Eurostat, the Statistical Office of the European Union

E5: Energy Statistics

European Commission - Eurostat

Unit ESTAT.E.5: Energy

L-2920 Luxembourg

Heating degree day (HDD) index is a weather-based technical index designed to describe the need for the heating energy requirements of buildings. Cooling degree day (CDD) index is a weather-based technical index designed to describe the need for the cooling (air-conditioning) requirements of buildings.

HDD and CDD are derived from meteorological observations of air temperature, interpolated to regular grids at 25 km resolution for Europe. Calculated gridded HDD and CDD are aggregated and subsequently presented on NUTS-2 level, for 2017 and 2018 also on NUTS-3 level.

This dataset includes monthly data as published by the Joint Research Centre's AGRI4CAST Resources Portal. Note that Eurostat is not the producer of the monthly data, but is only re-publishing them. Annual data are calculated as sum of monthly data by Eurostat.

NUTS-2 regions as adopted by Commission Regulation (EC) No 105/2007 (also known as NUTS 2006 applicable in period 2008-2011). Data of 2017 and 2018 are detailed up to NUTS-3 regions.

Further updates of NUTS classification by Commission Regulation (EU) No 31/2011, Commission Regulation (EU) No 1319/2013,  Commission Regulation (EU) No 868/2014 and Commission Regulation (EU) 2016/2066 are not implemented in this dataset.

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Heating Degree Days (HDD) index:  the severity of the cold in a specific time period taking into consideration outdoor temperature and average room temperature (in other words the need for heating). The calculation of HDD relies on the base temperature, defined as the lowest daily mean air temperature not leading to indoor heating. The value of the base temperature depends in principle on several factors associated with the building and the surrounding environment. By using a general climatological approach, the base temperature is set to a constant value of 15°C in the HDD calculation. 

If T_m ≤ 15°C Then [HDD = ∑_i(18°C - Tⁱ_m)] Else [HDD = 0] where Tⁱ_m is the mean air temperature of day i.

Examples: If the daily mean air temperature is 12°C, for that day the value of the HDD index is 6 (18°C-12°C). If the daily mean air temperature is 16°C, for that day the HDD index is 0.

Cooling degree days (CDD) index:  the severity of the heat in a specific time period taking into consideration outdoor temperature and average room temperature (in other words the need for cooling). The calculation of CDD relies on the base temperature, defined as the highest daily mean air temperature not leading to indoor cooling. The value of the base temperature depends in principle on several factors associated with the building and the surrounding environment. By using a general climatological approach, the base temperature is set to a constant value of 24°C in the CDD calculation.

If T_m ≥ 24°C Then [CDD = ∑_iTⁱ_m - 21°C)] Else [CDD = 0] where Tⁱ_m is the mean air temperature of day i.

Examples: If the daily mean air temperature is 26°C, for that day the value of the CDD index is 5 (26°C-21°C). If the daily mean air temperature is 22°C, for that day the CDD index is 0.

These calculations are executed on a daily basis, added up to a calendar months and subsequently to calendar years.

Gridded meteorological data from temperature measuring stations.

The HDD and CDD estimates for the EU are based on observations from about 3000 weather stations across Europe.

Annual and monthly data series cover the Member States of the European Union and the EU aggregate.

Data are available since January 1975, for Cyprus since January 1978.

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HDD and CDD data are presented as ˚C temperature sums.

The reference period is the calendar month.

Article 22 of Regulation (EU) No 1306/2013 on the financing, management and monitoring of the common agricultural policy.

This dataset includes monthly data as published by the Joint Research Centre's AGRI4CAST Resources Portal. Note that Eurostat is not the producer of the monthly data, but only republishes them. Annual data are calculated as sum of monthly data by Eurostat.

Regulation (EC) No 223/2009 on European statistics (recitals 23-27, 31-32 and Articles 20-26) applies. It stipulates the need to establish common principles and guidelines ensuring the confidentiality of data used for the production of European statistics and the access to those confidential data with due account for technical developments and the requirements of users in a democratic society.

There are no confidential data.

The database is updated once per year.

As per availability on AGRI4CAST Resources Portal

In line with the Community legal framework and the European Statistics Code of Practice Eurostat disseminates European statistics on Eurostat's website (see item 10 - 'Accessibility and clarity') respecting professional independence and in an objective, professional and transparent manner in which all users are treated equitably. The detailed arrangements are governed by the Eurostat protocol on impartial access to Eurostat data for users.

The data is disseminated on an annual basis.

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http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/energy/data/database

Microdata are not available in Eurostat.

European Commission - Joint Research Centre

AGRI4CAST Resources Portal

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Consumption of energy depends strongly on weather conditions. Natural gas or heating oil bills for instance will be noticeably higher in severe winters. If the temperature decreases below a certain value, "heating threshold", more energy is consumed due to increased need for space heating.

Temperature corrected energy consumption data help interpreting energy consumption trends and contribute to the design and measurement of policy goals.

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Data are disseminated annually.

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High regional comparability due to the harmonised methodology within all regions/countries.

High temporal comparability due to the harmonised methodology for all time periods.

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Comparable measurements systems following WMO standards ensure internal coherence; air temperature measurements are independent from one another.

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European Commission - Joint Research Centre

AGRI4CAST Resources Portal

Annual updates.

The data collection process is established and managed by the Joint Research Centre.

Data are based on annually validated and consolidated JRC-MARS gridded meteorological data. These data are checked for data gaps, errors, or dubious values for which corrections are acquired. Subsequent revisions include more or better data.

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This dataset includes monthly data as published by the Joint Research Center's AGRI4CAST Resources Portal. Note that Eurostat is not the producer of the monthly data, but is only republishing them.