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For any question on data and metadata, please contact: Eurostat user support |
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1.1. Contact organisation | Statistics Poland |
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1.2. Contact organisation unit | Centre for Labour Market Surveys and Analyses Statistical Office in Bydgoszcz |
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1.5. Contact mail address | Statistical Office in Bydgoszcz |
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2.1. Data description | |||
Labour cost index measures the evolution of labour cost per hour worked borne by the employer in a short period of time, i.e. in a quarter. It is a derivative indicator, calculated on the basis of the results of the surveys: on employment, wages and salaries, working time and labour costs based on obtaining data from the monthly 'Report on economic activity' (DG-1), the quarterly 'Report on paid employment, wages and salaries' (Z-03) and the annual 'Report on employed persons, wages, salaries and working time' (Z-06), as well as the Labour Cost Survey carried out at a 4-yearly frequency by means of the 'Report on labour costs' (Z-02). |
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2.2. Classification system | |||
In the LCI following classifications are applied: • the economic activities according to NACE Rev.2, |
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2.3. Coverage - sector | |||
The LCI covers employees from units conducting activity in sections B-S according to NACE Rev.2. |
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2.4. Statistical concepts and definitions | |||
The Quarterly Labour Cost Index shows short-term trends in the total labour costs, wage costs, other labour costs and labour costs excluding bonuses calculated per hour worked in sections B-S of NACE Rev.2.
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2.5. Statistical unit | |||
The statistical unit is an entity or a local unit with 10 and more persons employed. |
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2.6. Statistical population | |||
The LCI is a derivative indicator and information about statistical population, connected with the individual surveys which are the basis for the LCI. |
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2.7. Reference area | |||
The data refers to Poland at the level NUTS 0. |
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2.8. Coverage - Time | |||
The LCI data are presented from Q1 2000 to Q4 2022. |
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2.9. Base period | |||
The labour cost indices are chain-linked Laspeyres price indices which used the year 2016 as the reference year. |
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3.1. Source data | |||
The LCI is not the independent survey, but derives adequate data from the following statistical surveys:
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3.2. Frequency of data collection | |||
The LCI is calculated quarterly. |
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3.3. Data collection | |||
Data are calculated from the source data according to the guideline prepared on the basis on the Eurostat’s requirements and regulations. |
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3.4. Data validation | |||
Data are validated (with special IT tools) before sending. |
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3.5. Data compilation | |||
The LCI consists of: labour cost index per 1 hour worked, wage cost index per 1 hour worked, other labour cost index per 1 hour worked and labour cost index excluding bonuses per 1 hour worked. Quarterly hours worked are taken from quarterly statistics on employment, earnings and working time. Quarterly labour costs are based on the wage costs obtained from the short-term statistics on employment and earnings. The share of wage costs in the total labour costs comes from the four-yearly LCS. The quarterly labour costs per 1 hour worked are divided by the same – equivalent ratio for 2016 (the base year) to obtain a total quarterly labour costs index. Quarterly wage costs index come from quarterly business statistics. Quarterly wage costs per 1 hour worked are divided by the same ratio for 2016 to obtain quarterly wage costs index. Quarterly other labour costs are the result of deducting quarterly wage costs from quarterly labour costs. Quarterly other labour costs per 1 hour worked are divided by the same ratio for 2016 to obtain quarterly other labour cost index. Quarterly labour costs excluding bonuses are the result of deducting bonuses from quarterly labour costs. Quarterly labour costs excluding bonuses per 1 hour worked are divided by the same ratio for 2016 to obtain quarterly index of labour costs excluding bonuses. |
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3.6. Adjustment | |||
The LCI data are adjusted to a form that enables it to create the SDMX files according to the Eurostat's guidance. Information on seasonal and working day adjustments is available in p. 6.4. |
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4.1. Quality assurance | |||
The LCI meets the quality requirements specified in this report. |
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4.2. Quality management - assessment | |||
The quality of the LCI data is reported in detail in specified quality criteria below (points 5 to 9). |
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5.1. Relevance - User Needs | |||
The main users who are interested in the LCI are:
More information about the LCI availability can be found in p. 9 of this report. |
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5.2. Relevance - User Satisfaction | |||
Available data on LCI are sufficient to satisfy user's needs. Users have access to national publications where the data concerning labour costs are presented: yearbooks containing data on the labour market. |
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5.3. Completeness | |||
There are no missing variables or breakdowns according to the EC Regulations. |
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5.3.1. Data completeness - rate | |||
100% |
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6.1. Accuracy - overall | |||
Due to the fact that the LCI is not the independent survey, but derives adequate data from different statistical surveys, the accuracy and reliability is strictly connected with the quality of these statistical sources. |
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6.2. Sampling error | |||
See p. 6.1 |
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6.2.1. Sampling error - indicators | |||
See p. 6.1 |
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6.3. Non-sampling error | |||
See below. |
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6.3.1. Coverage error | |||
As it was mentioned earlier the LCI derives data from several statistical surveys (listed in p. 3.1), so the information on coverage, measurement and non-response errors should be included in quality reports from these individual surveys. |
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6.3.1.1. Over-coverage - rate | |||
See p. 6.3.1 |
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6.3.1.2. Common units - proportion | |||
See p. 6.3.1 |
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6.3.2. Measurement error | |||
See p. 6.3.1 |
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6.3.3. Non response error | |||
See p. 6.3.1 |
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6.3.3.1. Unit non-response - rate | |||
See p. 6.3.1 |
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6.3.3.2. Item non-response - rate | |||
See p. 6.3.1 |
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6.3.4. Processing error | |||
See p. 6.1 |
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6.3.4.1. Imputation - rate | |||
See p. 6.1 |
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6.3.5. Model assumption error | |||
See p. 6.1 |
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6.4. Seasonal adjustment | |||
Program JDemetra+, TRAMO/SEATS method Pre-adjustment:
Seasonal adjustment:
Revisions:
Annexes: Quality reporting on SA of LCI - 2022 |
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6.5. Data revision - policy | |||
Overall policy on data revision. According to Eurostat's rules revisions are made after the change of the base year. |
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6.6. Data revision - practice | |||
The last data revision due to the methodological changes took place in 2010. |
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6.6.1. Data revision - average size | |||
See p. 6.5 |
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7.1. Timeliness | |||
As for timeliness, availability of data depends on the availability of data from different surveys which are the basis for the LCI calculation. |
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7.1.1. Time lag - first result | |||
Not applicable. |
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7.1.2. Time lag - final result | |||
Not applicable. |
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7.2. Punctuality | |||
Files with final LCI data are prepared within 70 days of the end of the reference period, whereas flash LCI data at t+45 days. |
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7.2.1. Punctuality - delivery and publication | |||
The LCI quarterly data and weights for 2022 were transmitted on time, by the following deadlines: LCI Q1 2022: 09.06.2022 LCI Q2 2022: 08.09.2022 LCI Q3 2022: 09.12.2022 LCI Q4 2022 and weights 2022: 11.03.2023
In addition, the flash LCI quarterly data were transmitted on time, by the following deadlines: LCI Q1 2022: 15.05.2022 LCI Q2 2022: 14.08.2022 LCI Q3 2022: 14.11.2022 LCI Q4 2022: 14.02.2023 |
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8.1. Comparability - geographical | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not applicable. |
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8.1.1. Asymmetry for mirror flow statistics - coefficient | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Not applicable. |
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8.2. Comparability - over time | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The LCI quarterly series from 2000 onwards were recalculated according to the NACE Rev.2 classification. |
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8.2.1. Length of comparable time series | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Series are available from 2000. |
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8.3. Coherence - cross domain | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The LCI statistics are reconcilable with other domains, for example LCS or national accounts. The comparison with LCS is presented in detail in the LCS Quality Report. Below in p. 8.5 there is a comparison with the compensation of employees from the national accounts. |
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8.4. Coherence - sub annual and annual statistics | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
The annual statistics with which the LCI is compared are National Accounts. |
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8.5. Coherence - National Accounts | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Coherence refers to comparability of data from different domains and sources. In the case of the LCI data, they are compared with national accounts that is the essential source for the aim of coherence analysis. A comparison of unadjusted annual growth rates for the LCI (total) and the NA variable “compensation of employees” by NACE Rev.2 sections is presented in Table 1. Table 1: Comparison of unadjusted annual growth rates for the LCI (total) and the NA variable “compensation of employees” by NACE Rev.2 sections B-N
*Source: National accounts by institutional sectors and sub-sectors 2018-2021, Statistical analyses, Statistics Poland, Warsaw, July 2023. There are differences between NA data and the LCI data because the coverage of data for NA includes the households sector and the "hidden economy" which are not included in the LCI. In addition there are also differences in the approach to employment costs and compensation costs. Total compensation of employees is the component of the income account and includes: wages and salaries, contributions to compulsory social security paid by employers and employees and other costs such as funded scholarships, company social benefit fund, travelling allowances, parliamentary allowances. This compensation doesn't include payments from profit and balance surplus in cooperatives which, as the one of main components, is included in employment costs for the aim of the LCI. On the other hand employment costs from the LCI do not include the company social benefit fund (e.g. canteen costs are excluded), funded scholarships and parliamentary allowances. It is worth to notice also that employment costs for calculation of the LCI refer to hired employees on the basis of an employment contract. Compensation costs from the NA refer to total employment: hired employees, self-employed people, outworkers, apprentices. The main remarks on data from national accounts and labour costs index are presented in table 2. Table 2: The main remarks on data from national accounts and labour costs index
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8.6. Coherence - internal | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Data are coherent within a dataset. |
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Data on the LCI are available in the form that meets user's needs e.g. tables, methodological description, definitions of basic indicators. Some methodological information is also available in “Methodological report. Statistics on labour market, wages and salaries” (only Polish version) and in “Glossary” containing definitions of statistical terms (both available on the Statistics Poland website). |
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9.1. Dissemination format - News release | |||
See p. 9 |
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9.2. Dissemination format - Publications | |||
For the first time, the news release ‘Labour cost index in the quarters of 2022’ was prepared, it was published on 20 April 2023 https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/labour-market/working-employed-wages-and-salaries-cost-of-labour/labour-cost-index-in-the-quarters-of-2022,20,1.html. The data related to labour costs are presented in publications such as: Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland 2022, available at: Statistical Yearbook of the Republic of Poland 2022 is available at: |
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9.3. Dissemination format - online database | |||
The main online databases containing up-to date LCI data is Eurostat's database. In 2022 , work was underway to launch a new website for the Knowledge Databases on the website of Statistics Poland. It is a platform related to open data. It contains variables such as: labour cost index (TOT), labour cost (average labour cost of 1 hour paid [PLN], monthly average labour cost per 1 employee [PLN]) Other Polish publications presenting LCI are mentioned in p. 9.2. |
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9.3.1. Data tables - consultations | |||
Not applicable. |
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9.4. Dissemination format - microdata access | |||
No microdata used. |
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9.5. Dissemination format - other | |||
See p. 9 |
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9.6. Documentation on methodology | |||
The methodological information is available in publications mentioned in p. 9. |
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9.7. Quality management - documentation | |||
The Statistics Poland applies to the quality requirements. The documentation is available on the Statistics Poland website at: https://bip.stat.gov.pl/en/activity-of-public-statistics/quality-in-statistics/ |
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9.7.1. Metadata completeness - rate | |||
Not applicable. |
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9.7.2. Metadata - consultations | |||
Not applicable. |
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Due to the fact that the LCI is not an independent survey, but derives adequate data from other statistical surveys, it does not generate any burden on respondents. |
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No microdata are applied in the LCI. The results are aggregated and presented by NACE Rev.2 sections B-S. |
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11.1. Confidentiality - policy | |||
See p. 11 |
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11.2. Confidentiality - data treatment | |||
See p. 11 |
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We can infer that volatility of the LCI is caused mainly by volatility of total labour costs. Fluctuation could be caused by changes on labour market (wages and salaries, employment, unemployment rate, irregular payments). Labour cost index for particular NACE sections is calculated directly from quarterly data concerning labour costs and hours worked. The number of hours worked in given period is influenced by factors causing the changes of time not worked, paid or unpaid. Time not worked unpaid does not influence the labour cost of 1 hour worked. However time not worked paid raises the labour cost of 1 hour worked, because the wages and salaries for time not worked are included in total labour costs. The most common reasons for time not worked and paid are (among other things):
The most common reasons for time not worked and unpaid are (among other things):
Table 3: Hours worked for NACE Rev.2 section C in quarters in 2016-2022
Table 4: LCI index for NACE Rev.2 section C in quarters in 2016-2022 (base year 2016)
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