The main purpose of the EU survey on gender-based violence against women and other forms of inter-personal violence (EU-GBV) is to assess the prevalence of violence in order to address the requirements of the Istanbul Convention. The survey covers psychological, physical and sexual violence by intimate partner, physical and sexual violence by non-partner, sexual harassment at work, violence experienced in childhood and stalking by any perpetrator.
The data collection for the first wave (year 2021) was conducted in voluntary bases and took place between September 2020 and March 2024 in the EU countries, based on their national timetables. Eurostat coordinated data collection in 18 Member States (BE, BG, DK, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, LV, LT, MT, NL, AT, PL, PT, SI, SK, FI). Additionally, Italy agreed to share data from their national survey on violence against women, but the implementation of the survey was postponed from 2022 to 2024 due to administrative difficulties. The indicators disseminated for Italy are based on the last national survey conducted in 2014, given that the prevalence of gender-based violence is not expected to differ significantly over time, specifically for prevalence of lifetime violence, and the indicators will be updated when 2024 survey results will be available. Moreover, indicators on sexual harassment at work disseminated for Italy are based on the national victimisation survey of 2022-2023. To cover the full EU, the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) launched a joint data collection in the eight Member States not covered by Eurostat (CZ, DE, IE, CY, LU, HU, RO, SE) following the EU-GBV manual. Accordingly, data disseminated for wave 2021 and estimated EU-average is based on a joint data collection by Eurostat, FRA and EIGE.
The disseminated indicators focus on violence by perpetrator, disaggregated by type of violence, by time of occurrence, by age and by personal characteristics of the respondent; and on frequency, severity, seriousness and reporting of the experienced violence.
However, it is necessary to point out that survey data might only be a close proxy to real prevalence as survey data depends on the willingness of the respondent to disclose any violence experienced. Therefore, to understand the prevalence of violence and disclosure rates by survey respondents, it is important to take into account the extent to which violence is tolerated in the wider community. For example, in cultures where people are ready to talk about their painful experiences, their answers may reflect more accurately their own experiences rather than community norms. To provide some background on country specific context, few indicators on commonness and awareness of support services are disseminated.
It is essential to avoid using sensitive terms that could cause anxiety or concern when introducing the survey. Accordingly, the general recommendation was that the survey name should be neutral when contacting the respondents. The aim was to avoid alerting any perpetrators of domestic violence to the nature of the survey or frightening off any victims of violence, in order to minimise non-response, as some respondents might be discouraged from taking part if the name of the survey included terms like ‘assault’, ‘sexual violence’, or ‘gender-based violence’.
Majority of countries have followed this recommendation and the title of the survey was translated as survey on health, safety or security and well-being or living conditions; quality of life or relationship survey. Only few countries (BG, SK) used gender-based violence in the title of the survey during data collection and explained that this decision was taken as no issue appeared during testing the survey using the word “violence”, or the word "violence" was used in order to avoid misunderstanding regarding the aim of the survey and to reduce non-response due to the fact that respondents were not aware of the real theme of the survey.
However, the pilot survey results indicate that respondents understood the rationale for the choice of neutral survey name once they had been given an explanation, and agreed that it was right. Due to the sensitivity of the topic, the participating countries were strongly encouraged to include experts on violence against women and/or gender-based violence as well as psychologists and psychotherapists in every step of the survey - from the preparation, through the field work to the data dissemination.
Majority of countries included experts on the topic in the project team: gender statisticians, gender-based violence or violence against women researchers, policy experts, psychologists, social workers, experts working on victim support or NGOs, experts on victimization surveys. External experts were included in the preparation of the survey, training of the interviewers and in order to provide support to the interviewers.
Few countries (MT, FI) established the focus group or expert group consisting of different experts in the field and providing the support to the survey during all phases.
Statistical concepts and definitions are specified in the ‘Methodological manual for the EU survey on gender-based violence against women and other forms of inter-personal violence (EU-GBV)’.
Violence by type of perpetrator
Violence by intimate partner covers psychological, physical (including threats) and sexual violence. Intimate partners are persons with whom a respondent has or had an intimate relationship.
Prevalence of intimate partner violence is calculated out of women who have ever been in intimate partnership.
Repeated violence by intimate partner while being together includes violence by current partner and by last violent former partner if first episode happened when respondent was still together with this former partner.
Violence by non-partner, domestic perpetrator and any perpetrator covers physical (including threats) and sexual violence. Non-partners are all perpetrators with whom a respondent does not have or has never had an intimate relationship. Domestic perpetrator includes intimate partners and family members, and additionally any other individual living or having lived in the same household as the respondent at the time of one or more violent events.
Type of perpetrators of non-partner violence are defined according to relationship:
- ‘Family member or relative’ includes blood relatives like parents and children, and other blood relatives that can be cohabitating or non-cohabitating, as well as other household members or relatives by marriage or adoption (e.g. siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, nephews, nieces, in-laws, etc.);
- ‘Non-family or relative but other known’ as friends, family friends, schoolmates, colleagues, co-workers, supervisor, boss, professor, teacher; any person with some authority as army or police officer, priest, religious leader, judge, doctor; any other person known;
- ‘Any known’ includes family member or relative or other known explained above;
- ‘Stranger’ is someone completely unknown to the respondent.
Multiple victimisation is considering type of perpetrators as current partner, former partner(s), relative(s), friend(s), supervisor(s), other person(s) with authority, other(s) known, stranger(s) or other person(s). Respondent experienced violence by one type if one of them committed violent act, but not others. For example, if respondent experienced violence by more than one former partner, but not by current partner or any non-partner, it is considered as experienced violence by one type of perpetrator.
Regarding disseminated indictor on consequences of violency by any perpatrator by type of perpetrator, for intimate partners it is calculated out of women who have ever been in intimate partnership and for non-partners and any perpatrator it is calculated out of all women.
Type of violence
Psychological violence by intimate partner includes a range of behaviours, encompassing acts of emotional abuse and controlling behaviour towards the respondent: belittling and humiliating; forbidding the respondent to see friends or family, or to engage in hobbies or other activities; tracking the respondent via GPS, phone or social network; forbidding the respondent to leave the house without permission or locking the respondent up; constantly accusing the respondent of being unfaithful or getting angry if the respondent speaks to another person; forbidding the respondent to work; controlling the finances of the whole family and the respondent’s personal expenses; keeping or taking away the respondent’s ID card/passport to control the respondent; yelling and smashing things or behaving in a certain way with the aim of scaring or intimidating the respondent; threatening to hurt the respondent’s children or other people close to the respondent; threatening to take away the respondent’s children or to deny custody; and threatening to harm them self if the respondent leaves them.
Economic violence is part of psychological violence behaviour referring to forbidding the respondent to work; controlling the finances of the whole family and the respondent’s personal expenses.
Threatening means behaviour involving fear, such as threatening to harm the respondent in a way that really frightened respondent. Regarding the disseminated indictors by type of violence, threatening means only threatening and not physical or sexual violence.
Physical violence refers to a range of violent types of behaviour or acts involving harm and fear, such as pushing or shoving the respondent, pulling their hair, slapping or throwing something at them; punching the respondent or beating them with an object; kicking; burning (with fire or acid or by some other means); trying to choke or strangle the respondent; threatening to use or actually using a knife, gun, acid or something similar; or using force against the respondent in some other way with the aim of hurting them.
Sexual violence includes unwanted sexual intercourse through force or physical violence or by exploiting a situation in which the respondent is not able to refuse sexual intercourse because they are under the influence of alcohol or drugs. It also includes unwanted sexual intercourse which the respondent is too afraid to refuse and cases in which the respondent is forced into unwanted sexual intercourse with another person or persons. Attempts to carry out any of the above acts or any other unwanted sexual behaviour that the respondent finds degrading or humiliating are included as well. Finally, this type of violence also covers unwanted sexual touching by non-partners.
Sexual violence in the childhood covers experiences before the age of 15 perpetrated by any person, such as posing naked in front of another person, unwanted sexual touching or sexual intercourse. Type of perpetrators are defined as for non-partner violence.
Experiencing or witnessing the violence during childhood by parents or between parents covers experiences before the age of 15:
- physical violence by parent refers to acts as hitting or kicking very hard or beating with an object like a stick or belt; or burning or stabbing;
- physical violence between parents refers to acts as slapping, pulling hair, throwing things, hitting with fist, kicking;
- psychological violence by parents or between parents refers to acts as belittling or humiliating with words.
Apart from the respondent’s biological parent, a stepparent, foster parent or grandparent can also be considered as a mother or father figure.
Sexual harassment at work covers the following unwanted behaviours with sexual connotations that happen in a work context: inappropriate staring or leering; being exposed to sexually explicit images or videos; indecent sexual jokes or offensive remarks about a person’s body or private life; inappropriate invitations to go out on a date or suggestions for sexual activity of any kind; unsolicited physical contact; inappropriate advances on social networking websites or sexually explicit emails or text messages; threatening with unpleasant consequences if sexual proposals or advances are refused; and any other similar behaviour with sexual connotations that took place at work or work-related settings and that offended, humiliated, or intimidated the respondent. Types of perpetrators are defined according to relationship and authority/power:
- ‘Co-worker’ is a person with whom one works, typically someone in a similar role or at a similar level within an organisation: colleague or fellow worker.
- ‘Boss’, is the job title of a management position that is primarily based on authority over a worker or being in charge of a workplace: supervisor, overseer, facilitator, monitor or area coordinator, etc.
- ‘Other work-related person’ is someone with whom the respondent has a professional relationship but who does not work in the same workplace as the respondent (e.g. client, customer, patient, student, passenger, etc.).
Sexual harassment at work that happened online is part of total sexual harassment and refers to inappropriate advances on social networking websites or sexually explicit emails or text messages.
Prevalence of sexual harassment at work is calculated out of women ever worked.
Stalking includes a range of offensive or threatening forms of behaviour or acts repeated in the course of the respondent’s life: sending unwanted messages, including messages on social media, emails and letters, or gifts; making obscene, threatening, nuisance or silent telephone calls; trying persistently to contact with the respondent, waiting or loitering outside the respondent’s home, school or workplace; following or spying on the respondent in person; intentionally damaging the respondent’s things (car, motorbike, letterbox, etc.) or the belongings of people close to the respondent, or harming animals belonging to the respondent; making offensive or embarrassing comments about the respondent in public, including comments on social networks; publishing photos, videos or highly personal information about the respondent. Types of perpetrators are defined according to relationship as intimate partners and non-partners.
Repeated violence
Repeated violence (series of episodes) refers to similar violent episodes repeated by the same person(s), during which similar thing(s) are done under the same circumstances more than once. For instance, a woman might be beaten by her partner in several episodes over a period of three years.
Prevalence of one-time violence and prevalence of repeated violence is calculated for each type of violence by intimate partner (out of women who have ever been in intimate partnership); by non-partner; by any perpetrator. Frequency of violence (one time or repeated) is also calculated for sexual harassment at work (out of women ever worked). As stalking is defined as repeated offensive or threatening behaviour, repetition (once or more) is not relevant.
Frequency of repeated violence is calculated based on how often episodes happened: at least once a week; less often but at least once a month; or less often.
Duration of repeated violence is calculated based on how long violence lasted or has been going on: less than a year; longer, but until five years; or longer.
Reporting or telling other people about violent experiences
Estimating unreported violence is an important aspect in defining targeted policies to eradicate violence. Indicators on reporting of violence show whether the respondent talked with anyone about the experienced violence. Reported violence experienced by intimate partner or by non-partner (to whom it was reported) includes:
- ‘Close person’ that may be family or friend and should be understood in its widest meaning.
- ‘Health or social service’ includes reporting or talking to any doctor or nurse, or any other health, medical or social worker.
- ‘Support service’ means any organisation or official body providing help to victims of violence, e.g. support services, helplines, shelters.
- ‘Police’ covers the situation when respondent herself reported to the police any episode of experienced violence.
For sexual harassment at work and sexual violence in childhood to whom it was reported includes:
- ‘Official body’ covers reporting or talking to any support, medical or social service or worker; police; official at work (sexual harassment at work) or someone official in the school as teacher, social worker, psychologist (sexual violence in childhood).
- ‘Unofficial’ means talking to family and friends; colleague (sexual harassment at work) or classmate (sexual violence in childhood).
For experiences on stalking, reporting covers only offensive or threatening forms of behaviour done by the last perpetrator and to whom it was reported includes:
- ‘Police’ covers the situation when respondent herself reported to the police any episode of stalking by last perpetrator.
- ‘Legal or victim support service’ includes asking help from lawyer or contacting victim support service.
- ‘Support service or police’ covers both above: police, legal or support service.
Share of women reported or talked about experiences of violence by to whom is calculated out of women experienced this type of violence.
Consequences of experienced violence
The consequences of violence are an important consideration both for the victim and for society. Regarding violence experienced by intimate partner or non-partner, indicators for following consequences are disseminated:
- ‘Psychological consequences’ means for instance, depression, panic attacks, problems with concentration, problems in sleeping or eating or other consequences.
- ‘Physical injury’ is damage to the body caused by external force as cuts, scratches, bruises, burns, broken bones or fractures, head, internal or genital injuries, miscarriage, pregnancy due to rape or any other type of injury due to physical or sexual violence.
- ‘Felt that their life was in danger’ means that the respondent felt that her life was in danger when any of violent episodes happened.
Share of women experienced violence by intimate partner, non-partner or any perpetrator and consequences due to this violence is calculated out of all relevant women: for intimate partner violence out of women ever been in intimate partnership; for violence by non-partner and any perpetrator out of all women. Indicator on women who have experienced violence by any perpetrator, by consequences and type of perpetrator is calculated out of all relevant victims: women who have experienced violence by intimate partner, non-partner or any perpetrator.
Regarding the consequences due to stalking, the focus is on more serious actions that were taken by the respondent due to stalking:
- ‘Changed telephone number/email address or closed social network’ covers the situations when respondent had to change telephone number, change email address or close social network account.
- ‘Implemented protecting measures’ means that respondent stopped going out alone, changed the usual route to get to work, school or university, started to take something with her to protect herself, such as scissors, knife, pepper spray.
- ‘Moved to another residence or changed working or studying’ covers the situations when respondent had to change her place of residence, job, school, university or had to stop working or studying.
Share of women had to do take this kind of measures due to stalking is calculated out of women experienced stalking.
Awareness of support services
Awareness of support services includes knowledge of specific free of charge helpline available 24/7, other helpline, specific shelter free of charge, other shelters, or any other support service available for the victims of violence.
Awareness of free legal aid means the knowledge about this service available for persons experienced sexual abuse.
Countries were requested to assess the availability of national support services and provide the exact name of services in the question.
Personal characteristics
Indicators are disseminated by following personal characteristics:
- Disability status is measured through a concept of general activity limitation (limitation in activities people usually do because of health problems for at least the past 6 months).
- Educational attainment level refers to the highest level in the international standard classification of education (ISCED) which an individual has successfully completed.
- Degree of urbanization of the area where a person has their usual residence is classified in local administrative units at level 2 as cities, towns and suburbs, or rural areas, based on the share of local population living in urban clusters and in urban centres.
- Country of birth is defined as the country of usual residence of the respondent’s mother at the time of the respondent’s birth, (according to the current national boundaries and not to the boundaries in place at the time of birth). The main categories include: native-born (born in reporting country); foreign-born in EU country; and foreign-born in non-EU country or country of birth unknown.
Indicators are calculated as share of women with a certain personal characteristic (e.g. severely limited) who experienced violence (e.g. by intimate partner) out of all women with this personal characteristic (e.g. severely limited).
Timeframe of violence
Violence experienced in adulthood covers violence experienced by a non-partner since the age of 15 and intimate partner violence during a person’s lifetime.
National difficulties of implementation of the common EU-GBV questionnaire
Countries were requested to translate and adopt the common EU-GBV survey questionnaire in their national context: relevant languages to be used and software used to collect the data. The translation and adaption of the questions, terms, definitions and concepts was done via pretesting. In general, countries did not report particular difficulties in translating the definitions and concepts. However, few countries had to find proper translation for the word ‘episode’.
Issues appeared with implementation of the questionnaire:
- BG used ‘112 EU Emergency number’ in the question on knowledge of specific free of charge helpline available 24/7, accordingly, indicator ‘Women as victims/non-victims of violence, by awareness of the existence of support services (gbv_awr_serv)’ is disseminated with flag ‘d’ (definition differs).
- BG informed that around half of interviews were conducted in private, that may impact disclosure the violence by respondents and therefore, the prevalence rate of violence.
- DK had an issue with implementation of the routing and therefore not all relevant questions were asked when applicable regarding repeated violence. Therefore, indicators are not disseminated for frequency, duration, reporting and consequences of violence.
- FR had an issue with implementation of the routing and therefore not all relevant questions were asked when applicable regarding repeated violence by non-partner. Therefore, indicators are not disseminated for frequency, duration, reporting and consequences of non-partner violence, and accordingly of violence by any perpetrator.
- PL had an issue with implementation of the routing and therefore not all relevant questions were asked when applicable regarding non-partner section. Therefore, indicators by occurrence of last episode, by frequency, by duration, by reporting and by consequences are not disseminated for non-partner violence and accordingly for violence by any perpetrator.
- SK had an issue with implementation of the routing and therefore not all relevant questions were asked when applicable regarding in depth questions of intimate partner and non-partner violence, sexual harassment at work and sexual violence experienced in the childhood. Therefore, indicators are not disseminated for occurrence of the last episode by non-partner; frequency, duration, consequences, and reporting for intimate partner, non-partner, and violence by any perpetrator.
- XK explained in the report that one reason for drop out the survey was due to husband or another household member did not allow to participate in the survey. This may increase the underestimated prevalence rate.
- XK used ‘helpline’ and ‘shelter’ instead of real list of existing national services for the questions on awareness of support services. As the indicator takes into account knowledge of any service, this should not have significant impact.
- XK territory is divided to Urban and Rural area by degree of urbanization, therefore indicators on prevalence of violence by personal characteristics (degree of urbanization) is not disseminated.
Statistical unit of EU-GBV survey is individual. Only one person per household can be interviewed and proxy is not allowed. The reason is the safety of the respondent and the interviewer, as it is not uncommon for the abuser to be part of the victim’s household.
The EU-GBV results cover individual persons, residing in the territory of the Member States and participating countries at the time of data collection. Persons living in collective households and in institutions are excluded from the target population as individuals living in institutions (e.g., hospitals, prisons or religious institutions) are often not listed in the household/person survey frames and this makes it difficult to contact them.
The target population of the EU-GBV survey is persons aged 18-74 who live in private households, with a focus on women. However, men can be included in the target population by countries willing to do so. As a result, around half of countries included men, but indicators are calculated and disseminated only for women. Please, note that for data regarding sexual harassment at work for IT, the population refers to women aged 15-70.
Table 1. Gross sample size and included population.
| Country | Gross sample: Total | Men included |
|---|---|---|
| BE | 23357 CAWI phase + 9343 CAPI phase | Yes |
| BG | 8240 persons | No |
| CZ | 4123 persons | No |
| DK | 40016 persons | No |
| DE | 8885 persons | No |
| IE | 2808 persons | No |
| EE | 16700 persons | Yes |
| EL | 49045 persons | No |
| ES | 14370 persons | No |
| FR | Phase I (screening): 169060; Phase II (in-depth): 15000 | Yes |
| HR | 22695 persons | Yes |
| CY | 3144 persons | No |
| LV | 10407 persons | Yes |
| LT | 10000 persons | Yes |
| LU | 9970 persons | No |
| HU | 4687 persons | No |
| MT | 12000 persons | Yes |
| NL | 25000 persons | Yes |
| AT | 16162 persons | No |
| PL | 12839 persons | No |
| PT | 21030 dwellings | Yes |
| RO | 4244 persons | No |
| SI | 5000 persons | Yes |
| SK | 9588 persons | No |
| FI | 25000 persons | Yes |
| SE | 11933 persons | No |
| ME | 2232 persons | No |
| RS | 7000 households | No |
| XK | 3000 households | No |
* Information for Italy is not provided as aggregated data are provided based on national violence against women survey.
In order to get EU-wide results, survey has to cover all EU-27 Member States. 18 Member States implement the EU-GBV survey nationally (BE, BG, DK, EE, EL, ES, FR, HR, LV, LT, MT, NL, AT, PL, PT, SK, SI, FI). Italy agreed to share the data based on its national Violence Against Women survey. For the remaining eight Member States (CZ, DE, IE, CY, LU, HU, RO, SE), the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) and the European Institute for Gender Equality (EIGE) implemented a separate data collection following the Eurostat methodological manual.
Concerning the survey implementation in other countries, Iceland implements the survey nationally while, under the Instrument for Pre-Accession Assistance (IPA) as part of the multi-beneficiary statistical cooperation, four countries (ME, MK, RS an XK) implement the EU-GBV survey and two other countries (BA and AL) conducted some methodological work.
The reference time of experienced violence is divided into the last 12 months, 1-5 years ago or earlier than 5 years ago, according to the occurrence of the last episode.
Data covering experiences over the last year and the last five years can give an indication of the extent and the nature of current levels of violence and an estimate of the number of people who may require help. Lifetime experiences, by contrast, provide an indication of the total number of people ever affected by such forms of violence.
Data were to be based on a nationally representative sample of the population residing in private households within the country, irrespective of language, nationality or legal residence status. The sampling frame and methods of sample selection were left to the countries’ experiences with other population surveys in which they could ensure that every individual in the target population was assigned a known and non-zero probability of selection. The main condition that needed to be fulfilled is that only one person can be interviewed per household.
The indicative effective sample size defined for the EU-GBV is 5000 respondents per country. However, countries are allowed to increase or decrease the sample size in order to collect high quality data.
Table 3. Gross and net sample size for women.
| Country | Gross sample: Women |
Net sample (accepted interviews): Women |
Share of responded (net/gross*100) |
Sampling |
| BE | 19246 CAWI phase |
4529 | 23.50% | First sample: for CAWI phase from the the national register, higher share was sampled in Brussels than in Flanders and Wallonia. After CAWI, subsample was drawn from not responded part for CAPI phase. |
| BG | 8240 | 5580 | 67.70% | Source of sample: information System ‘Demography’ maintained by the BNSI. |
| CZ | 4123 | 2043 | 49.60% | Sampling frame: Register of census districts and buildings (from CSO) |
| DK | 40016 | 12740 | 31.80% | Source of sample: Population register. |
| DE | 8885 | 2419 | 27.20% | Enumeration technique used to identify households in the field, due to a lack of accessible alternatives. |
| IE | 2808 | 994 | 35.40% | Sampling frame: the GeoDirectory |
| EE | 6800 | 4573 | 67.30% | Probability stratified sampling by sex and age group was used, sampling frame based on the statistical register of residents. |
| EL | 49045 | 11557 | 23.60% | The multi-stage stratified sampling scheme was adopting for the selection of surveyed units. The primary sampling units are the areas (one or more unified city blocks) participating in the Greek Labor Force Survey of the years 2015-2021. Secondary sampling units are the households with at least one woman aged 18-74 years old. Ultimate sampling units are women aged 18-74 years old, who are member of the selected households. |
| ES | 14370 | 6310 | 43.90% | Sampling frame: advanced populations calculated for internal purposes, based on Population Figures, MDG. |
| FR | Phase I: 111839 Phase II: 11447 |
6889 | 60.20% | Sample drawn from tax database “the Housing and individual demographic files” (Fideli), around 40 out of 101 NUTS 3 areas were overrepresented in order to be representative at NUTS3 level in phase 1 (screening); sample for phase 2 (follow-up survey with EU-GBV questionnaire) drawn out of responded for phase 1. |
| HR | 11430 | 3416 | 29.90% | Sampling frame: Census 2021 data linked with the telephone book. |
| CY | 3144 | 1500 | 47.70% | Enumeration technique used to identify households in the field, due to a lack of accessible alternatives. |
| LV | 6261 | 3941 | 62.90% | Automate tools for build sample frame used, which combines information from various registers and additional sources. |
| LT | 5020 | 3186 | 63.50% | Sampling frame: Population Register. |
| LU | 9970 | 1924 | 19.30% | Sampling frame: National Registry of Natural Persons (from CTIE) |
| HU | 4687 | 2002 | 42.70% | Sampling frame: National population register |
| MT | 7194 | 3014 | 41.90% | Stratified random sampling where the strata were constructed using District, Gender and Age Group, frame is based on population statistics. |
| NL | 15635 | 4184 | 26.80% | Sampling frame: Personal Records Database (BRP). |
| AT | 16162 | 6240 | 38.60% | A stratified sample of women age 18 to 74 was randomly drawn from the central population register, stratified for age, education and region. Based on the experience that response rates are lower for lower education groups, the lowest education category was oversampled. |
| PL | 12839 | 5190 | 40.40% | Randomly selected addresses, first step to contact household, then respondent. |
| PT | Not possible to provide | 6348 | 54.0% taking into account both, women and men |
Sample is selected from a sampling frame (BA) extracted from the National Dwellings Register (FNA), following a stratified and multistage sampling scheme where the primary units. Eligible respondent selected by the last birthday method. |
| RO | 4244 | 2003 | 47.20% | Enumeration technique used to identify households in the field, due to a lack of accessible alternatives. |
| SI | 2452 | 1282 | 52.30% | Sampling frame: Demographic database, Central Register of Population (CRP). |
| SK | 9588 | 5000 | 52.10% | Respondents were selected based on stratified random probability sampling in following steps: random selection of the districts; municipalities; random-walk technique. |
| FI | 15000 | 4597 | 30.60% | Source of sample: Population according to urban-rural classification by age and sex. |
| SE | 11933 | 2562 | 21.50% | Sampling frame: Register of the population. |
| ME | 2232 | 1608 | 72.00% | Sample frame: 2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, excluding collective dwellings. Sample was chosen 186 enumeration area with 12 household within each 186 EA. |
| RS | 7000 households | 4100 | 58.60% | Sample frame: Demographic estimations, 2011 Census enumeration areas, which had at least 20 households; last birthday was used if more than one eligible persons were in household. |
| XK | 3000 households | 2452 | 81.70% | Sampling frame was based on the data and cartography from the 2011 Kosovo Census. |
*Information for Italy is not provided as aggregated data are provided based on national violence against women survey.
| Country | Gross sample: Women | Net sample (accepted interviews): Women | Share of responded (net/gross*100) | Sampling |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| BE | 19246 CAWI phase + 7782 CAPI phase |
4529 | 23.50% | First sample: for CAWI phase from the the national register, higher share was sampled in Brussels than in Flanders and Wallonia. After CAWI, subsample was drawn from not responded part for CAPI phase. |
| BG | 8240 | 5580 | 67.70% | Source of sample: information System ‘Demography’ maintained by the BNSI. |
| CZ | 4123 | 2043 | 49.60% | Sampling frame: Register of census districts and buildings (from CSO) |
| DK | 40016 | 12740 | 31.80% | Source of sample: Population register. |
| DE | 8885 | 2419 | 27.20% | Enumeration technique used to identify households in the field, due to a lack of accessible alternatives. |
| IE | 2808 | 994 | 35.40% | Sampling frame: the GeoDirectory |
| EE | 6800 | 4573 | 67.30% | Probability stratified sampling by sex and age group was used, sampling frame based on the statistical register of residents. |
| EL | 49045 | 11557 | 23.60% | The multi-stage stratified sampling scheme was adopting for the selection of surveyed units. The primary sampling units are the areas (one or more unified city blocks) participating in the Greek Labor Force Survey of the years 2015-2021. Secondary sampling units are the households with at least one woman aged 18-74 years old. Ultimate sampling units are women aged 18-74 years old, who are member of the selected households. |
| ES | 14370 | 6310 | 43.90% | Sampling frame: advanced populations calculated for internal purposes, based on Population Figures, MDG. |
| FR | Phase I: 111839 Phase II: 11447 |
6889 | 60.20% | Sample drawn from tax database “the Housing and individual demographic files” (Fideli), around 40 out of 101 NUTS 3 areas were overrepresented in order to be representative at NUTS3 level in phase 1 (screening); sample for phase 2 (follow-up survey with EU-GBV questionnaire) drawn out of responded for phase 1. |
| HR | 11430 | 3416 | 29.90% | Sampling frame: Census 2021 data linked with the telephone book. |
| CY | 3144 | 1500 | 47.70% | Enumeration technique used to identify households in the field, due to a lack of accessible alternatives. |
| LV | 6261 | 3941 | 62.90% | Automate tools for build sample frame used, which combines information from various registers and additional sources. |
| LT | 5020 | 3186 | 63.50% | Sampling frame: Population Register. |
| LU | 9970 | 1924 | 19.30% | Sampling frame: National Registry of Natural Persons (from CTIE) |
| HU | 4687 | 2002 | 42.70% | Sampling frame: National population register |
| MT | 7194 | 3014 | 41.90% | Stratified random sampling where the strata were constructed using District, Gender and Age Group, frame is based on population statistics. |
| NL | 15635 | 4184 | 26.80% | Sampling frame: Personal Records Database (BRP). |
| AT | 16162 | 6240 | 38.60% | A stratified sample of women age 18 to 74 was randomly drawn from the central population register, stratified for age, education and region. Based on the experience that response rates are lower for lower education groups, the lowest education category was oversampled. |
| PL | 12839 | 5190 | 40.40% | Randomly selected addresses, first step to contact household, then respondent. |
| PT | Not possible to provide | 6348 | 54.0% taking into account both, women and men. | Sample is selected from a sampling frame (BA) extracted from the National Dwellings Register (FNA), following a stratified and multistage sampling scheme where the primary units. Eligible respondent selected by the last birthday method. |
| RO | 4244 | 2003 | 47.20% | Enumeration technique used to identify households in the field, due to a lack of accessible alternatives. |
| SI | 2452 | 1282 | 52.30% | Sampling frame: Demographic database, Central Register of Population (CRP). |
| SK | 9588 | 5000 | 52.10% | Respondents were selected based on stratified random probability sampling in following steps: random selection of the districts; municipalities; random-walk technique. |
| FI | 15000 | 4597 | 30.60% | Source of sample: Population according to urban-rural classification by age and sex. |
| SE | 11933 | 2562 | 21.50% | Sampling frame: Register of the population. |
| ME | 2232 | 1608 | 72.00% | Sample frame: 2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings, excluding collective dwellings. Sample was chosen 186 enumeration area with 12 household within each 186 EA. |
| RS | 7000 households | 4100 | 58.60% | Sample frame: Demographic estimations, 2011 Census enumeration areas, which had at least 20 households; last birthday was used if more than one eligible persons were in household. |
| XK | 3000 households | 2452 | 81.70% | Sampling frame was based on the data and cartography from the 2011 Kosovo Census. |
Results of the EU-GBV survey are disseminated in prevalence rates (e.g. % of women in relationships who experienced intimate partner violence).
Not applicable.
The EU-GBV is a random sample survey of persons living in private households. The sampling units are dwellings, households or individuals depending on the sampling frame. Different schemes are used to sample the units, ranging from the simple random sampling method to complex stratified multi-stage sampling methods of clusters.
Participation in the survey is voluntary for all participating countries.
Not applicable.
Not applicable.
A high level of comparability across the participating countries is namely ensured by:
- the use of the same definitions for all countries;
- the transmission to Eurostat of the same list of variables with the same coding;
- the use of common classifications;
- the central validation of data done by Eurostat.