle (coaches, non-driven bodies, vans and wagons).
Vehicles to be reported in the statistics are those registered in the country, aggregated by keepers (see A.III-07) rather than by owners.
3.4. Statistical concepts and definitions
The definitions used in the Common Questionnaire are specified in the Glossary for transport statistics. The Glossary is an official publication in EN, FR and DE. The UNECE produces also a version in Russian.
As for railway transport equipment, the definitions are listed between entries A.II-01 and A.II-27 in the Glossary.
3.5. Statistical unit
The statistical units observed are the railway vehicles of the national railway enterprises.
The ultimate collection units, reporting to the NSIs or other competent national authorities, are usually the railway undertakings (RUs).or the railway integrated companies.
3.6. Statistical population
The transport vehicles of the national railway enterprises are observed on the 31st December of the year.
Only aggregated national data are reported by the participating countries; no micro data or confidential data are transmitted.
3.7. Reference area
Member States of the European Union; EFTA states; European Union Candidate countries and potential candidate(s). Other countries are covered by the ITF and UNECE.
3.8. Coverage - Time
Most series go back to 1990, while information on vans and wagons may be available as from 1970, and the data on trainsets and capacity by type of speed from 2008.
The European Vehicle Register managed by the European Railway Agency (ERA) is very recent (2021).
3.9. Base period
Not applicable.
Number of railway vehicles.
Data are collected on a yearly basis.
The reference period is the end of the year (31st December).
6.1. Institutional Mandate - legal acts and other agreements
The Common Questionnaire is not supported by any legal acts; it is a voluntary data collection, based on a goodwill agreement with the participating countries.
6.2. Institutional Mandate - data sharing
Data are shared with the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the International Transport Forum (ITF) at the OECD.
7.1. Confidentiality - policy
The Common Questionnaire is a voluntary data collection of aggregated national data. No confidential data are reported by the participating countries. Therefore, no confidentiality policy applies.
7.2. Confidentiality - data treatment
Not applicable.
8.1. Release calendar
The intention of Eurostat is to publish all data on reference year N by the end of year N+1. The data release calendar for transport domain is available on the Eurostat website
Datasets checked for consistency are available free of charge through Eurostat’s Eurobase dissemination database.
In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see item 10 - 'Accessibility and clarity') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users.
Annually. An intermediate update can occur 1 or 2 months after first release when late data are transmitted, or when errors are corrected.
10.1. Dissemination format - News release
News articles usually accompany Statistics Explained articles, published in same time as CQ data are released.
10.2. Dissemination format - Publications
The data on rail transport equipment are commented in annual Statistics Explained article (SE):
Datasets checked for consistency are available free of charge through Eurostat’s Eurobase dissemination database, under the theme ‘Transport’, node 'Railway transport', folder 'Railway transport equipment (rail_eq)'. Only aggregated annual data at national level are available.
Similar Common Questionnaire transport data for countries other than EU/EFTA/candidate countries and potential candidates are available from ITF and UNECE.
10.4. Dissemination format - microdata access
Not applicable; only aggregated national data are reported.
10.5. Dissemination format - other
Not applicable.
10.6. Documentation on methodology
The Glossary for transport statistics provides the definitions and lists the classifications used for the Common Questionnaire data collection. The Glossary is available on the websites of the three organisations.
10.7. Quality management - documentation
Not available.
11.1. Quality assurance
The Common Questionnaire is a voluntary data collection, not supported by legal acts. It is completed by the competent national authorities, who are responsible for the main quality assurance. National data are reported through EDAMIS portal. Upon transmission of a file, a validation process takes place in EDAMIS which contains a number of data checks and controls in two validation systems:
EDAMIS notifies the file sender if errors are found in the overall structure of transmitted Common Questionnaire file. This validation system is called Struval (structural validation).
EDAMIS notifies the file sender if errors are found in the content/data of the file (mainly differences between totals and the sum of their breakdown values). This validation system is called Conval (content validation).
All files transmitted to EDAMIS are first validated by Struval and then by Conval. In case a file fails to pass the level of Struval, it does not reach Conval. The data provider is notified about the error(s) at Struval level and needs to resubmit a corrected file. Similarly, if a file succeeds in passing Struval but is rejected at Conval level, the data provider is again notified about the error(s) and has to submit a corrected file.
Further plausibility checks, growth rate checks and data validation control are carried out by Eurostat in the form of quality reports by theme sent to the countries shortly after their data submission.
11.2. Quality management - assessment
Eurostat routinely assesses timeliness, completeness and accuracy and follows this up with the data providers.
12.1. Relevance - User Needs
Key users of the statistics are: the European Commission, Directorate-General Mobility and Transport (DG MOVE); the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE); and the International Transport Forum (ITF/OECD). These users are strongly involved in the design and development of the Common Questionnaire, thus user needs are generally considered to be well covered and integrated in the development process. Indicators for policy needs are constantly extracted from the Common Questionnaire, such as the indicators on rail and road infrastructure.
12.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction
Not available.
12.3. Completeness
Completeness for this group of indicators in Common Questionnaire is relatively high for EU Member Staes (61%), notably lower for the tractive power or the capacity in tonnes or seats or berths (generally between 41% and 48%), relatively low for the concept of trainsets - many railway vehicles to be counted for one tractive unit (26%).
13.1. Accuracy - overall
There can be some conceptual issues on the exact scope (all railway enterprises / all railway undertakings / main railway undertaking or railway integrated company).
13.2. Sampling error
There is no sampling issue, but there could be partial non-response. Data are easier to collect from a monopoly than from a widely-open market with many railway undertakings.
13.3. Non-sampling error
Apart the main railway undertaking or integrated railway company, there can be many types of keepers for the wagons, or secondary railway undertakings not surveyed every year.
14.1. Timeliness
The deadline for the data transmission is 9-10 months after the end of the reference period (calendar year). The expected deadline for the data dissemination is less than 12 months after the end of the reference period, i.e. about mid-December N+1.
14.2. Punctuality
The data on railway transport equipment are generally available in autumn N+1, even in February N+1 in case of data extracted from the European Vehicle Register managed by ERA.
15.1. Comparability - geographical
Geographical comparability is generally high due to harmonised definitions used by the national authorities to report data.
15.2. Comparability - over time
Comparability over time is generally good. The indicators on railway transport equipment in Common Questionnaire have sometimes been unchanged for 35 years.
Eurostat addresses every year a 'request for clarifications' to countries, relying mainly on possible inconsistencies over time.
Time series breaks that cannot be avoided are flagged.
15.3. Coherence - cross domain
Not applicable.
15.4. Coherence - internal
There is a good internal coherence, due to Conval rules.
Each time a new data collection is launched on reference year N, normally in April N+1:
the CQ template of the reference year is pre-filled with the "static data" of the previous 5 years, which helps the countries to identify breaks or gaps in series, or only the need to revise some figures;
pre-filled CQ templates are available for revision for all reference years since 2013.
When Eurostat observes an inconsistency in time series, it encourages the countries to revise data since reference year 2013.
All reported errors (once validated) result in corrections of the disseminated data, as soon as possible.
A country can also ask for an ad hoc revision, so that nationally published data are consistent with data disseminated by Eurostat.
18.1. Source data
Data for the Common Questionnaire are collected and compiled by the competent national authorities (national statistical institutes or transport administrations). Only aggregated national annual data are reported to Eurostat.
Aggregates extracted from EVR managed by ERA are collected from all railway enterprises, at individual railway vehicle level.
18.2. Frequency of data collection
Annual.
18.3. Data collection
The data collection methodology is determined by the competent national authorities and may vary from country to country.
The national railway undertakings or railway integrated companies are usually all surveyed annually, sometimes every five years only. The infrastructure managers and shippers (wagons) could be surveyed, too.
These national authorities send Excel files (1 per country, theme and year) to EDAMIS portal.
18.4. Data validation
Data validation is first carried out by the competent national authorities. Only aggregated national data are reported to Eurostat. National data are reported through the EDAMIS portal, which contains a number of data checks and controls (Struval rules for the structure validation, Conval rules for the content validation). Further plausibility checks, growth rate checks and data validation controls are carried out by Eurostat in the form of quality reports / requests for clarifications addressed to countries.
18.5. Data compilation
The data collection and compilation methodology is determined by the competent national authorities and varies from country to country.
Eurostat compiles EU totals and, in this particuler case of railway transportequipment indicators, can fill in some gaps with the help of EVR managed by ERA, or ponctually by UIC statistical database..
There are no railways in Cyprus, Malta and Iceland. There is only a minor railway network in Liechtenstein, but the railway integrated company is Austrian.
The Common Questionnaire is not supported by a legal act, but is based on a goodwill agreement with the participating countries; its completeness may therefore vary from country to country. The Glossary for transport statistics was published since 1994 (1st edition) with the purpose of assisting countries during this data collection
Data is generally provided by the national statistical institutes or responsible transport administrations.
Eurostat cooperates closely with the European Union Agency for Railways (ERA) with respect to statistics on the railway transport equipment. Indeed, ERA manages the European Vehicle Register (EVR), with many specifications corresponding to the indicators collected by the Common Questionnaire for inland transport statidtis. These data are used for gap-filling and then flagged "i" for "imputed by Eurostat or another European agency"..
Eurobase tables based on the Common Questionnaire cover annual data from the EU Member States, EFTA countries, candidate countries and potential candidates to the EU. Data from other participating countries are available through the ITF and the UNECE websites. In total, comparable transport data collected through the Common Questionnaire are available for close to 50 countries worldwide.
11 May 2026
The definitions used in the Common Questionnaire are specified in the Glossary for transport statistics. The Glossary is an official publication in EN, FR and DE. The UNECE produces also a version in Russian.
As for railway transport equipment, the definitions are listed between entries A.II-01 and A.II-27 in the Glossary.
The statistical units observed are the railway vehicles of the national railway enterprises.
The ultimate collection units, reporting to the NSIs or other competent national authorities, are usually the railway undertakings (RUs).or the railway integrated companies.
The transport vehicles of the national railway enterprises are observed on the 31st December of the year.
Only aggregated national data are reported by the participating countries; no micro data or confidential data are transmitted.
Member States of the European Union; EFTA states; European Union Candidate countries and potential candidate(s). Other countries are covered by the ITF and UNECE.
Data are collected on a yearly basis.
The reference period is the end of the year (31st December).
There can be some conceptual issues on the exact scope (all railway enterprises / all railway undertakings / main railway undertaking or railway integrated company).
Number of railway vehicles.
The data collection and compilation methodology is determined by the competent national authorities and varies from country to country.
Eurostat compiles EU totals and, in this particuler case of railway transportequipment indicators, can fill in some gaps with the help of EVR managed by ERA, or ponctually by UIC statistical database..
Data for the Common Questionnaire are collected and compiled by the competent national authorities (national statistical institutes or transport administrations). Only aggregated national annual data are reported to Eurostat.
Aggregates extracted from EVR managed by ERA are collected from all railway enterprises, at individual railway vehicle level.
Annually. An intermediate update can occur 1 or 2 months after first release when late data are transmitted, or when errors are corrected.
The deadline for the data transmission is 9-10 months after the end of the reference period (calendar year). The expected deadline for the data dissemination is less than 12 months after the end of the reference period, i.e. about mid-December N+1.
Geographical comparability is generally high due to harmonised definitions used by the national authorities to report data.
Comparability over time is generally good. The indicators on railway transport equipment in Common Questionnaire have sometimes been unchanged for 35 years.
Eurostat addresses every year a 'request for clarifications' to countries, relying mainly on possible inconsistencies over time.
Time series breaks that cannot be avoided are flagged.
